H1N1 vaccination

Early results (January to April) from the 2010 Canadian Community Health Survey show that an estimated 41% of Canadians (excluding those in the territories) aged 12 or older had been vaccinated for H1N1 by April 2010. The percentages were higher in the Atlantic provinces, Quebec and Saskatchewan than in Canada overall. Relatively high percentages of females and people aged 45 or older were vaccinated; the percentage of immigrants who had done so was relatively low. Being in a priority group (health-care worker, having children younger than 5 in the household, or having a chronic condition that could increase the risk for complications from H1N1) increased the likelihood of vaccination. A history of seasonal flu vaccination and having a regular doctor were also associated with H1N1 vaccination. Nearly three-quarters of those who had not been vaccinated reported that they did not think it was necessary.     

NF1 gene and neurofibromatosis 1

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations of the NF1 gene, which is located at chromosome 17q11.2. NF1 is believed to be completely penetrant, but substantial variability in expression of features occurs. Diagnosis of NF1 is based on established clinical criteria. The presentation of many of the clinical features is age dependent. The average life expectancy of patients with NF1 is probably reduced by 10-15 years, and malignancy is the most common cause of death. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed NF1 ranges from 1/2,000 to 1/5,000 in most population-based studies. A wide variety of NF1 mutations has been found in patients with NF1, but no frequently recurring mutation has been identified. Most studies have not found an obvious relation between particular NF1 mutations and the resulting clinical manifestations. The variability of the NF1 phenotype, even in individuals with the same NF1 gene mutation, suggests that other factors are involved in determining the clinical manifestations, but the nature of these factors has not yet been determined. Laboratory testing for NF1 mutations is difficult. A protein truncation test is commercially available, but its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value have not been established. No general, population-based molecular studies of NF1 mutations have been performed. At this time, it appears that the benefits of population-based screening for clinical features of NF1 would not outweigh the costs of screening.     

GSTM1及GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对尿中1-羟基芘水平的影响

目的 研究GSTM1、GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态性对多环芳烃接触工人尿中1-羟基芘(1-OHP)水平的影响.方法 分别选取2个炼焦厂共447名多环芳烃职业接触工人(接触组)和某线材厂220名非职业接触工人(对照组)作为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法测定尿中1-OHP水平,采用线性回归统计模型分析GSTM1和GSTT1缺失型及GSTP1 I105V位点的多态性对不同人群尿中1-OHP水平的修饰作用.结果 接触组工人尿中1-OHP浓度为4.61 μmol/mol Cr,明显高于对照组(0.34μmol/mol Cr),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).接触类别和吸烟分别是影响尿中1-OHP水平的主要因素,在控制各混杂因素的影响后,线性回归分析显示,接触组尿中1-OHP水平和GSTP1 I105V位点多态性有关(单基因分析,P=0.012;多基因分析,P=0.011),对总体样本,单基因模型和多基因模型均显示,尿中1-OHP水平可能和GSTT1缺失型多态有关(P=0.055),多基因交互作用分析显示,GSTT1和GSTP1基因多态对接触组尿中1-OHP水平具有交互作用.结论 谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)基因的多态性对接触多环芳烃工人尿中1-OHP水平有影响.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) excretions in workers under different exposure levels. Methods Four hundred and forty-seven occupationally exposed workers from two coking plants and 220 control workers from a wire rod plant were genotyped to analyze the modification of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms on urinary 1-OHP excretions. Results The urinary 1-OHP concentration in exposed group was much higher than that in control group (4.61 vs 0.34 μmol/mol Cr, P＜0.05). Occupational exposure levels and cigarette smoking were of the dominating factors affecting 1-OHP excretions in urine. After controlling potential confounders, decreased excretion of urinary 1-OHP was associated with GSTP1 I105V AG + GG genotype in coke oven workers (single-gene model, P=0.012; multi-gene model, P=0.011 ) and with GSTT1 null type in the analysis including all subjects (P=0.055 in both single-gene and multi-gene models). GSTT1 and GSTP1 were interacted on the urinary concentrations of 1-OHP. Conclusion Urinary 1-OHP concentrations can be modified by GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms, indicating that these genes are involved in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Co-circulation of pandemic 2009 H1N1, classical swine H1N1 and avian-like swine H1N1 influenza viruses in pigs in China

The pandemic A/H1N1 influenza viruses emerged in both Mexico and the United States in March 2009, and were transmitted efficiently in the human population. They were transmitted occasionally from humans to other mammals including pigs, dogs and cats. In this study, we report the isolation and genetic analysis of novel viruses in pigs in China. These viruses were related phylogenetically to the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and pigs, which indicates that the pandemic virus is currently circulating in swine populations, and this hypothesis was further supported by serological surveillance of pig sera collected within the same period. Furthermore, we isolated another two H1N1 viruses belonging to the lineages of classical swine H1N1 virus and avian-like swine H1N1 virus, respectively. Multiple genetic lineages of H1N1 viruses are co-circulating in the swine population, which highlights the importance of intensive surveillance for swine influenza in China.     

Protective efficacy of an inactivated Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza vaccine against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in mice

Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) swine influenza viruses are prevalent in pigs in Europe and Asia, but occasionally cause human infection, which raises concern about their pandemic potential. Here, we produced a whole-virus inactivated vaccine with an EA H1N1 strain (A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011, SW/GX/18/11) and evaluated its efficacy against homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 influenza viruses in mice. A strong humoral immune response, which we measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN), was induced in the vaccine-inoculated mice upon challenge. The inactivated SW/GX/18/11 vaccine provided complete protection against challenge with homologous SW/GX/18/11 virus in mice and provided effective protection against challenge with heterologous H1N1 and H1N2 viruses with distinctive genomic combinations. Our findings suggest that this EA H1N1 vaccine can provide protection against both homologous H1N1 and heterologous H1N1 or H1N2 virus infection. As such, it is an excellent vaccine candidate to prevent H1N1 swine influenza.     

Unadjuvanted pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in HIV-1-infected adults

We evaluated the immune response to a 2009 influenza A (H1N1) unadjuvanted vaccine in HIV-infected patients and assessed the boosting effect of a second dose. HIV-infected adults were enrolled and scheduled to receive the H1N1 unadjuvanted vaccine containing 15 μg of A/California/7/2009 haemagglutinin. Anti-H1N1 antibody titers were measured at enrollment and 4-8 weeks after each vaccination by using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (NT) assays. One hundred and four patients were analyzed. Seroconversion, as measured by using HI and NT assays, was observed in 52 (50.0%) patients and 49 (47.1%) patients, respectively, after the first dose. Seroconversion rate evaluated by using NT, but not HI, antibody titers was associated with HIV RNA levels of <400 copies/ml (odds ratio, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.15-8.96). Other parameters, including CD4 cell count, were not associated with seroconversion. In a cohort that received two vaccine doses at a 4-8-week interval (n = 54), the seroconversion rate and geometric mean titer for HI antibodies were 44.4% (95% CI, 30.8-58.1%) and 30.5 (95% CI, 19.9-46.9) after the first dose, respectively, and 48.1% (95% CI, 34.4-61.9%) and 39.0 (95% CI, 26.1-58.2) after the second dose, respectively. Among HIV-infected patients, the seroconversion rate was around 50% after the first dose of unadjuvanted vaccine. A second dose of vaccine had a limited boosting effect on immunity in this patient cohort.     

Modulation of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 Expression by Cabbage Juices and Indoles in Human Breast Cell Lines

Epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of cabbage and sauerkraut is connected with significant reduction of breast cancer incidences. Estrogens are considered a major breast cancer risk factor and their metabolism by P450 enzymes substantially contributes to carcinogenic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cabbage and sauerkraut juices of different origin on the expression profile of the estrogen metabolism key enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1) in breast cell lines MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and MCF10A. The effects of cabbage juices were compared with that exerted by indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM). The treatment with cabbage juices or indoles for 72?h affected the expression of CYP1 family genes in cell-type dependent manner. Their induction was found in all cell lines, but the ratio of CYP1A1 to CYP1B1 was 1.22- to 10.6-fold in favor to CYP1A1 in MCF7 and MCF10A cells. Increased levels of CYP1A2 in comparison with CYP1B1 were also observed in MCF7 cells. In contrast, in MDA-MB-231 cells CYP1B1 was preferentially induced. Since the cell lines investigated differ in invasion capacity, these results support epidemiological observations and partly explain the mechanism of the chemopreventive activity of white cabbage products.     

H1N1 influenza is here

On 11 June WHO announced that the spread of H1N1 had reached pandemic phase 6. Since then countries around the world have increased their planning and preparedness for the continuing pandemic. Guidelines have been issued and circulated but confusion continues over their interpretation. We need to remind ourselves of the principles behind control measures and educate and reinforce standard infection control procedures in the acute hospital setting.     

成都市1266例甲型H1N1流感分析

[目的]探讨甲型H1N1流感流行和发病规律,制定行之有效和切合实际的防控措施. [方法]对成都市1266例病例进行整理分析.从中国疾病预防控制系统、甲型H1N1流感信息管理系统及成都市疫情报送处理分析系统收集成都市甲型H1N1流感病例的相关信息、流感哨点监测数据和发热症状监测数据.采用Excel做统计描述. [结果]甲型H1N1流感流行的不同阶段有不同的流行病学特征.该市流感哨点监测和发热症状监测和甲型H1N1流感流行趋势相似.[结论]根据疫情的不同阶段,应采取不同的防控措施,有不同的防控重点.     

Detection of CYP1A1 gene polymorphism using designed RFLP and distributions of CYP1A1 genotypes in Japanese

Isoleucine (Ile)-valine (Val) polymorphism, which is caused by a point mutation from A to G in exon 7, is reported to be associated with an elevated risk of lung cancer among Japanese. Because CYP1A1 catalyzes bioactivation of environmental procarcinogens, such as benzo[a]pyrene, it is very important to study the clinical meaning of Ile-Val polymorphism using an epidemiological study. In an epidemiological study, easy, economical, rapid and reliable identification of the CYP1A1 genotype is necessary. The present study shows that the new method, designed restriction fragment length polymorphism (designed RFLP), can detect Ile-Val polymorphism of CYP1A1 The Ile-Val polymorphism detected using this new method was consistent with that found by the allele-specific PCR amplifications (ASA) method in six cases tested. This new method detected Ile-Va1 polymorphism of CYP1A1 using 240 healthy Japanese who lived in the northern Kyusyu region. The frequency of the genotypes was as follows: Ile/Ile, 159 (66.2%); Ile/Val, 65 (27.1%); Val/Val, 16 (6.7%). The frequency of the Ile gene was 0.798 and that of the Val gene, 0.202. There was no difference in Ile-Val polymorphism based on sex or age. Racial differences influenced the distribution of this polymorphism, but Japanese regional differences did not. Since this new method, designed RFLP, is rapid, reliable and suitable for large-scale screening of polymorphisms, it may be used routinely to detect Ile-Val polymorphism of CYP1A1 Furthermore, it will help to evaluate the relationship between CYP1A1 polymorphism and individual sensitivity to xenobiotics that may affect the incidence of lung cancer.     

脑循环分析仪的研制

介绍脑循环分析仪的基本结构、工作原理、软件设计和临床应用等内容,该仪器运用超声多普勒、超声脉冲和压力变送器,在心电同步信号监测下检测血液流速、压力波形和血管管径管数据,然后通过分析计算得到脑血管阻力,代偿血流量和血管壁弹性等脑循环血流动力学参数。     

工作场所空气中1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷的气相色谱测定法

目的 建立工作场所空气中1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷的气相色谱测定方法.方法 活性炭管采集工作场所空气中的1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷,以二硫化碳解吸后毛细管柱气相色谱法测定.结果 方法的测定范围为4.0～858.2μg/ml;回归方程Y=283X-1076,相关系数r=0.9999;最低检出浓度为0.4 mg/m3(以采集3L空气样品计);不同浓度测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.8%～4.1%(批内精密度试验的RSD分别为2.9%、1.8%和2.0%;批间精密度试验的RSD分别为4.1%、3.5%和3.2%);解吸效率为88.5%～90.6%;穿透容量大于0.7 mg;采样效率100%;样品在室温下至少可保存7 d.结论 方法的各项指标均符合GBZ/T210.4-2008<职业卫生标准制订指南-工作场所空气中化学物质测定方法>要求,可用于工作场所空气中1,1-二氯-1-硝基乙烷的测定.     

Polymorphisms in CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 and lung cancer below the age of 45 years

BACKGROUND: A genetic component of early-onset lung cancer has been suggested. The role of metabolic gene polymorphisms has never been studied in young lung cancer cases. Phase 1 and Phase 2 gene polymorphisms are involved in tobacco carcinogens' metabolism and therefore in lung cancer risk. METHODS: The effect of metabolic gene polymorphisms on lung cancer at young ages was studied by pooling data from the Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens (GSEC) database. All primary lung cancer cases of both sexes who were Caucasian and 相似文献   

GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTA1 polymorphisms and urinary isothiocyanate metabolites following broccoli consumption in humans

Isothiocyanates (ITC) are potentially anticarcinogenic phytochemicals formed from the metabolism of glucosinolates and are found in cruciferous vegetables as well as a select number of other foods. ITC are both substrates for and inducers of glutathione S-transferase (GST) phase II metabolizing enzymes involved in carcinogen detoxification as well as effectors of phase I pathways. Previous studies report mixed results on the interaction between cruciferous vegetable intake, GST polymorphisms, and risk of cancer. We conducted a study of 114 healthy human subjects between 18 and 50 y of age to examine the biologic mechanism underlying the associations, specifically, to assess whether GST genotype is associated with urinary ITC metabolites following a known dose of broccoli. After 48 h of abstaining from all sources of glucosinolates, participants provided a blood sample, consumed 1 meal containing 2.5 g broccoli/kg body weight, and collected urine for 24 h. ITC metabolites were measured in the urine using a HPLC cyclocondensation assay. DNA was extracted from blood samples, and GSTM1 deletion, GSTT1 deletion, GSTP1 Ile105Val, and GSTA1*A/*B were genotyped by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight. A chi-square test was used to compare high and low ITC excretion levels across genotypes. ITC levels were regressed on genotype, adjusting for gender. There were no substantial differences in ITC levels among genotypes, either individually or in combination. Contrary to our hypothesis, a higher proportion of GSTM1 null individuals had high ITC excretion (62%) compared with the proportion of GSTM1 present with high ITC excretion (39%) (P = 0.03). These results are in agreement with another feeding study, and lend support to the idea of alternative routes of ITC metabolism.     

Arabidopsis ein2-1 and npr1-1 Response to Al Stress

An enhanced Al³⁺ tolerance has been observed in ethylene insensitive mutant ein2-1 and salicylic acid insensitive mutant npr1-1 of Arabidopsis. However, we found that the tolerant phenotype of ein2-1 and npr1-1 under Al stress was dependent on NPR and EIN function, respectively, because the double mutant ein2-1/npr1-1 displayed more sensitive to Al stress than wild-type plants. We analysed the differential performance between ein2-1/npr1-1 and their respective single mutant in response to Al stress, and found that antioxidant defence rather than malate exudation was the determinant factor.     

Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1研究新进展

Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1(NPC1L1)是肠道胆固醇吸收的关键蛋白,也是胆固醇吸收抑制剂依泽替米贝的分子作用靶点.NPC1L1的表达受一些核因子受体调控.敲除apoE-/-小鼠NPC1L1基因能显著抑制动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展,为动脉粥样硬化和冠状动脉性心脏病提供了新的治疗靶点.     

HES1与ICN1、Notch1在胃癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的:探讨Notch1信号通路主要分子在人胃癌组织中的表达及意义。方法:免疫组化SP法观察HES1、ICN1、Notch1在胃癌组织、癌旁萎缩性胃炎、癌旁浅表性胃炎、胃镜浅表性胃炎中的表达,分析三者表达与胃癌临床病理特征的关系以及胃癌组织中三者表达的相关性。结果:(1)HES1在胃癌组织的表达高于癌旁浅表性胃炎和胃镜浅表性胃炎(P<0.05);HES1表达与胃癌浸润深度、淋巴转移和肿瘤分期相关(P<0.01)。(2)Notch1、ICN1在胃癌组织的表达低于癌旁萎缩性胃炎(P<0.001);Notch1、ICN1的表达与胃癌分化程度相关(P<0.05)。(3)胃癌组织中Notch1、ICN1的表达呈正相关(P<0.01),HES1与Notch1、ICN1的表达无显著相关性。结论:HES1促进胃癌的发生发展并可能主要由其他通路调控;Notch1与胃癌的分化有关。     

Infection with influenza A H1N1. 1. Production and persistence of antibody

Three outbreaks of influenza caused by influenza A H1N1 occurred in a boys' boarding school in 1978, 1979 and 1983. The serological response to infection with variants of the H1N1 virus was studied by radial haemolysis and haemagglutination inhibition after primary infection and reinfection. The persistence of this antibody was also studied. Infection in 1978 resulted in the production of persistent antibody to both the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase of the homotypic strain. Antibody which cross-reacted with later variants of the virus was less frequently produced, the peak response was delayed and such antibody persisted less well. Infection in 1979 resulted in a similar response to that observed in 1978 after primary infection. Reinfection resulted in a broad response in all cases. In 1983 all infected boys produced antibody which reacted with the homotypic strain but only approximately one-third of primary infections produced antibody which reacted with the A/USSR/92/77 strain. The neuraminidase of the A/USSR strain failed to detect one third of the primary infections. Reinfection again resulted in a broad response.