全沟硬蜱的人工越冬实验

为了解全沟硬蜱的越冬形式和场所，进一步研究全沟硬蜱的媒介地位提供有价值的参考资料，将饱血和未吸血的全沟硬蜱的成虫、若虫和幼虫各30只，分别置于直径12cm、高20cm、内含潮湿锯末的塑料管内，其上下口分别用两层纱布和一层白布封口，用橡皮筋扎紧。于11月上旬将其移至室外树林的草垫上，再用杂草和麦草将其覆盖。待第2年3月下旬(冰雪融化时)将其取回室内，观察其越冬后的成活率以及越冬后该蜱(未吸血和饱血的各生活期的蜱)的吸血和蜕变情况。结果表明：饱血若虫、幼虫、成虫越冬后的存活率分别为93．3％，96．6％和3．3％；而未吸血的若虫、幼虫和成虫越冬后的存活率分别为86．6％，6．6％和90％。又根据现场观察结果，初步推断全沟硬蜱在野外越冬的形式主要以未吸血的成虫和饱血幼虫以及饱血或未吸血的若虫为主，越冬场所主要在海拔1500～1700m且草垫较厚的场所。     

边缘革蜱的生物学观察

本文在室内(T15～28℃和RH66％～87％)及自然环境条件下,初步观察研究了边缘革蜱(Dermacentor marginatus)的生活史和某些生物学特征,并获得了有关参数。其生活史各期经历平均时间为:卵期22天,幼、若虫期分别为24和37天,成虫滞育越冬时间为233天,越冬后寻找宿主吸(饱)血时间为17天,饱血雌蜱孕卵期为15天,产卵期17天,总计一个世代发育周期大约为365天。每只雌蜱日平均产卵264.8粒,一生平均产卵4501粒;卵长宽径值为394.1×340.3μm,卵的孵化率为87.7％;幼、若虫期吸血率分别为69.5％和54.6％,由幼虫到若虫和由若虫到成虫其蜕变率分别为80.1％和94.6％;子代成虫雄雌比例为1∶1.3。以上基础数据,填补了国内对该蜱种生物学研究的某些空缺,对有关自然疫源性疾病的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

实验条件下森林革蜱生活史观察

在室内（T：12-28℃，RH：6%-86%）条件下较系统地观察了森林革蜱（Dermacentor siluarum)的生活史包括越冬，获得了有关生物学方面的参数，再次证明森林革蜱在幼蜱、若蜱和成蜱各个蜕化期均离开宿 主，表现为三宿主型，成蜱出现一年春秋二次，但秋季出现的成蜱不吸血，故成蜱侵袭家畜的高峰期在3-5月；经过幼蜱和若蜱后，7、8月发育的成蜱以饥饿状态越冬，然后在次年的2、3月开始寻找动物正常吸血，饥饿成蜱可活9-10个月，试验条件下，在兔体上完成一代共需64-130d，平均97d，即雌蜱吸血期为10-15d，产卵前期为3-8d，产卵期为11-25d，产卵量约4329粒，卵化期为10-20d，平均97d，即雌蜱吸血期为10-15d，产卵前期为3-8d，产卵期为11-25d，产卵量约4329粒，卵化期为10-20d，孵化率为82.5%，幼虫吸血期为3-7d，幼虫吸血期为3-7d，幼虫蜕化期为8-21d，其蜕化率为77%，。若虫吸血期为6-12d，若虫蜕化期为13-22d，其蜕化率为98%，其各变态期均吸血，其中雌蜱吸血量可达吸血前的152倍。     

中华锐缘蜱(蜱总科:软蜱科)的生活史研究

1973～1977年在实验室条件下,对中华锐缘蜱[Argas(Carios)sinensis Jeu ＆ Zhu]的生活史进行了研究,证明其生物学特性与蝙蝠锐缘婢[A.(C.)vespertilionis(Latreille)]有显著的不同。 本种幼虫以大、小鼠的仔鼠为动物宿主。若虫和成虫能吸食多种脊椎动物的血液。中华锐缘蜱生活史,包括卵、幼虫,2至4龄若虫、雌虫和雄虫。若虫蜕变     

曲棘新蚤生活史的实验室观察

目的观察曲棘新蚤在实验室的生活史.方法 2001年6月下旬,作者在和田县昆仑山山地捕获的灰仓鼠(Cricetulus migratorius)体上采得曲棘新蚤(Neopsylla teratura Rothschild,1913),带回实验室以小白鼠为供血动物进行人工饲养,7～9月在室温18～25℃,RH 72%～88%条件下,采用在基础中饲养和幼期全平皿培养法观察了曲棘新蚤的生活史.结果卵期3～5d,幼虫期17～21d(1龄5～6d,2龄4～5d,3龄8～10d),蛹期11～13d,子代成虫自羽出置宿主体至产卵需经9～12d.结论曲棘新蚤亲代从卵的产出到子代成虫产卵,完成一个生活周期共历经40～51d.     

莱姆病螺旋体研究的若干进展

莱姆疏螺旋体病（Lymeborreliosis）也称莱姆病（Lymedisease）是一种蜱媒人畜共患病，其病原体是伯氏疏螺旋体（Borreliaburgdoferi），蓖麻硬碑复合体（Ixodesricinuscomplex）诸种蜱类是本病的传播媒介，其中包括北美的肩板硬蜱（I．scalpularis）和太平洋硬蜱（I．pacificus)，欧洲的蓖麻硬蜱（I．ricinus）以及俄罗斯远东地区、日本和我国北方地区的全沟硬蜱（I．persulcatus）。某些其它蜱类及吸血节肢动物也可携带伯氏疏螺族体，但它们在本病流行病学中的意义尚待研究。晰蜴、鼠、鹿、麝、鸟类等野生脊椎动物及狗、马、牛等家富…     

红带锥蝽实验条件下发育特征研究

目的研究红带锥蝽的发育历程,为其调查和防制提供参考依据。方法以福建省漳州市华安县湖坪村采集的红带锥蝽为研究对象,于2018年5月-2019年9月在温度26℃、相对湿度60%的实验室环境条件下进行饲养。以ICR小鼠为唯一供血源(供血3 d),观察并记录红带锥蝽各个发育阶段的孵化、吸血、蜕皮等情况。结果在设定的实验条件下,红带锥蝽可完成整个生活史,包括卵、Ⅰ~Ⅴ龄若虫和成虫等7个阶段,平均历时117.7 d。卵的孵化率为92.2%(391/424)。若虫和成虫均吸血,且每一龄若虫均需饱血才能蜕皮,雌性成虫需吸血才能产卵。Ⅰ~Ⅴ龄若虫的吸血率和蜕皮率分别为86.4%(338/391)和72.4%(283/391)、76.7%(217/283)和58.3%(165/283)、71.5%(118/165)和52.1%(86/165)、91.9%(79/86)和64.0%(55/86)、96.4%(53/55)和56.4%(31/55)。若虫的吸血量随龄期增长而逐渐增大,Ⅰ~Ⅴ龄若虫的平均吸血量分别为(2.9±11.0)、(8.0±3.0)、(14.9±8.8)、(85.4±17.8)、(101.6±54.2)mg,吸血后的平均体质量增重倍数分别为5.4±1.8、3.8±1.2、2.8±1.1、5.1±1.4、2.6±1.1。Ⅴ龄若虫平均吸血量最大,Ⅰ龄若虫吸血后平均体质量增重倍数最大。结论红带锥蝽在实验条件下通过动物饲血能完成生活史,可为相关研究提供实验平台。     

蜱抗原免疫接种诱导宿主抵抗力的研究

本文选用中华硬蜱雌性成虫中肠抗原、卵抗原对家免进行人工免疫接种，在按常规方法免疫接种三次后，用中华硬蟀成虫进行感染（叮咬），分别观察中肠抗原接种组、卵抗原接种组、佐剂对照组和空白对照组中华硬蜱的吸血量、生殖情况。结果显示．中华硬蜱叮咬中肠抗原免疫接种兔后其吸血量、产卵量均较对照组显著降低，蜱的吸血量较佐剂和空白对照组分别下降48．56％和54．65％，产卵量下降52.8％和57.9％，而中华硬蜱叮咬卵抗原免疫接种组兔后其吸血、生殖能力较对照组无显著性差异（P＜0．05）。实验表明中华硬碑中肠抗原可有效诱导宿主产生特异性抵抗力，并对该现象进行了分析讨论。     

异盘并殖吸虫生活史的研究

目的：在实验室完成异盘并殖吸虫生活史，为基础研究提供生物学资料。方法：以异盘并殖吸虫毛蚴人工感染武鸣拟钉螺，定期观察螺内幼虫的发育和形态特征，再以尾蚴人工感染南宁束腰蟹，定期剖检囊蚴并感染终宿主。结果：20℃－31℃室温下，卵培育16d－21d即发育成熟孵出毛蚴，毛蚴纤毛板四列（6、7、3、1），第一列每块下部具凹陷和缺刻；毛蚴感染拟钉螺，室温21℃－30℃时，胞蚴、母雷蚴、子雷蚴（含游离尾蚴）分别于感染后第26、41、58d发育成熟，前者可见产孔，后二者原肠与体长比例分别为1∶3、1∶6；尾蚴具并殖吸虫的一般特征，焰细胞数目及排列方式是2［（2＋2＋2）＋（2＋2＋2）］＝24；束腰蟹经口喂饲尾蚴或饲养于阳性螺环境中，均可受染，60d获成熟囊蚴（室温16℃－27℃），以此囊蚴感染适宜终宿主（猫、大鼠），获得异盘并殖吸虫成虫。对各期幼虫及成虫的形态均作了描述。结论: 在实验室首次成功地完成了异盘并殖吸虫的生活史, 使本虫生活史的主要环节得到阐明。     

长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱经期传播莱姆病螺旋体Borrelia garinii的实验研究

目的　探讨长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱经期传播莱病螺旋体的可能性。方法　通过皮下注射KM鼠建立实验感染动物模型 ,以此阳性感染鼠感染试蜱非感染种群 ,观察试蜱的感染能力以及以莱姆病螺旋体的保持能力。结果　通过剌叮阳性KM鼠 ,长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱幼蜱饱血后分别获得 6 1 3%、75 0 %的阳性感染 ,但所感染的螺旋体在感染后 2d即死亡消解 ,不能重新获得分离 ,PCR扩增阳性也只能持续到饱血后 8d ,幼蜱蜕化为若蜱后 ,所有检测结果均为阴性 ;这两种蜱的若蜱也都可通过吸血获得 70 0 %的检测阳性率 ,感染后长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱可分别在在饱血后 5、10d内保持螺旋体的活性 ,PCR检测阳性率可延迟至饱血后 15d。此后直至蜕化成为成蜱 ,所有血、蜱检测结果均呈阴性 ;长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱的不同种群在感染和保持螺旋体能力上表现一致。结论　长角血蜱、嗜群血蜱的幼蜱和若蜱虽可以感染莱姆病螺旋体但不能经期传播到下一发育阶段 ,不具备经期传播能力 ,作为莱姆病主要媒介的可能性不大。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.