血管性痴呆的临床诊断和治疗

近年来,血管性痴呆(VaD)的定义和临床诊断标准逐渐建立。已有2个很好的工具可用于VaD的诊断———NINDS-AIREN和ADDTC。尽管NINDS-AIREN和NINCDS-ADRDA标准可用来区分单纯性VaD和单纯性Alzheimer病,但VaD与Alzheimer病的鉴别以及混合性痴呆的诊断仍然具有一定的挑战性。一系列研究已证实乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂治疗VaD的作用,它不但能改善认知功能,而且还对脑功能恢复也有一定的益处。     

血管性痴呆的诊断、危险因素和治疗

虽然现代神经影像学技术和标准化临床评价的应用促进了对脑血管病的识别,但血管性痴呆(VaD)的临床诊断仍然是个难题。神经病理学研究发现,现有的VaD临床标准的特异性高但敏感性低,这表明足够严重到引起认知障碍的脑血管病常常伴有其他疾病过程[如Alzheimer病(AD)]。诊断VaD的关键因素集中在痴呆的定义和血管性疾病的确定这2个问题上。现行的VaD临床标准对痴呆的定义不同,主要以AD样临床表现和伴有或不伴有临床卒中病史的严重血管性疾病为基础。因此,需要一个更准确的VaD定义。这对于更好地理解VaD的危险因素,确定适合进行药物试验的均质性群体都极为重要。     

血管性痴呆与脑梗死病灶的关系

血管性痴呆（VaD）是老年期痴呆的重要原因,仅次于Alzheimer病。本研究通过分析VaD发生与脑梗死病灶的特点,以探讨二者的关系,提高VaD的诊治水平。     

血管性痴呆的神经保护

在发达国家,血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)是Alzheimer病(Alzheimer disease,AD)之后第二种最常见的痴呆形式以及心理和躯体残疾的主要原因之一。因此,确认和实施防止VaD进展或促进VaD改善的策略是医疗保健的首要目标。目前,人们把VaD视为一组临床-病理综合征而不是一种疾     

老年晚发性痴呆与脑血流受损有关

过去认为，血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VaD）和Alzheimer病（Alzheimert＇s disease，AD）是痴呆的2种不同病理生理学类型，VaD由缺血所致，而AD则由老年斑和神经原纤维缠结所致。然而，越来越多的证据表明缺血在AD中也起着重要的作用。据最近出版的Radiology报道，老年晚发性痴呆至少部分是器质性脑损伤和脑血流减少所致。     

CADASIL中的血管性痴呆诊断标准

皮质下缺血性血管性痴呆（subcortical ischemic vascular dementia,SIVD）是血管性痴呆（vasculardementia,VaD）的一个主要亚型。最近修订的VaD诊断标准包含了SIVD。在伴皮质下梗死和白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病（cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy，CADASIL）中应用这些标准，     

阿尔采默氏病中的胡萝卜素血症

Alzheimer病为痴呆的最常见类型,许多患者有体重减轻。患者的神经性厌食可出现高胡萝卜素血症。尚无一种血液检验可用于Alzheimer病。若在该病中血浆胡萝卜素浓度增高则很重要。患者、方法和结果作者研究一组阿尔采默氏病老年妇女(平均年龄86岁)的血浆胡萝卜素浓度。同时对对照组—多部位梗塞性痴呆妇女(平均年龄83)和非痴呆的长期活动障碍老年妇女(平均年龄81)也作了研究。三组共63例患者。用临床标准诊断痴呆,用Ha-chinski评分从阿尔采默氏病中鉴     

血管性痴呆的诊断和相关问题

随着人口老龄化和平均寿命延长,老年性痴呆发病率迅速攀升。在老年性痴呆中阿尔茨海默病(AD)占55%,血管性痴呆(VaD)占20%,路易痴呆占15%,额颞叶痴呆占5%,其他痴呆占5%。国内外已发布了很多诊断VaD的标准。但众多医师在临床诊断VaD时,仍遇到不少问题。1VaD诊断标准目前对VaD的界     

卒中相关痴呆危险因素的状况

在世界某些卒中高发地区,血管性痴呆(VaD)的发生率可能高于Alzheimer,病(AD)。虽然研究进展对AD的防治已有新的认识,但是,VaD可能是目前老年人痴呆中唯一可以预防的痴呆。作者就卒中相关痴呆的危险因素状况加以探讨。 VaD这一术语比多发性梗死性痴呆有更为广泛的含义,意指由脑血管疾病引起的任何痴呆。这一术语常被用于描述血栓栓塞性脑血管病引起的痴呆,但不只限于这种类型的卒中。鉴于卒中和痴呆随年龄的增长呈指数增加,VaD与退行性痴呆可能会出现重叠;     

重视血管性认知障碍的神经心理学研究

血管性痴呆（vascular dementia，VaD）是老年人痴呆的主要病因之一，在西方国家仅次于阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease，AD），位居痴呆病因的第二位。长期以来，VaD受到广泛关注，但随着痴呆研究的逐渐深入，学者们发现VaD的概念不足以涵盖所有与血管因素相关的各种水平的认知障碍，存在着明显的滞后性和局限性，延误了对患者防治的最佳时机。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.