心包囊肿合并出血超声表现1例

正患者女,75岁。因"间歇性胸痛半年余"入院,查体未见明显异常。心电图:窦性心动过速、逆钟向转位;胸部CT示:左心房左缘低密度团块,边缘可见钙化;心脏磁共振示:左心房及左心室后方心包腔内类圆形混杂高信号占位,考虑良性肿瘤(图1);心脏彩超检查:各房室腔内径正常,左心收缩及舒张功能良好,心尖四腔心切面及左心室短轴切面于左心房及左心室侧后方见一大小约67 mm×65 mm×64 mm的囊实性低回声团块(图2),以实性为主,囊壁较薄,团块内部回     

急性心肌缺血单点双极起搏犬左心室功能的超声三维斑点追踪研究

目的应用超声三维斑点追踪成像技术评价心室单点双极起搏对急性心肌缺血犬左心室壁心肌力学和左心室功能的影响。方法开胸比格犬10只,分别采集基础状态、急性心肌缺血状态和缺血后右心室心尖、左心室心尖、左心室侧壁单点双极起搏状态一个完整心动周期的左心室三维全容积实时图像;同步记录左心室压力变化时间曲线并获取左心室射血压力(LVEP)和收缩期压力最大上升速率(dp/dtmax)。用超声三维斑点追踪分析软件分别提取不同状态左心室壁径向三维应变图、左心室壁径向三维峰值应变(PRS)和左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、每搏输出量(LVSV)、射血分数(LVEF)、心输出量(LVCO)等参数。定性观察并比较不同状态左心室壁不同节段心肌的径向三维应变同步性,线性校正并两两比较不同状态左心室功能参数;相关分析不同状态左心室壁整体径向三维峰值应变与左心室容量、压力参数。结果①左心室壁径向三维应变图可视化分析提示急性心肌缺血后心室起搏状态左心室壁机械运动不同步程度较基础状态和急性心肌缺血状态明显;②急性心肌缺血状态左心室壁整体及16个不同节段心肌的PRS、LVEF、LVCO、LVEP和dp/dtmax均较基础状态减低(P0.05);③与急性心肌缺血状态比较,心室起搏状态左心室壁整体PRS增大(P0.05),而左心室容量参数、压力参数差异无统计学意义;④不同起搏状态间左心室壁整体PRS、LVESV、LVEDV、LVSV、LVEF、LVCO、LVEP和dp/dtmax差异无统计学意义(P0.05);⑤不同状态左心室壁整体PRS与LVSV、LVEF和LVCO呈线性正相关(r=0.628~0.889,P0.05)。结论应用超声三维斑点追踪成像技术发现心室单点双极起搏能够增强心肌缺血状态左心室壁心肌收缩力,但同时导致左心室壁机械运动不同步程度加重,不能有效改善因急性心肌缺血受损的左心室整体功能。     

心阻抗微分图与X线左心室造影测定射血分数的比较

测定心脏病患者的心脏收缩功能 ,对于指导临床分型和治疗、评价药物疗效、判断预后具有重要的临床意义[1] 。左心室射血分数是反映心脏收缩功能最好的指标。Ｘ线左心室造影 (左心室造影 )是临床测定左心室收缩功能最准确的方法[2 ] 。心阻抗微分图是一种简单的无创性测定心脏病患者血流动力学参数及心功能指标的方法 ,临床应用日益增多。本文以左心室造影为标准 ,对心阻抗微分图测定左心室收缩功能的准确性进行探讨。1　材料及方法1 1　研究对象1998年 11月～ 1999年 5月对 2 5例心脏病患者作了同期左心室造影和心阻抗微分图检查。本研究共 …     

基于纹理分析的带标记线心脏MR图像分割

背景：左心室边界的准确分割是对左心室运动及形变进行分析的前提。由于受带标记线心脏核磁共振图像中标记线强梯度的影响,对左心室内膜的提取变得非常困难。目的：为了抑制标记线对图像分割的影响,提出了一种基于最小值-方差能量图的纹理分析方法。方法：首先对局部最小值和方差进行加权求和,得到能量图;然后利用中值滤波滤除能量图中的伪影并保持边界;最后,应用GVF-snake模型提取左心室内膜。结果与结论：针对标记线在心脏MR图像中的分布特征,提出了一种基于最小值-方差的纹理分析方法,该方法有效地去除了标记线。结果提示,对使用该纹理分析方法生成的能量图应用GVF-snake模型可以较好地提取左心室内膜。     

基于纹理分析的带标记线心脏MR图像分割

背景:左心室边界的准确分割是对左心室运动及形变进行分析的前提。由于受带标记线心脏核磁共振图像中标记线强梯度的影响,对左心室内膜的提取变得非常困难。目的:为了抑制标记线对图像分割的影响,提出了一种基于最小值-方差能量图的纹理分析方法。方法:首先对局部最小值和方差进行加权求和,得到能量图;然后利用中值滤波滤除能量图中的伪影并保持边界;最后,应用GVF-snake模型提取左心室内膜。结果与结论:针对标记线在心脏MR图像中的分布特征,提出了一种基于最小值-方差的纹理分析方法,该方法有效地去除了标记线。结果提示,对使用该纹理分析方法生成的能量图应用GVF-snake模型可以较好地提取左心室内膜。     

本期图片精选

图2～5 乳腺肿瘤病灶边缘示意图。图2示乳腺肿瘤病灶周边模糊；图3示乳腺肿瘤病灶边缘呈齿轮状；图4示乳腺肿瘤病灶右下边缘成角；图5示乳腺肿瘤病灶边缘呈毛刺状     

单点双极选择性心脏起搏犬左心室腔内流场状态的超声观察

目的采用基于多普勒血流成像原理的血流速度向量标测技术观察不同位点单点双极心脏起搏状态左心室腔内流场变化。方法 9只Beagle犬开胸动物模型,分别选择性起搏右心室心尖、左心室心尖和左心室侧壁,获取不同心脏电机械兴奋状态下连续3个心动周期的标准心尖四腔、两腔和左心室长轴切面二维彩色多普勒血流图。通过血流速度向量工作站,得到左心室心腔内血流二维速度向量、流线和涡流成像。通过在流线成像基础上同时设置左心室心尖、乳头肌和基底水平3条取样线获取跨线速度向量分布。在心动周期6个特定时相同时观察上述3个切面血液流场状态。结果采用血流速度向量标测技术能够观察到特定时相左心室心腔内的血液流场状态,与基础窦性心律状态比较心脏起搏状态收缩期和舒张期左心室腔内血液流场的有序梯度分布和生理涡流状态遭到破坏或改变。左心室壁各位点起搏导致的左心室腔内流场异常状态均较右心室心尖起搏严重,其中左心室心尖位点起搏导致的左心室腔内流场状态改变程度较左心室侧壁起搏明显。结论选择性心室起搏导致了左心室心腔内流场状态改变,应用血流速度向量标测技术能够检测到心脏起搏导致的左心室心腔内流场变化。     

健康比格犬左心室壁生物力学特征的超声速度向量成像研究

目的应用超声速度向量成像（VVI）技术评价健康雌性比格犬左心室壁短轴切面不同节段心内、外膜下心肌生物力学特征,探讨其跨壁差异与左心室壁厚度变化的关系。方法以经心外膜超声心动图分别采集25只健康开胸比格犬二尖瓣、乳头肌和心尖水平标准左心室短轴切面3个完整心动周期实时声像图。应用VVI软件提取一个完整心动周期左心室壁3个标准短轴切面整体及其短轴切面18个节段心、内外膜下心肌的径向位移、周向应变和旋转角时间序列参数,计算并比较一个完整心动周期内左心室壁不同节段和不同短轴水平心、内外膜下心肌的最大径向位移（RDmax）、最大周向应变（CSmax）、最大旋转角（RAmax）。计算并比较一个完整心动周期内左心室不同节段和不同水平的室壁最大净增厚值（△Tmax）,心内、外膜下心肌最大应变差（△CSmax）,心内、外膜下心肌最大旋转角差（△RAmax）。相关分析3个不同短轴水平左心室壁的△Tmax与△CSmax、△RAmax。结果①左心室壁心内膜下心肌RDmax、CSmax和RAmax均大于心外膜下心肌（P〈0.05）;②左心室壁△Tmax为心尖〈二尖瓣〈乳头肌水平,△CSmax于乳头肌水平最大,△RAmax于心尖水平最大（P〈0.05）;③3个标准短轴切面左心室壁△CSmax和△RAmax均与△Tmax呈直线相关（r=0.705-0.802,P〈0.001;r=0.697-0.736,P〈0.001）。结论健康犬左心室壁心肌力学状态存在不同水平的跨壁差异;左心室壁心、内外膜下心肌间的周向应变差异和相对周向剪切运动与左心室壁厚度变化密切有关;超声VVI技术有助于揭示犬左心室壁生物力学基本特征。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断婴儿心肌致密化不全1例

患儿,男,5个月。因咳嗽,喘憋2月就诊。行超声心动图检查：左心室4.7cm,左房2.2cm,右心大小正常,升主动脉及主肺动脉内径不宽。左心室腔内见大量突向心腔的肌小梁,呈网络状,其间见大小不等无回声隐窝,以心尖部最明显（图1）。隐窝内有血流信号与左心室腔相通（图2）。     

超声声学定量自动估测左心室功能

超声声学定量自动估测左心室功能邓东安①邓亚安②侯传举杨力军张玉威既往应用二维超声心动图（２ＤＥ）测量左心室功能是通过操纵轨迹球人工构画出左心室收缩期和舒张期直径和面积而获得的［１，２］。此法受到许多主观及客观因素的影响。近年问世的超声自动边缘检测（ｅ...     

Tracking and motion analysis of the left ventricle with deformable superquadrics

We present a new approach to analyse the deformation of the left ventricle of the heart based on a parametric model that gives a compact representation of a set of points in a 3-D image. We present a strategy for tracking surfaces in a sequence of 3-D cardiac images. Following tracking, we then infer quantitative parameters which characterize: left ventricle motion, volume of left ventricle, ejection fraction, amplitude and twist component of cardiac motion. We explain the computation of these parameters using our model. Experimental results are shown in time sequences of two modalities of medical images, nuclear medicine and X-ray computed tomography (CT). Video sequences presenting these results are on the CD-ROM.     

3-D Speckle Tracking for Assessment of Regional Left Ventricular Function

Speckle tracking in 2-D ultrasound images has become an established tool for assessment of left ventricular function. The recent development of ultrasound systems with capability to acquire real-time full volume data of the left ventricle makes it possible to perform speckle tracking in three dimensions, and thereby track the real motion of the myocardium. This paper presents a method for assessing local strain and rotation from 3-D speckle tracking in apical full-volume datasets. The method has been tested on simulated ultrasound data based on a computer model of the left ventricle, and on patients with myocardial infarction. When applied on simulated ultrasound data, the method showed good agreement with strain and rotation traces calculated from the reference motion, and the method was able to capture segmental differences in the deformation pattern, although the magnitudes of strains were systematically lower than the reference strains. When applied on patients, the method demonstrated reduced strain in the infarcted areas. Bulls-eye plots of regional strains showed good correspondence with wall motion scoring based on 2-D apical images, although the dyskinetic and hypokinetic regions were not apparent in all strain components.     

Infant cerebral ventricle volume: a comparison of 3-D ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging

Enlargement of the cerebral lateral ventricles is observed in several neuropsychiatric disorders with origins in early brain development. Lateral ventricle size is also predictive of poor neurodevelopmental outcome in premature infants. Three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) offers an improved methodology for the study of lateral ventricle volume in neonates and infants. To assess the validity of ventricle volume measures obtained with 3-D US, we compared the volumes obtained by 3-D US with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in seven infants. Ventricle volumes were determined using a computer-assisted image analysis program, IRIS. There was excellent correlation between ventricle volumes obtained with 3-D US and those obtained with MRI (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.92, F = 23.28, p = 0.00027), indicating that 3-D US provides valid measures of overall lateral ventricle volume compared to the "gold standard" of MRI. 3-D US can provide an economical and practical means of studying lateral ventricle volume in neonates, a neurostructural marker of abnormal brain development.     

Real-time 3-D ultrasound acquisition and display for cardiac volume and ejection fraction evaluation

The objective of this study was to test if three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US) provides accurate determination of the cardiac volumes and ejection fraction. The 3-D device (Model 1-Volumetrics, ) is a 3-D acquisition system using a 2-Mhz matrix probe that insonates the whole cardiac volume in a 4-chamber view and collects the entire backscattered US echoes from this volume within one cardiac cycle. The complete 3-D US information stored in the memory can then be cut into 2-D views of any arbitrary orientation. For volume determination, the best 4-chamber view was selected into the memory, then 6 transverse views were displayed at different depths along the ventricle long axis, and the contour of the ventricle was drawn on each of these views. The left ventricle volume in diastole (LVDV) and the ejection fraction (EF) obtained by 3-D US were compared with those from x-ray and isotopic angiographies, and 2-D echo-time motion (2-D Echo-TM). The variations in stroke volume (SV) during a stand test, measured by 3-D US, and aortic Doppler were compared. The correlation between EF evaluated from 3-D US and x-ray or isotopic angiographies was found to be good (r = 0.80 p < 0.001; r = 0.86 p < 0.001), but lower with 2-D Echo-TM (r = 0.59 p < 0.001). For LVDV, the correlation was acceptable with x-ray angiography (r = 0.75 p < 0.001), but much lower with isotopic angiography and 2-D Echo-TM (r = 0.47 p < 0.001; r = 0.55 p < 0.001). A good correlation was also found between the SV changes measured by 3-D US and aortic Doppler (r = 0.79 p < 0.001).     

实时全容积三维超声心动图初步评价正常胎儿心室容积和心室收缩功能

目的 探讨实时三维超声在研究正常胎儿心室发育和心室收缩功能方面的价值.方法 回顾分析54例正常胎儿全容积三维数据,通过后处理软件获得心室容积参数,包括舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)和搏出量(SV)及心室收缩功能参数射血分数(EF),分析胎儿心室容积发育与孕周的关系,比较左右心室容积和收缩功能的差异.结果 胎儿左右心室容积参数EDV、ESV、SV与孕周间均有线性相关关系,随孕周增长而增加,而收缩功能参数EF与孕周之间无明显线性关系,随孕周增长无明显变化;容积参数EDV、ESV左右心室之间差异无明显统计学意义,而SV、EF左右心室间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 实时三维超声对胎儿心内膜清晰成像时能够获得心室腔容积,进而评价心脏收缩功能,有助于进一步研究胎儿心脏容积发育和收缩功能变化.     

3-D ultrasound quantification of neonatal cerebral ventricles in different head positions.

We determined the influence of head position on lateral ventricular cerebral volume in low-birth-weight infants by three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound (US). Thirty-nine neonates were examined prospectively in a controlled and blinded study. We used a freehand 3-D US system to acquire data sets after head positioning for 3 h on left and right side in random order. The borders of the lateral ventricles were marked in stored cross-sections. Volumes were calculated as mean of duplicate measurements. Median volume of lateral cerebral ventricles was 1.03 (quartiles 0.78-1.36) mL. Median left ventricular volume was slightly larger than right one (p = 0.13). Down-side lateral ventricles showed smaller volumes than up-side positioned ventricles (p < 0.01). Freehand 3-D US allows quantification of small volumes as neonatal lateral cerebral ventricles. Head position influences the lateral cerebral ventricle volume in low-birth-weight infants.     

Separating the left cardiac ventricle from the atrium in short axis MR images using the equation of the atrioventricular plane

Short axis (SA) images obtained from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are used to advantage in the calculation of important clinical parameters such as the ejection fraction and stroke volume (SV). A prerequisite for these calculations is the separation of the left ventricle and the left atrium. When only using the information seen in the SA images this separation can be a source of error due to the through-plane motion of the basal part of the left ventricle. In this study a method is proposed where the separation of the left ventricle and the atrium is performed by identifying the intersections of the atrioventricular plane in the SA images. The equation of the atrioventricular plane was determined in both systole and diastole using long axis and four chamber image views. Stroke volumes were measured in 20 patients using SA images where the endocardium had been delineated. The SV obtained using the new method was compared with quantitative flow measurements and the conventional technique for calculation of SV from SA images, respectively. The agreement of SV was, according to Bland-Altman analysis, 2.0 ml (95% CI -12.0 to 15.9 ml) in comparison with the flow measurements and 2.2 ml (95% CI -9.2 to 13.6 ml) compared to the conventional method. Inter- and intra-observer variability, when using the new proposed method, was small. This study shows that the identification of the left atrioventricular plane in SA images can be used in the separation of the left atrium and ventricle.     

Accurate high-speed spatial normalization using an octree method

The goal of regional spatial normalization is to remove anatomical differences between individual three-dimensional (3-D) brain images by warping them to match features of a standard brain atlas. Full-resolution volumetric spatial normalization methods use a high-degree-of-freedom coordinate transform, called a deformation field, for this task. Processing to fit features at the limiting resolution of a 3-D MR image volume is computationally intensive, limiting broad use of full-resolution regional spatial normalization. A highly efficient method, designed using an octree decomposition and analysis scheme, is presented to resolve the speed problem while targeting accuracy comparable to current volumetric methods. Translation and scaling capabilities of octree spatial normalization (OSN) were tested using computer models of solid objects (cubes and spheres). Boundary mismatch between transformed and target objects was zero for cubes and less than 1% for spheres. Regional independence of warping was tested using brain models consisting of a homogenous brain volume with one internal homogenous region (lateral ventricle). Boundary mismatch improved with successively smaller octant-level processing and approached levels of less than 1% for the brain and 5% for the lateral ventricle. Five 3-D MR brain images were transformed to a target 3-D brain image to assess boundary matching. Residual boundary mismatch was approximately 4% for the brain and 8% for the lateral ventricle, not as good as with homogeneous brain models, but similar to other results. Total processing time for OSN with a 256(3) brain image (1-mm voxel spacing) was less than 10 min.     

3-D ultrasonographic imaging of the cerebral ventricular system in very low birth weight infants

The purpose of the study was to assess reference ranges for lateral ventricular volume of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants using 3-D ultrasound (US). A total of 108 patients with birth weights < or =1500 g or mother's postmenstrual age < or =32 weeks were examined prospectively in a longitudinal study. Infants in conditions considered being potential confounders such as intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) were not included in the calculations. Hence, 77 subjects remained for final statistical analysis. Mean postmenstrual age at birth was 194.5 (27 weeks and 5.5 days) +/- 14 SD days, mean birth weight was 972.5 +/- 236.3 SD g. Reference ranges for lateral ventricle volume were established from serial images. The exponential regression analyses revealed a weekly increase in volume of 6.3% (95% CI 4.4%-8.3%) and 6.6% (95% CI 4.7%-8.6%) in respect to the left and the right ventricle (p < 0.001). Postmenstrual age correlated significantly (p < or = 0.015) with ventricle volume. No significant association to head circumference could be determined. Establishment of reference values for the lateral ventricle volume of VLBW infants should facilitate application of 3-D US in routine diagnostics in neonatal intensive care units and detection of ventricular enlargement as a prediction of risk for poor neurodevelopmental outcome in high-risk cohorts.     

Fully Automatic Detection of Salient Features in 3-D Transesophageal Images

Most automated segmentation approaches to the mitral valve and left ventricle in 3-D echocardiography require a manual initialization. In this article, we propose a fully automatic scheme to initialize a multicavity segmentation approach in 3-D transesophageal echocardiography by detecting the left ventricle long axis, the mitral valve and the aortic valve location. Our approach uses a probabilistic and structural tissue classification to find structures such as the mitral and aortic valves; the Hough transform for circles to find the center of the left ventricle; and multidimensional dynamic programming to find the best position for the left ventricle long axis. For accuracy and agreement assessment, the proposed method was evaluated in 19 patients with respect to manual landmarks and as initialization of a multicavity segmentation approach for the left ventricle, the right ventricle, the left atrium, the right atrium and the aorta. The segmentation results revealed no statistically significant differences between manual and automated initialization in a paired t-test (p > 0.05). Additionally, small biases between manual and automated initialization were detected in the Bland–Altman analysis (bias, variance) for the left ventricle (?0.04, 0.10); right ventricle (?0.07, 0.18); left atrium (?0.01, 0.03); right atrium (?0.04, 0.13); and aorta (?0.05, 0.14). These results indicate that the proposed approach provides robust and accurate detection to initialize a multicavity segmentation approach without any user interaction.