HPLC法同时测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量

目的:建立测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬含量的方法。方法:高效液相色谱法。固定相为十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶,流动相:甲醇0.01mol/L十二烷基硫酸钠( 63∶37) (用磷酸调节pH值至2.5) ,检测波长为295nm .结果:同时测定甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量。甲硝唑平均回收率为99.8% ,n =6,RSD为0.40%。芬布芬平均回收率为100.1% ,n=6,RSD为0.36%。结论:本方法简便、快速、可靠,可用于牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量测定     

反相高效液相色谱法测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量

目的 :建立同时测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬的方法。方法 :采用反相高效液相色谱法 ,以Lichrospher ODS(5μm ,4 .0mm× 2 5 0mm)为色谱柱 ,甲醇 水 (75∶2 5 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 85nm ,峰面积外标法定量。结果 :平均回收率 :甲硝唑为 99.5 % ,RSD 0 .6 % (n =5 ) ;芬布芬为 10 0 .0 % ,RSD 0 .7% (n =5 )。结论 :方法简便 ,快速 ,准确可靠 ,适于该制剂的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定牙周康胶囊中甲哨唑和芬布芬含量

牙周康胶囊是临床治疗牙周炎的常用药 ,效果显著。该药质量标准收载于黑龙江省药品标准汇编(1987— 1993) ,原标准是用分光光度法和酸碱滴定法分别测定甲硝唑、芬布芬的含量。本文用高效液相色谱法测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬含量[1] 。　　　牙周康处方如下 :甲硝唑 10 0ｇ ,芬布芬 75 ｇ ,辅料适量制成 10 0 0粒。1　仪器 ,药品与试剂Ｗａｔｅｒｓ 15 2 5泵 ,ＷａｔｅｒｓＵＶ 2 4 87检测器 ,Ｂｒｅｅｚｅ工作站 ,甲硝唑对照品由中国生物药品检验所提供 ,芬布芬对照品为原料 (含量 99 5 %以上 ) ,甲醇 ,乙腈 ,色谱纯。2　二色谱条件色…     

牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬的HPLC测定

建立了牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬的HPLC测定法。采用Hypersil-ODS2C18柱，甲醇－醋酸盐缓冲液（pH4．5）（70：30）为流动相，检测波长为298nm，流速为0．8ml/min。甲硝唑的线性范围为60－140μg/ml，平均回收率为100．1％，RSD为0．5％；芬布芬的线性范围为45－105μg/ml，平均回收率为99．6％，RSD为0．7％。     

双波长分光光度法测定牙周康的含量

目的　测定牙周康中甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量。方法　采用双波长分光光度法,甲硝唑以 314nm为测定波长,2 5 1nm为参比波长;芬布芬以 2 83nm为测定波长,340nm为参比波长,在上述波长下,分别测定吸收度值。结果　甲硝唑在 4 1～9 6 μg·ml-1,芬布芬在 3 1～ 7 2 μg·ml-1范围内,浓度与吸收度差值呈良好线性关系,甲硝唑平均回收率为 99 9%(RSD =0 33% ),芬布芬平均回收率为 10 0 0 %( RSD =0 2 7% )。结论　该法简便、快速、准确。     

HPLC法测定替硝唑芬布芬胶囊中替硝唑和芬布芬的含量

建立替硝唑芬布芬胶囊含量测定的方法。采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Throm C18;流动相:甲醇-乙腈-水(40∶60∶40)(调pH至3.0);流速:0.8ml.min-1;柱温:室温;检测波长:300nm。替硝唑和芬布芬在40.00~160.0μg.ml-1(r=0.9999)及15.00~60.00μg.ml-1(r=0.9998)的范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系;替硝唑与芬布芬的平均回收率分别为99.7%(RSD为0.7%)和99.8%(RSD为0.9%)。所建立的HPLC方法灵敏、专一、准确,可作为替硝唑芬布芬胶囊含量测定的方法。     

牙周康胶囊中两组分的褶合光谱法测定

采用褶合光谱法同时测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬含量.两组分的平均回收率分别为99.8%(RSD 0.74%)和100.1%(RSD 0.59%).     

紫外分光光度法测定芬布芬片的含量

目的：用紫外分光光度法测定芬布芬片的含量.方法：以无水乙醇为溶剂,采用紫外分光光度法进行芬布芬片的含量测定,建立含量测定的质量控制方法.结果：芬布芬含量测定平均回收率为100.35%,RSD=0.31%（n=5）.结论：用本法测定芬布芬含量简便、快速、结果与药典法基本一致.     

牙周康胶囊中两组分的双波长法同时测定探讨

目的：不经分离同时测定牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬两组分的含量。方法：双波长法。结果：牙周康胶囊中甲硝唑和芬布芬两组分的平均回收率及相对标准偏差分别为100．75％，0．78％；100．34％，0．59％。结论：该法简便，快速，结果可靠，重现性好。     

HPLC测定甲硝唑芬布芬缓释片中甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量

目的:建立HPLC测定甲硝唑芬布芬缓释片中甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,DiamonsilC18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.075 mol/L KH2PO4(2:1),检测波长为295 nm,流速为0.8 ml/min,进样量为20 μl,柱温为室温.结果:甲硝唑在16～160 μg/ml,芬布芬在12～120 μg/ml范围内,其浓度与峰面积线性关系良好;高、中、低三个浓度的平均回收率均在100.0%±2%范围内,精密度的RSD均小于1%;两主药峰的分离度大于1.5.结论:本方法简便、快速、可靠,可用于甲硝唑和芬布芬的测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.