家兔输卵管淋巴管的微细分布和超微结构

用半薄切片光镜观察和超薄切片电镜观察的方法研究了家兔输卵管淋巴管的微细分布及超微结构，并应用多功能医学图像分析技术测定了毛细淋巴管内皮细胞内小泡的分布密度、平均最大直径、体密度和数密度。结果表明：输卵管的粘膜层、肌层及浆膜层均存有毛细淋巴管，除粘膜层外，还存在淋巴管；输卵管毛细淋巴管具有毛细淋巴管超微结构的一般特点，其内皮细胞间的连接方式有三种，即插入连接，重叠连接和端端连接，有粘着装置的占１７．     

卵巢和输卵管的淋巴流向

在３０例女性新生儿尸体上，用器官内多色淋巴管注射法观察了卵巢和输卵管的淋巴流向以及两个器官淋巴系间的联系。卵巢和输卵管的集合淋巴管主要是向上注入腰淋巴结，仅少数集合淋巴管可洲入骼总淋巴结和骼外淋巴结。输卵管和卵巢的集合淋巴管可在卵巢系膜内或在腰部上行中相吻合，所以输卵管与卵巢的淋巴管流向基本相同，都注入同群的腰淋巴结。     

《女性生殖器淋巴系与妇科癌》即将出版

由哈尔滨医科大学解剖学教研室王云祥教授和第二附属医院吕玉峰教授合著的《女性生殖器淋巴系与妇科癌》一书即将由人民卫生出版社出版。该书作者根据多年对淋巴系研究以及对妇科癌诊治的经验,分九章系统介绍了淋巴管的研究方法、淋巴管和淋巴结、癌的转移、女性生殖器的局部淋巴结、卵巢的淋巴管和卵巢癌、子宫的淋巴管和子宫癌、输卵管淋巴管和输卵管癌、阴道的淋巴管和阴道癌、外阴的淋巴管和外阴癌。该书对解剖学工作者和妇产科医生有参考价值。请参看科技新书目的183期第九版(183—172)。     

食管壁内淋巴管的微细分布

用半薄切片光镜观察和超薄切片电镜观察 ,研究了家兔食管壁内淋巴管的微细分布及各层淋巴管的分布密度。结果显示 :食管粘膜层固有膜内有毛细淋巴管 ,粘膜下层存在有毛细淋巴管及淋巴管。肌束间见有淋巴管 ,但肌束内未见淋巴管 ,外膜存有淋巴管。本研究作了淋巴管的检出率 :粘膜层占 15 % ,粘膜下层占 2 4% ,肌层占 40 % ,外膜占 2 0 %。     

胃的器官内淋巴管

1.在40个足月胎儿、新生儿及2-4岁小儿的胃上,用器官内淋巴管注射方法观察了胃壁各层淋巴管的配布情况及其相互间的联系。 2.在胃粘膜层存有腺间圆锥及一层毛细淋巴管网。腺间圆锥存于胃腺之间的结缔组织内,向下注入粘膜层毛细淋巴管网。毛细淋巴管网位于粘膜层固有膜的深侧,胃腺底和粘膜肌之间,井和粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网相通。在足月胎儿及新生儿胃的粘膜层未见到腺间圆锥。 3.粘膜下层毛细淋巴管网位于粘膜肌的直下方,注入居同一平面上的粘膜下层淋巴管丛。在胃上号处,由粘膜下层淋巴管丛发出的淋巴管走向胃小弯或责门,下号的向胃大弯,斜过胃的肌层至浆膜下,和浆膜下淋巴管吻合,而注入局部淋巴结。 4.在胃的三层肌内存有毛细淋巴管网,其管是存于肌纤维束间的结缔组织内。各网间可相交通。起自肌层的毛细淋巴管网的淋巴管,可注入通过肌层的粘膜下层淋巴管,或直向胃大、小弯及贡门,至浆膜下和浆膜下淋巴管吻合,或值入局部淋巴结。胃肌层淋巴管走行的方向和该部粘膜下层淋巴管的方向相同。 5.在浆膜的深层存有毛细淋巴管网及淋巴管丛。淋巴管紧贴胃的纵肌层;毛细淋巴管网多居淋巴管丛的浅侧,并注入淋巴管丛。由丛发出的淋巴管的走行方向,和该部的粘膜下层淋巴管或肌层淋巴管一致。浆膜下淋巴管在走行中相互吻合,或和粘膜下层及肌层的淋巴管吻合,而入局部淋巴结。     

食管壁内淋巴管的研究

应用光镜、电镜观察和研究了新生儿尸体的食管壁肉淋巴管的细微分布及超微结构。结果发现食管粘膜层仅见到毛细淋巴管；在粘膜下层、肌层及外膜层均见到毛细淋巴管及淋巴管。     

胰器官内淋巴管的研究

应用光镜和电镜的观察方法研究了新生儿尸体的胰器官肉淋巴管的微细分布及超微结构。结果是在胰小叶间结缔组织内存在有丰富的毛细淋巴管及淋巴管，在胰被膜内有较多的淋巴管。而胰小叶内，胰岛内部及其周围均未见到毛淋巴管，仅有丰富的毛细血管，胰的毛细淋巴管具有其他器官毛细淋巴管超微结构的特点。     

新生儿肺的淋巴管

本文对40例新鲜的新生儿肺,采用色素乳胶注射制成塑型标本结合注射普鲁士兰分别制成连续组织切片的方法,对肺淋巴管的分布特点进行了详细的观察。肺的淋巴管分为胸膜下浅层淋巴管及深层淋巴管,并证实肺韧带内亦有淋巴管和淋巴结存在。深淋巴管基本可归纳为间质～肺静脉淋巴管系及支气管～肺动脉淋巴管系。两者之间有大量的侧支吻合,其吻合部位多见于肺内各级支气管的分叉处。最远处毛细淋巴管起于终末细支气管的分叉处。肺内淋巴管的瓣膜多数为单瓣,多见于胸膜下及肺小叶外围的淋巴管内;肺门附近次之;而肺中央的大部特别稀少。     

中枢神经系统中淋巴管及淋巴循环的研究进展

淋巴管系统由毛细淋巴管、淋巴管及淋巴导管组成,淋巴液流动于淋巴管系统中形成淋巴循环。淋巴循环作为血液循环的重要补充部分,在物质运输、免疫应答、维持组织渗透压及液体平衡等方面起到了重要作用。传统观念认为中枢神经系统中不存在衬附内皮细胞的经典淋巴管结构,也不存在完整的淋巴循环。但近年来关于中枢神经系统中淋巴循环及脑膜淋巴管的研究逐渐颠覆了传统研究观点。     

人胰腺癌淋巴管的分布及形态观察

目的观察人胰腺癌淋巴管的分布及形态结构,探讨胰腺癌淋巴道转移机制。方法取手术后人胰腺癌标本21例,应用免疫组化染色法LYVE-1标记淋巴管进行淋巴管计数,半薄切片光镜观察和超薄切片透射电镜观察胰腺癌组织淋巴管的形态及分布特点。结果胰腺癌组织中LYVE-1染色阳性的脉管具有淋巴管的形态学特征,可见癌周组织的微淋巴管数量较癌旁"正常区"有所增加(P<0.01);半薄切片光镜下可见癌周边区和"正常区"淋巴管存在,癌中心区未见有淋巴管;电镜下癌周边区淋巴管内皮细胞连接开放,部分内皮细胞破裂溶解,管壁不完整。淋巴管内皮细胞的线粒体、高尔基体等细胞器改变。结论胰腺癌组织淋巴管主要位于癌周围浸润区的纤维结缔组织中,且淋巴管数量较癌旁"正常区"增多,淋巴管内皮超微结构改变。胰腺癌淋巴管转移可能通过增多的淋巴管的内皮连接开放和对内皮细胞的破坏溶解作用进入淋巴管管壁。     

卵巢的淋巴流向

本文在90例女性新生儿及婴儿尸体上,用器官内淋巴管注射方法,观察了卵巢的淋巴流向。实验材料分为3组,每组各30例(60侧)。第1组:由卵巢注入普鲁士蓝氯仿溶液。每个卵巢发出4～10条集合淋巴管,沿卵巢动、静脉上行,注入腰淋巴结。右侧卵巢的集合淋巴管多是注入主动脉腔静脉间淋巴结,一部分人腔静脉外侧淋巴结、腔静脉前淋巴结及主动脉下淋巴结。左侧卵巢的集合淋巴管多是注入主动脉外侧淋巴结;一部分入主动脉前淋巴结。第2组:先结扎两侧卵巢悬韧带,然后进行注射。有26侧(43％)卵巢发出的1～2条集合淋巴管,经过子宫阔韧带,注入髂间淋巴结、髂内淋巴结及髂外淋巴结。第3组:同时结扎两侧卵巢悬韧带和卵巢固有韧带,然后再进行注射。有19侧(31％)卵巢的1条集合淋巴管,经过子宫阔韧带,注入髂间淋巴结、髂外淋巴结及髂内淋巴结。本文研究表明,卵巢的淋巴可通过上、下两条路径。在正常情况下,都向上汇入腰淋巴结;当结扎卵巢悬韧带后,则可向下进入盆部的淋巴结。     

Local transfer of prostaglandin E2 into the ovary and its retrograde transfer into the uterus in early pregnant sows

This study was designed to establish (a) whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can reach the ovary and oviduct by a local pathway and what is the contribution of lymphatic vessels to this transfer, and (b) whether PGE2 can permeate from venous and lymphatic vessels of the mesometrium to arterial blood and be delivered to the uterine horn during maternal recognition of pregnancy in gilts. The reproductive tract was excised from gilts (n = 10) on day 14 after mating. The uterine horn was isolated with the ovary and broad ligament and perfused with warmed and oxygenated autologous blood. A total dose of 5.5 x 10(7) disintegrations per min (d.p.m.) (49 ng) [3H]PGE2 was infused into the small branches of the uterine vein on the broad ligament or into the lymphatic vessels. Frequent blood samples were collected from the branch of the uterine artery and from the venous effluent. Tissue samples were collected from the uterine horn, the ovary and the broad ligament. The concentration of [3H]PGE2 was significantly higher in the ovary (P < 0.001), oviduct (P < 0.01), endometrium (P < 0.01), myometrium (P < 0.001) and mesometrium (P < 0.001) after infusion of [3H]PGE2 into lymphatic vessels than into the branches of the uterine vein. In contrast, the concentration of [3H]PGE2 was significantly higher in arterial blood supplying the uterine horn (P < 0.01) and in the venous effluent (P < 0.001) after infusion of [3H]PGE2 into the branches of the uterine vein than into lymphatic vessels. These results demonstrated local transfer of [3H]PGE2 into the ovary, oviduct and uterine horn from lymphatic and venous vessels of the mesometrium. However, the efficiency of this transfer was considerably higher after infusion into lymphatic vessels than into branches of the ovarian vein. We conclude that the lymphatic pathway is a fundamental mechanism in the local transfer of PGE2 from the uterus to the ovary and oviduct during early pregnancy in the pig.     

睾丸的淋巴流向观察

在32例足月胎儿尸体上,用淋巴管注射法观察了睾丸的淋巴流向。实验材料分为两组。第1组16例,由睾丸实质注入普鲁士蓝氯仿溶液,见到集合淋巴管沿睾丸血管上行,注入腰淋巴结,但一部分在途中直入髂总淋巴结和髂外淋巴结。第2组16例,先在第3腰椎高处结扎沿睾丸血管上行的集合淋巴管,然后再进行注射,结果见到上行的淋巴管在结扎处终止,有少数管也直入髂总淋巴结和髂外淋巴结;但在21侧睾丸,1、2条集合淋巴管沿输精管向下入盆腔,至膀胱底处消失或注入该处的髂内淋巴结。     

Endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in lymphatic vessels of the uterine broad ligament during the estrous cycle in the pig

Immunohistochemical localization and distribution of endothelin (ET-1) and nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were investigated in precollector and collector lymphangions of lymphatic vessels leaving the ovary and were found in the vascular subovarian plexus (mesovarium) as well as in those emanating from the oviductal isthmus and uterine horn (mesosalpinx and mesometrium, respectively) forming the paraovarian lymphatic plexus in the broad ligament of the uterus during different phases of the estrous cycle in pigs. The polyclonal antibody for ET-1 and the monoclonal antibody for eNOS isoform were used for studies on the light-microscopic level. Immunoreactivities to both ET-1 and eNOS were observed in the endothelial cell cytoplasm of precollector and collector lymphangions and were not demonstrated in smooth muscle cells of the lymphatics examined. In the endothelium, the intensity of immunostaining for ET-1 and eNOS was found to be estrous phase-dependent and differed between precollector and collector lymphangions. In general, immunoreactivity to ET-1 was more intense in the endothelium of shrunken lymphangions, whereas that for eNOS was more intense in lymphangions with the large lumen. These results suggest that ET-1 and eNOS can play a role in mechanisms regulating the vascular contractile activity promoting lymph flow during the estrous cycle in the porcine broad ligament.     

男性外生殖器的淋巴流向

在３０具足月胎儿和新生儿男性新鲜尸体上，用淋巴管间接注射法观察了男性外生殖器淋巴管的分布、吻合情况及其淋巴流向，为临床阴茎癌的淋巴结清扫术和阴囊淋巴水肿作淋巴管静脉吻合术，提供解剖学依据。     

膀胱的淋巴流向

在６５具童尸上，用３０％普鲁士兰氯仿溶液进行器人洲射，观察了膀胱各区域的淋巴流向，来自膀胱前壁的淋巴管行向外上方，直接或经膀胱外侧淋巴前淋巴结后间接注入髂外淋巴结，髂内淋巴结，髂总淋巴结及闭孔淋巴结。来自膀胱后壁的淋这向后上方，直接或经膀胱外侧淋巴结后间接注入髂外淋巴结，髂内淋巴结，髂总淋巴结，骶淋巴及主动脉下淋巴结。     

肾移植后淋巴漏的原因分析

背景：近年来,肾移植后并发症明显降低,但移植后淋巴漏仍有很多报道。 目的：探讨肾移植后淋巴漏的原因。 方法：分析396例肾移植患者的临床资料,根据移植中髂血管周围有无肿大淋巴结分为淋巴结肿大组(n=21)和无肿大组(n=375),分析两组移植后淋巴漏的原因。 结果与结论：两组共发生淋巴漏27例,总发生率为6.82%。淋巴结肿大组5例,发生率为23.81%,移植后3 d出现淋巴漏,平均持续时间为23 d,淋巴液引流量日均为191 mL;无肿大组22例,发生率为5.87%,移植后8 d出现淋巴漏,平均持续时间为11 d,淋巴液引流量日均为96 mL。两组比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。淋巴结肿大组移植后病理诊断淋巴结结核1例,出现淋巴漏1例;反应性淋巴结肿大9例,出现淋巴漏1例;慢性淋巴结炎11例,出现淋巴漏3例;无淋巴结肿大组1例移植肾功能丢失,1例死亡。说明肾移植后淋巴漏与肿大淋巴结性质、手术操作、排斥及感染等因素有关,影响人肾存活。     

Lymphatic drainage of the diaphragmatic pleura to the peritracheobronchial lymph nodes

Non-small cell lung cancer invading the visceral pleura is characterized by a particular richness of mediastinal lymph node (LN) metastases. This may be due to subpleural lymphatic drainage of tumor cells. The aim of this study was to determine mediastinal LN lymphatic drainage from the diaphragmatic pleura. Subpleural lymphatics of 30 adult cadavers and 12 fetuses were injected with a modified Gerota's medium to permit lymph vessels and nodes to be visualized and then dissected. Each stage of the dissection was described and photographed. In 32 cadavers mediastinal visceral LN chains were injected, of which 29 originated from the mediolateral portion of the diaphragm. On the right, injections (n=16) demonstrated lymph vessels (n=20) ascending directly along the inferior pulmonary ligaments (n=8) or after having encircled the inferior vena cava (n=8), and lymph vessels passing between the pulmonary veins (n=4); all these lymphatics were connected to the intertracheobronchial nodes and some ascended along the tracheobronchial LN chains in the upper mediastinum. On the left, injections (n=13) demonstrated lymph vessels (n=16) ascending along the inferior pulmonary ligament (n=5) or along the esophagus (n=11) and connecting to the intertracheobronchial nodes, some of which ascended further in the upper mediastinum (left paratracheobronchial LN chain). These mediastinal LN chains are the same as those that receive lymph from the pulmonary segments. Lymphatic drainage of the diaphragmatic pleura may add to that of the lung involved in cancer and potentially increases lymphatic spread of tumor cells.     

Features of the peritoneal covering of the lesser pelvis with special reference to stomata regions

Occasional reports describe various aspects of the fine morphology of the pelvic peritoneum, but its complete organ characteristics remain undefined. The peritoneal covering of the urinary bladder, rectum, uterus, uterine tube, ovary, broad ligament (BL) and testis in Wistar rats was examined by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM, SEM). Unusually complicated relief and stomata between the cubic mesothelial cells characterized the surface of the BL. Deep, parallel furrows separated the wide longitudinal folds over the entire length of the uterine tube. The uterus and the ovary formed less numerous, shallow or extremely deep crypt-like invaginations, as well as serous villus-like or papilla-like evaginations. The flat cells were the predominant cell type over the BL, while the cubic mesothelium was the basic covering of the organs. Most of the cubic cells were located in the invagination of the submesothelial layer (SML). Such cells formed an almost smooth surface over the urinary bladder or formed larger areas of the rectum and the testis surfaces. Numerous microvilli, ciliae, round evaginations and complex lamellar bodies characterized their apical plasmalemma. In conclusion, the mesothelial heterogeneity is a stable feature of the lesser pelvis peritoneum, confirmed by TEM and SEM. The cubic mesothelium characterizes the organ peritoneum, while the BL plays the role of the parietal sheet, involving lymphatic units in the SML. The different types of contacts between the mesothelio-endothelial cells, large lymphatic vessels and occasional stomata are the usual components of the lymphatic units in norm, visible by TEM. Images of stomata, seen by SEM, demonstrate oval-shaped deep channel-like gaps surrounded by cubic mesothelium. The last data extend the evidence on stomata regions, which resemble the diaphragmatic ones. Clusters of cells (macrophages, mastocytes and Lymphocytes), small vessels (blood or lymphatic) and nerve fibers (unmyelinated and rare myelinated) form highly specialized complexes in the SML of the ovary, the uterus and the testis.