1例冠心病PCI术后伴上消化道出血患者的药学监护

目的 对1例冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(Percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)术后规律使用双联抗血小板治疗致上消化道出血的患者进行药学监护,为临床用药提供参考。方法 临床药师通过参与1例冠心病PCI术后双联抗血小板致上消化道出血、同时伴有痛风患者的药物治疗,从多角度进行监护,分析治疗方案,提出用药调整,并对全程用药进行干预及优化。结果 通过临床药师的干预,患者上消化道出血情况好转,临床预后改善,避免了潜在的药物相互作用,解决了临床用药的矛盾。结论 药学监护可使患者接受精准药学服务,提高患者的药物治疗水平,降低不良反应的发生率,为临床用药提供保障。     

1例烟雾病合并子宫内膜异位症患者围手术期抗血小板药物调整及术后预防内异症复发药物选择的病例分析

目的：探讨临床药师在烟雾病患者围术期个体化治疗与用药监护中的工作要点。方法：参与1例烟雾病合并子宫内膜异位症患者围术期双联抗血小板治疗的药物调整、围术期应用质子泵抑制剂及深部子宫内膜异位症术后预防复发方案的制订与用药监护。结果：通过对患者的个体化评估确定符合患者的双联抗血小板治疗在围术期停药方案,制订个体化的围术期应用质子泵抑制剂及深部子宫内膜异位症术后预防复发方案。结论：个体化用药方案的制订及用药监护是临床药师开展药学服务的切入点。     

临床药师参与1例缺血性脑卒中患者治疗的分析

本文通过分析临床药师参与的1例缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防治疗及药学监护过程,探讨抗血小板药物在缺血性脑卒中治疗中的合理应用。体现了临床药师在合理用药、降低药物不良反应过程中的积极作用。     

抗血小板药物致消化道损伤患者的药学干预

目的探讨对抗血小板药物致消化道损伤患者进行药学监护的方法。方法为1例抗血小板药物致消化道损伤患者制订并实施个体化的药学监护计划,同时根据药物的临床疗效及时调整药学监护方案。结果临床药师以抗血小板药物和质子泵抑制剂的合理使用作为切入点,开展药学监护。结论对抗血小板药物致消化道损伤患者实施全程的药学监护,可及时发现并解决患者的药物治疗问题,促进合理用药,提高治疗水平。     

1例脑卒中急性期患者抗血小板治疗的分析与药学监护

摘 要 目的：为临床抗血小板治疗致胃溃疡患者的药学监护及处理方法提供参考。方法: 临床药师参与1例脑卒中急性期患者抗血小板治疗的药学监护,通过药物重整和患者教育的方式,在抗血小板治疗、降压、护胃等方面提出药学建议。结果: 患者胃出血得到控制,血压控制在目标值以内。结论:临床药师通过对患者的用药监护,保证患者的用药安全性,提高患者用药依从性,从而提高临床治疗的效果。     

原发性肾病综合征患者的药学监护要点

目的：探讨对原发性肾病综合征患者药学监护的要点.方法：原发性肾病综合征主要治疗药物包括糖皮质激素、环孢素、环磷酰胺等免疫抑制药;根据患者的病理生理状态,采取利尿消肿、降压等对症支持治疗,抗凝和抗血小板聚集、调脂等并发症治疗.通过实例,从药物特点、用法用量、不良反应、相互作用、用药注意事项等方面探讨药学监护方法.结果：通过实施药学监护,为临床提供了合理用药方案.结论：对原发性肾病综合征患者实施药学监护保证了临床安全、有效用药.     

妊娠合并抗磷脂综合征并发血小板减少患者的药学监护

目的 探讨临床药师为妊娠合并抗磷脂综合征并发血小板减少患者提供的药学监护模式和工作切人点.方法 临床药师对l例妊娠合并抗磷脂综合征并发血小板减少患者妊娠期治疗药物进行分析评价,参与其围产期用药方案制定并实施药学监护.结果 临床药师参与患者妊娠期用药管理,提供全程化药学服务,降低了其产时出血及产后血栓风险,保障妊娠及哺乳...     

1例肺曲霉菌合并血小板减少症患者的用药监护

目的探讨临床药师在肺曲霉病合并血小板减少症患者治疗中的作用。方法临床药师参与1例肺曲霉病合并血小板减少症患者的治疗,分别从抗细菌药物和抗真菌药物选择、药物不良反应等方面实施全程药学监护,提出药学建议并对患者进行用药教育。结果医师采纳临床药师建议,患者病情得到有效控制,23 d后出院。结论临床药师积极开展药学监护,协助医师完善用药方案,有助于临床合理用药,保障患者用药安全有效。     

对一例2型糖尿病合并冠心病和心律失常患者的用药分析及药学监护

目的探讨临床药师在内科住院患者中的药学监护模式。方法临床药师通过参与一例2型糖尿病合并冠心病、心律失常患者的治疗过程,对患者在降糖药物、抗血小板药物、抗心律失常药物等方面提出了参考意见,并提供了个体化药学服务。结果临床药师通过全程的药学监护,及时发现并解决了相关药物治疗问题,为临床提供合理性建议。结论临床药师开展以患者为中心的药学监护,有利于提高药学服务水平和服务质量,在合理用药中发挥重要作用。     

1例PCI术后氯吡格雷抵抗患者的个体化药学监护

目的探讨临床药师在急性冠脉综合症患者围手术期个体化抗血小板治疗中的作用。方法临床药师结合患者疾病状态、合并用药、精准用药平台提供个体化抗血小板治疗建议,优化抗血小板药物治疗方案。结果患者病情好转,随访9个月患者无心慌、胸痛等心血管事件发生。结论临床药师可通过基因检测技术开展个体化药学监护工作,建立PCI术后氯吡格雷抵抗患者的药学服务途径。     

High prevalence of previous antiplatelet drug use in patients with new or recurrent ischemic stroke: Buffalo metropolitan area and Erie County stroke study

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of patients in a large metropolitan population who developed ischemic stroke despite having received antiplatelet drug therapy, and their associated characteristics and in-hospital outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Eleven hospitals in western New York State. PATIENTS: One thousand five hundred eighty-two patients with new or recurrent ischemic stroke who were admitted to one of the 11 study hospitals between January 1 and December 31, 2000, and for whom data were available regarding previous drug therapy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The proportion of patients taking antiplatelet drugs before the onset of stroke was determined. Demographic and clinical characteristics, stroke subtypes, in-hospital bleeding complications, mortality, and discharge drugs were compared between patients with and those without previous antiplatelet drug use. Previous use of antiplatelet drugs was observed in 642 (41%) of the 1582 patients admitted with ischemic stroke. The antiplatelet drugs were aspirin alone (494 patients), clopidogrel alone (70), aspirin and clopidogrel (36), aspirin in combination with other antiplatelet drugs (20), and others (22). Patients with previous use of antiplatelet drugs were older and more likely to have hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and a history of cardiovascular disease. The proportion of patients with large-vessel disease was greater among patients with previous use of antiplatelet drugs. Patients with previous use of antiplatelet drugs were more likely to be discharged with aspirin, clopidogrel, and an aspirin-dipyridamole combination. CONCLUSION: The relatively high proportion of patients who developed ischemic stroke despite taking antiplatelet drugs observed in this regional hospital-based study mandates clinical trials specifically addressing therapeutic intervention for this group of patients.     

Antiplatelet therapy in cerebrovascular disorders

Antiplatelet treatment is a mainstay in acute and long-term secondary stroke prevention. Aspirin is still most widely used worldwide, however, there is increasing evidence from small randomised trials that dual antiplatelet therapy combining aspirin with dipyridamole or clopidogrel might be more effective in the acute and early chronic post-ischemic phase (i.e. first 90 days). Both clopidogrel and the combination of aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole are recommended by current guidelines in long-term secondary stroke prevention in patients who are at high risk for a recurrent ischemic stroke, since they are more effective compared with aspirin monotherapy.Antiplatelet agents are the therapy of choice in patients with ischemic stroke due to intracranial stenosis and patent foramen ovale. In contrast, oral anticoagulation is clearly superior to single or double antiplatelet therapy in patients with cardioembolic stroke, mainly caused by atrial fibrillation.Concerning newer antiplatelet agents, only cilostazol appears to be a promising therapeutic option in patients with ischemic stroke in the near future, but so far, only studies in Asian stroke patients have been performed.     

Prevention of ischaemic stroke--antiplatelets

Aspirin is the treatment of first choice for long-term secondary prevention of vascular events in patients with confirmed non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or TIA. However, there is no good evidence that it is of benefit in primary stroke prevention. If aspirin is contra-indicated, dipyridamole monotherapy is a relatively cheap, but slightly less effective, alternative. Aspirin and dipyridamole have an additive effect in secondary stroke prevention, but there is a high incidence of side effects and subsequent discontinuation of treatment with combination therapy. It is reasonable to consider clopidogrel for secondary prevention of vascular events in patients with ischaemic stroke who are intolerant of aspirin or dipyridamole, or who have a history of ischaemic heart disease. However, its cost is considerable. Over the next decade, oral antiplatelet agents directed against specific platelet receptors, or a combination of antiplatelet drugs inhibiting different aspects of platelet function, may improve secondary prevention of stroke.     

冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者抗血小板治疗的调查分析

目的：调查了解某院冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（以下简称"冠心病"）患者口服抗血小板药物治疗情况,进一步规范医院抗血小板治疗的应用。方法：回顾性调查2015年8月1日-2016年7月31日于某院心血管内科住院的冠心病患者共832例,统计患者基本情况、既往病史、冠心病类型、口服抗血小板药物应用情况和药物品种数发生调整的原因等。结果：冠心病患者出院时口服抗血小板药物治疗品种数发生调整的情况主要为减少抗血小板药物品种数（占比99.14%）,用药品种数减少的主要原因为患者/家属用药依从性差（102例,占比43.22%）,其次为患者具有极高出血风险（55例,占比23.30%）和高出血风险（48例,占比20.34%）。结论：患者/家属用药依从性差和对出血风险的过度担心制约着冠心病患者的规范化抗血小板治疗,临床药师应合理利用药物治疗数据来开展更具针对性的药学服务,确保患者安全有效的应用抗血小板药物。     

喀什地区某三甲医院心脑血管疾病患者CYP2 C19基因的初步筛选Δ

目的：初步筛选喀什地区某三甲医院心脑血管疾病患者CYP2C19基因,为临床药师在氯吡格雷抵抗患者中开展药学监护提供参考。方法：根据CYP2C19基因代谢表型具有的基因多态性将其分为3组,通过基因芯片技术,对1020例不同民族心脑血管疾病患者进行CYP2C19等位基因频率的筛查,指导个体化治疗,分析发生氯吡格雷抵抗的因素。结果：维吾尔族受试人群强代谢性纯合子占62.13％（497／800）,汉族受试人群占42.72％（94／220）,二者的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;弱代谢性频率分布方面,维吾尔族受试人群占4.76％（38／800）,远低于汉族受试人群的13.64％（30／220）,二者的差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论：汉族患者比维吾尔族患者更易受到CYP2C19基因多态性的影响,提示今后临床更应对汉族患者使用经CYP2C19代谢的药物氯吡格雷进行个体化给药,同时,可通过完善病例资料、调整给药剂量、慎重联合用药和采用新型抗血小板药等,开展药学监护。     

Antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of recurrent stroke and other serious vascular events: a review of the clinical trial data and guidelines

ABSTRACT

Background: One strategy of reducing the burden of stroke is the prevention of recurrent stroke, following an initial ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) of arterial origin, by means of antiplatelet therapy.

Scope: This review article surveys and discusses the current clinical trial data and guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of recurrent stroke/TIA of arterial origin (not stroke due to atrial fibrillation). Based on the latest available evidence, a new antiplatelet treatment algorithm for the long-term treatment of patients following atherothromboembolic ischaemic stroke or TIA is proposed.

Findings: Meta-analyses of randomised clinical trials in patients with TIA and ischaemic stroke of arterial origin indicate that, compared with control, the relative risk reduction (RRR) for recurrent stroke and other serious vascular events is 13% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6% to 19%) with aspirin, 13% (4% to 21%; p = 0.046) with dipyridamole and 34% (24% to 43%) with the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole. Compared with aspirin, the relative risk of recurrent stroke and other serious vascular events is reduced by 7.3% (95% CI –5.7% to 18.7%) with clopidogrel and 18% (9% to 26%; p = 0.0003) with the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole. The combination of aspirin and clopidogrel is not significantly more effective in preventing serious vascular events than clopidogrel alone (RRR 6.4%; –4.6% to 16.3%) in the long-term treatment of patients with previous ischaemic stroke and TIA, mainly because of a cumulative excess of bleeding complications. The relative risks and benefits of long-term treatment with clopidogrel and the combination of aspirin and dipyridamole are being compared in an ongoing large clinical trial (PRoFESS). Current Australian therapeutic guidelines for antiplatelet therapy among patients with TIA and ischaemic stroke of arterial origin have incorporated important new findings from recently published clinical trials and recommend aspirin or the combination of dipyridamole plus aspirin as the preferred long-term antiplatelet therapy.

Conclusion: Whilst awaiting the results of the PRoFESS trial, the combination of dipyridamole plus aspirin is the preferred antiplatelet regimen to reduce the risk of recurrent vascular events among patients with TIA and ischaemic stroke of arterial origin.     

不稳定性心绞痛患者的药学监护

不稳定性心绞痛(unstable angina,UA)是介于稳定性心绞痛与急性心肌梗死之间的一组临床综合征,其治疗药物十分复杂,临床药学监护尤为重要。本文结合实例,对抗心肌缺血治疗、抗血小板与抗凝治疗、调脂稳定斑块治疗、合并其他疾病用药时等情况下的药学监护内容进行逐一讨论,以期为该疾病的临床药学工作提供思路,优化临床治疗方案设计,保障患者的用药安全。     

缺血性卒中病人CYP2C19基因多态性与个体化抗血小板治疗的临床观察

目的 研究小样本缺血性卒中病人的CYP2C19基因型,根据其CYP2C19基因型指导个体化抗血小板治疗并观察其临床预后.方法 入选急性缺血卒中病人300例,对入选病人采用随机数字表法分为个体化治疗组150例和常规治疗组150例.个体化治疗组在入选后立即检测CYP2C19基因,按照不同的基因型采用个体化的抗血小板治疗方案,即快代谢型按照氯吡格雷负荷量300 mg、维持量50 mg·d-1口服;中间代谢型按照氯吡格雷负荷量300 mg、维持量75 mg·d-1口服;慢代谢型按照氯吡格雷负荷量300 mg、维持量75 mg·d-1,联合阿司匹林100 mg·d-1口服.常规治疗组直接按照氯吡格雷负荷量300 mg、维持量75 mg·d-1口服治疗,不检测CYP2C19基因.通过随访观察两组病人治疗30 d及180 d不良事件发生率之间的差异.结果 随访6个月,再发缺血性卒中的发生率在个体化治疗组显著降低(P<0.05),出血事件的发生率在个体化治疗组明显低于常规治疗组(P<0.05).结论 根据CYP2C19基因型采取不同的治疗方案可以及时发现慢代谢病人,进而调整抗血小板聚集治疗方案,降低不良事件发生率并可以减少药物的不良反应.     

Contemporary Use of Oral Antithrombotic Agents: Focus on Dual and Triple Therapeutic Approaches

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) represents a long‐standing health care burden in most industrialized countries. Management of ASCVD is multifaceted, and utilization of antithrombotic agents is a key component of care to reduce vascular events. Minimizing thrombotic risk can be accomplished via antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs; however, combination therapy is warranted for some indications. Although reducing thrombotic complications is important, it is equally vital to consider the safety of combination regimens. Thus clinicians must effectively balance both individualized thrombotic and bleeding risks when using this strategy. Scenarios occur in practice when determining the role for combination therapy is not clear, especially for patients with ASCVD who require both dual antiplatelet therapy plus anticoagulation. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of dual or triple antithrombotic therapies across the spectrum of thrombotic disease states. In addition to critiquing relevant research studies and evaluating key recommendations from nationally published guidelines and consensus statements involving the use of these agents, we offer practical considerations that can be utilized when managing patients with ASCVD.