化学物血管毒性评价的斑马鱼成像分析方法

目的利用转基因斑马鱼实时观测方法进行化学物血管毒性评价。方法分别使用激光共聚焦显微成像和高内涵成像分析技术对暴露化学物后斑马鱼血管形态的时空变化进行观察及定量分析。结果采用激光共聚焦显微成像技术采集斑马鱼血管形态指标的方法操作相对简便,图片解析度高,但通量和效率较低;应用高内涵成像筛选系统采集高分辨血管图像方法,可高通量获取高质量全血管毒性数据,但对操作和实验条件要求较高。结论两种斑马鱼血管成像方法各有优劣,激光共聚焦显微成像法适合少量化学物对局部血管损害的高精度测量,高内涵成像方法适合大规模化学物血管毒性测试及筛选。     

4种农药对斑马鱼的急性毒性与安全评价

目的研究4种农药对斑马鱼的毒性,为其安全使用提供依据。方法以斑马鱼为试材,采用半静态法在室内测定4种农药对斑马鱼的急性毒性并对其进行安全评价。结果 93%丁草胺原药的LC50为0.35mg/L,属高毒级农药;1.8%阿维菌素水乳剂、50%乙草胺乳油、25%咪鲜胺乳油96h的LC50分别为1.08、5.45、5.81mg/L,属中毒级农药。结论该研究为农药的安全合理使用提供了基础资料和科学依据。     

镉和锌离子对斑马鱼的联合毒性

采用水生毒理联合毒性相加指数法对金属离子钙与锌的联合作用进行了研究。结果发现镉 与锌离子在毒性１：１时，对斑马鱼２４ｈ及４８ｈ为协同作用，９６ｈ为拮抗作用。当镉 与锌配比浓度１；１时，２４ｈ，４８ｈ及９６ｈ的联合毒性均为毒性增加的协同作用。     

苄嘧磺隆对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应

目的 研究苄嘧磺隆对斑马鱼胚胎发育的毒性效应.方法 采用水浴染毒法,将受精后2h内的斑马鱼卵分别暴露于浓度为20、40、60、80、100及120 mg·L-1的苄嘧磺隆作为6个染毒组,同时设置0 mg·L-1为对照组.通过统计累积死亡率、孵化率、发育畸形及丙二醛(MDA)含量等评价指标研究苄嘧磺隆对斑马鱼的胚胎发育毒...     

城市生活污水对水生动物斑马鱼的发育毒性研究

[目的]探讨城市生活污水对斑马鱼的毒性效应。[方法]利用斑马鱼作为受试对象,在实验室控制条件下,观察不同浓度的生活污水对斑马鱼的发育毒性。[结果]在早期生命阶段,高浓度的生活污水对斑马鱼有急性毒性效应。在性发育阶段,暴露组雄鱼的体长(F=5.85,P﹤0.05)和体重均高于对照组(F=5.85,P﹤0.05),并随污水浓度增高而增加;暴露组雌性个体的性腺指数明显高于对照组(F=5.94,P﹤0.01),且随污水浓度的升高而增加。在整生命期暴露期,暴露组雌鱼卵子数、体长和体重均低于对照组;雌鱼的性腺指数有所增高,而雄鱼的却略微降低。[结论]城市生活污水可能对水生动物的各个发育阶段产生生殖毒性。     

水溶性塑料薄膜对斑马鱼的急性毒性

目的研究水溶性塑料薄膜对斑马鱼的毒性,为其安全使用提供依据。方法以具有代表性的水生动物斑马鱼为试验材科,采用静态法在室内测定水溶性塑料薄膜对斑马鱼的急性毒性并对其进行安全评价。结果斑马鱼的24、48和96 h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为2.75%、2.20%和2.20%。结论水溶性塑料薄膜对斑马鱼有较强的毒性,应加强对其使用的管理。该研究为其安全使用提供了科学依据。     

几种环境化学物神经毒性危险度评价研究进展

神经系统是很多毒物的靶器官.神经毒性效应是指有害因素（包括生物、物理和化学因素）所致的中枢神经系统和外周神经系统的结构或功能损害,可表现为神经化学、神经生理学、神经行为学和形态学等方面的改变.本文就致神经系统损伤的3种环境化学污染物,即铅、有机磷农药和正己烷的危险度评价的进展情况综述如下.     

应用斑马鱼对农药污染的饮用水和地表水源水毒性快速检测

目的：检测饮用水和地表水源水的农药污染，为建立水质综合毒性的快速检测方法提供依据。方法：采用斑马鱼的急性毒性试验检测饮用水和地表水源水的毒性，用SPSS12．0统计分析计算斑马鱼的LC50。结果：对于0-2％的高渗甲维盐和25％毒死蜱氯氰菊酯乳液污染的饮用水和地表水，斑马鱼24h LC50可以用来代替48h和96h LC50；在毒性测试过程中，斑马鱼对两种农药具有较高的灵敏性，最低可以达到微克。结论：斑马鱼的急性毒性测试结果可以用来快速检测饮用水和地表水源水农药污染的毒性。     

芳香烃受体介导双酚A致斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性

[背景]双酚A(BPA)在生命早期暴露会导致发育毒性,芳香烃受体(AhR)能够调控各种发育和生理功能,研究发现BPA可使其激活.[目的]以斑马鱼作为模式动物,研究AhR在BPA所致斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性中的作用.[方法]将斑马鱼胚胎随机分为8组进行染毒,分别为DMSO对照组、AhR抑制剂CH223191(CH)对照组、BP...     

Application of a microbiotests battery for complete toxicity assessment of rivers

Acute hazard classification based on selected microbiotests was proposed to assess and compare the toxicity of rivers including surface-water, sediment and soil from floodplains. No direct relationship between the classification of pollution for surface-water based on physical–chemical parameters and proposed acute hazard classification based on organisms’ sensitivity was observed. The quality of water according to hazard classification was better than in the mandatory classification of pollution, with the domination of Class II (slight acute hazard). The samples of sediment and soil were more toxic and represented Class II or Class III (acute hazard). The results indicated a need to complete the mandatory monitoring of surface-water in rivers with biological monitoring with toxicity assessment of rivers including water, sediment and soil from floodplains based on acute hazard classification. This integral approach enables a complete evaluation of the toxicity of aquatic life together with an estimation of negative changes in river systems.     

A combined approach to investigate the toxicity of an industrial landfill's leachate: chemical analyses, risk assessment and in vitro assays

Solid wastes constitute an important and emerging problem. Landfills are still one of the most common ways to manage waste disposal. The risk assessment of pollutants from landfills is becoming a major environmental issue in Europe, due to the large number of sites and to the importance of groundwater protection. Furthermore, there is lack of knowledge for the environmental, ecotoxicological and toxicological characteristics of most contaminants contained into landfill leacheates. Understanding leachate composition and creating an integrated strategy for risk assessment are currently needed to correctly face the landfill issues and to make projections on the long-term impacts of a landfill, with particular attention to the estimation of possible adverse effects on human health and ecosystem. In the present study, we propose an integrated strategy to evaluate the toxicity of the leachate using chemical analyses, risk assessment guidelines and in vitro assays using the hepatoma HepG2 cells as a model. The approach was applied on a real case study: an industrial waste landfill in northern Italy for which data on the presence of leachate contaminants are available from the last 11 years. Results from our ecological risk models suggest important toxic effects on freshwater fish and small rodents, mainly due to ammonia and inorganic constituents. Our results from in vitro data show an inhibition of cell proliferation by leachate at low doses and cytotoxic effect at high doses after 48 h of exposure.     

A review of hazardous chemical toxicity studies utilizing genetically-modified animals--their applications for risk assessment

Studies on the mechanisms of chemical toxicity carried out using knockout mice lacking genes of enzymes for drug metabolism or nuclear receptor proteins were reviewed, and the studies were compared with the respective conventional mechanistic studies. While the toxicity of many hazardous chemicals was observed only in wild-type or knockout mice, which clearly showed that their toxicity was involved in the enzyme or receptor, some chemicals exhibited the same degree of toxicity in two genotypes, i.e., in both the wild strain and knockout mice, demonstrating that the enzymes or receptors are not involved in their toxicity. The use of genetically-modified animals presents not only the advantage of simultaneous evaluation of toxicity endpoints and mechanisms, but also suggests significant benefits over conventional methods using several chemicals to elucidate toxicity mechanisms. Elucidation of the mechanism of toxicity will provide useful information for risk assessment, and the use of genetically-modified animals for this purpose will lead to the advancement of this assessment.     

Application of toxicity identification evaluation procedures on wastewaters and sludge from a municipal sewage treatment works with industrial inputs

A comparison of influent and effluent wastewater toxicities to Daphnia magna was undertaken to determine the most representative aqueous fraction for future toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies. Wastewater samples originated from a wastewater treatment plant which receives mainly domestic wastewater and industrial effluents. The TIE results reveal that the key toxicant contained in the influent was 2-propylbezaldehyde oxime. Results suggest that greater attention needs to be given to the receiving influent containing 2-propylbezaldehyde oxime to avoid damaging the bacterial populations in the primary activated sludge process. In addition, in order to evaluate the applicability of the reuse of activated sludge as a fertilizer in agriculture, TIE studies were also performed on water extracts from surplus sludge.     

大鼠异丙基硫杂蒽酮的慢性经口毒性试验

目的 研究97%异丙基硫杂蒽酮(97%ITX)对大鼠的慢性经口毒性效应,确定其无作用剂量(浓度),为拟定人类每日容许摄入量提供依据.方法 分别用含97%ITX 1000.0、250.0、62.5、0 mg/kg的饲料给480只大鼠连续喂饲染毒2年.观察动物的一般表现,记录其体重和进食量.试验结束时检查血常规、血生化指标、尿常规和尿生化指标,观察脏器病理组织学改变.结果 试验期间动物无明显异常表现.高剂量组雄性大鼠体重和总食物利用率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).高剂量组雄性、雌性大鼠的血红蛋白浓度和红细胞计数及中剂量组雄性大鼠的血红蛋白浓度均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).血红蛋白浓度与染毒剂量呈明显的负相关(雄性、雌性大鼠r值分别为-0.433,-0.337,P<0.01);红细胞计数与染毒剂量亦呈明显的负相关(雄性、雌性大鼠r值分别为-0.266,-0.317,P<0.01或P<0.05).高、中剂量组雄性及高剂量组雌性大鼠胆固醇含量均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);胆固醇含量与染毒剂量呈明显的正相关(雄性、雌性大鼠r值分别为0.479,0.417,P<0.01).染毒组大鼠尿液检查未见异常.染毒组雄性、雌性大鼠脏器系数均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).病理组织学检查显示,高剂量染毒组雌性、雄性大鼠肾管型、局灶性间质炎发生率高于对照组,差异亦有统计学意义(P<0.01). 结论 97%ITX可影响染毒大鼠的营养状况,使其血中血红蛋白浓度和红细胞计数减少;干扰脂类代谢;97%ITX可致大鼠肝脏代偿性增加,并对大鼠肾脏有所损害.97%ITX给大鼠喂饲染毒2年,未观察到有害作用的剂量(NOAEL)雌性为4.63 mg/kg,雄性为4.06 mg/kg.     

应用全胚胎培养方法研究CrCl_3对大、小鼠胚胎的发育毒性研究

目的　研究三价铬化合物的发育毒性及其种属差异。方法　采用植入后大、小鼠全胚胎培养技术 ,观察胚胎生长发育及组织分化的改变。结果　三氯化铬 (CrCl3 )影响大、小鼠胚胎的生长发育 ,CrCl3 对大鼠或小鼠胚胎作用浓度在 112 5 μmol/L或 15 0 0 μmol/L以上时可导致大、小鼠胚胎体长、头长、卵黄囊直径及胚胎干重等指标明显低于对照组 ,形态学评分结果可见 ,CrCl3 主要影响大、小鼠胚胎神经管、体屈、前肢芽及鳃弓等形态分化 ,高浓度组还可导致胚胎畸形发生率的明显升高。结论　表明CrCl3 对体外培养的大、小鼠胚胎具有明显的发育毒性 ,且大鼠较小鼠敏感     

应用大型水蚤对农药和无机砷污染的饮用水和地表水源水毒性检测

目的:验证采用大型水蚤检测农药和无机砷污染的饮用水和地表水源水毒性的可行性。方法:采用大型水蚤的急性毒性试验方法检测饮用水和地表水源水的毒性,用SPSS12.0统计分析计算大型水蚤的LC50。结果:大型水蚤能够灵敏检测饮用水和地表水源水的0.2%高渗甲维盐和25%毒死蜱氯氰菊酯乳液污染,在农药浓度达到微克时,仍然有响应;对砷酸钠的敏感度相对较低,但仍然可以达到毫克。结论:大型水蚤的急性毒性测试方法可以用来检测饮用水和地表水源水中农药和无机砷的污染。