牛黄清感胶囊HPLC特征指纹图谱研究及多成分含量测定

目的 建立牛黄清感胶囊HPLC指纹图谱，并测定其中7种有效成分的含量。方法 采用HPLC，色谱柱为Agilent SB-C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm），以乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸水溶液（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱；检测波长210 nm；柱温30℃。采用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2004 A版）"进行相似度分析，并对指认的7个指标成分进行定量测定研究。结果 在特征图谱研究中，共确定牛黄清感胶囊HPLC指纹图谱22个共有峰，通过与对照品比较指认其中7个共有峰分别为绿原酸、咖啡酸、木犀草苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷和汉黄芩素，利用相似度软件对12批样品指纹图谱进行分析，各批样品相似度均>0.90。定量分析条件通过方法学验证，平均加样回收率为99.1%~104.8%，RSD为1.30%~1.88%。结论 所建立的HPLC指纹图谱和含量测定分析方法可用于牛黄清感胶囊质量控制。     

基于指纹图谱和多成分含量测定的龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)质量研究

目的：建立龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)的HPLC指纹图谱,同时测定龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)中7个成分(栀子苷、龙胆苦苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸、汉黄芩素)的含量,并基于指纹图谱和多成分含量测定结果评价产品质量。方法：采用CAPCELL PAK C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm)色谱柱,以乙腈 -0.2%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长254 nm,柱温25 ℃。建立龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)指纹图谱并进行相似度分析,同时测定其中7个成分含量。结果：在指纹图谱研究中,以黄芩苷为参照峰,共标定20个共有峰,并指认出7个色谱峰,采用指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012年版) 进行相似度分析,30批龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)相似度在0.815~1.000。7个化学成分线性关系良好,加样回收在97.7%~104.3%之间,RSD均小于2.0%。30批样品中栀子苷、龙胆苦苷、黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、甘草酸、汉黄芩素的质量分数依次为2.48~3.59、1.90~6.11、3.51~8.09、0.59~1.70、0.18~1.95、 0.90~1.63、0.10~0.87 mg·g^-1。结论：研究建立的HPLC指纹图谱结合多成分同时测定的方法,操作简便,结果准确、稳定,可为龙胆泻肝丸(水丸)的质量评价提供参考。     

黄芩药材指纹图谱研究

摘 要 目的: 建立院内制剂生产采购黄芩药材的HPLC指纹图谱分析方法,为制剂内在质量评价积累数据。方法: 采用HPLC方法,以SHIMADZU VP-ODS C₁₈色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相甲醇-0.2%磷酸水(47∶53)等度洗脱;检测波长为280 nm;柱温为30℃;流量为1.0 ml·min^-1,进样量:5 μl。结果:建立黄芩药材指纹图谱,以5号色谱峰黄芩苷为参照峰,确定10个共有峰,测定了11批样品,样品指纹图谱相似度均大于0.8。结论:从整体上显示了购进的不同批次黄芩药材成分特征变化趋势,建立的HPLC指纹图谱方法为含黄芩的院内制剂质量控制提供有效手段。     

基于指纹图谱及聚类分析的蒲地蓝消炎片质量评价

目的 采用HPLC建立蒲地蓝消炎片指纹图谱，并结合聚类分析对不同产地的蒲地蓝消炎片进行质量评价。方法 基于波长切换技术，采用Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm，2.7 μm），以甲醇、乙腈和0.1%磷酸溶液为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速为0.3 mL·min^-1；柱温为30℃，检测波长为323 nm（0~10 min）和280 nm（10~40 min）。运用"中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统"软件（2012.130723版），对12家企业生产的45批样品进行相似度评价，并应用SPSS 24.0统计软件进行系统聚类分析。结果 建立的指纹图谱共确定14个共有峰，并对其中7个共有峰进行鉴定。45批样品的相似度为0.901~0.999，表明该制剂总体质量较为稳定。聚类分析结果表明，样品可分为4类，分类受生产工艺、药材质量的影响较大。结论 通过相似度评价和聚类分析发现个别企业存在低质饮片投料、少投料、工艺过程控制不当以及疑似添加黄芩苷的情况。建立的指纹图谱方法科学、可靠，能为蒲地蓝消炎片中活性成分的鉴定和分析提供准确的信息，为综合评价和控制相关制剂质量提供依据。     

杨树花高效液相色谱指纹图谱研究

目的 建立杨树花HPLC指纹图谱以控制杨树花质量。方法 采用HPLC对10批不同产地的杨树花进行指纹图谱构建和方法学考察,运用指纹图谱参数共有峰和相似度进行分析,并对图谱进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果 建立了杨树花HPLC指纹图谱评价方法,确定了Unitary C₁₈（4.6 mm×250 mm,5µm）色谱柱和乙腈-0.1%甲酸为流动相洗脱系统,在290 nm检测波长下优化了梯度洗脱程序,得到了峰形、分离度较理想的色谱图。通过杨树花HPLC指纹图谱的构建,得到了12个色谱峰,10批杨树花的相似度均在0.9~1.0之间,聚成2类。结论 经方法学考察和统计分析,建立的杨树花HPLC指纹图谱方法稳定、可行。     

甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱及多指标成分含量测定研究

目的 建立甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱及多指标成分含量测定方法。方法 采用HPLC建立甘草浸膏的指纹图谱,并通过中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统对13家企业的35批次样品进行相似度评价;以甘草苷、芹糖异甘草苷、异甘草苷、新异甘草苷、甘草查尔酮B和甘草酸6种成分为指标,采用Boston Green ODS色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-0.1%甲酸（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱,建立了甘草浸膏的多指标HPLC含量测定方法。结果 建立了甘草浸膏HPLC指纹图谱,标定了22个共有峰,并指认了其中10个共有峰,35批样品相似度均>0.96,说明各批次甘草浸膏有较好的一致性;建立了6种指标成分含量测定方法,方法学考察符合规定。结论 本实验所建立的方法准确、简便、重复性好,可用于全面评价甘草浸膏的质量。     

复方斯亚旦生发油的HPLC指纹图谱研究

目的 建立复方斯亚旦生发油的高效液相色谱（HPLC）指纹图谱，为评价该制剂的整体质量提供依据。方法 采用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2012年版）对复方斯亚旦生发油的HPLC指纹图谱进行相似度评价，并使用SPSS 19.0软件进行聚类分析。结果 选取了8个色谱峰作为指纹图谱共有峰，10批样品的相似度计算结果均>0.95；通过聚类分析可将10批样品聚为4类。结论 建立的复方斯亚旦生发油HPLC指纹图谱方法稳定可行。     

不同产地锁阳药材HPLC指纹图谱研究及2种黄酮成分含量测定

目的 建立不同产地锁阳药材HPLC指纹图谱,并测定其中2种黄酮成分的含量。方法 采用HPLC-DAD技术,以Dikma Spursil C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,甲醇-0.2%甲酸溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,建立锁阳药材的指纹图谱并进行含量测定;采用中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统（2012版）对12批样品进行共有峰确认及相似度评价;通过SPSS 21.0统计软件采用聚类分析（CA）和主成分分析（PCA）对HPLC指纹图谱进行模式识别研究。结果 建立了锁阳药材指纹图谱,12批锁阳药材的相似度均>0.90;确定共有峰22个,并对其中儿茶素、根皮苷含量进行测定,其含量均值分别为0.320,0.057 mg·g^-1。CA将不同批次锁阳药材分为4类,反映了12个不同产区锁阳药材的质量特征;通过PCA筛选出累计贡献率达到89.349%的5个主成分,得到决定锁阳药材质量的4个化学成分。结论 建立的HPLC指纹图谱结合含量测定、CA、PCA方法可以客观、全面、有效地用于锁阳药材的质量评价。     

基于高分辨质谱物质基础的蓝芩颗粒指纹图谱质量评价研究

目的 建立蓝芩颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱，整体评价该制剂质量。方法 采用HPLC测定蓝芩颗粒的指纹图谱，采用Waters Xselect HSS T3 C₁₈色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm，3.5 μm)，乙腈为流动相A，0.05 mol·L^-1甲酸铵的0.05%甲酸溶液为流动相B，梯度洗脱，流速0.7 mL·min^-1，柱温为35℃，检测波长为254 nm；采用HPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS对蓝芩颗粒物质基础进行研究并对各色谱峰进行归属；同时应用中药色谱指纹图谱相似度软件，对2家生产企业的54批样品进行相似度评价。结果 建立了蓝芩颗粒的HPLC指纹图谱；鉴定共有峰30个，分别归属于板蓝根、黄芩、栀子、黄柏和胖大海5味药；54批样品的相似度为0.92~0.99，相似度评价结果显示，蓝芩颗粒各企业之间的差异较小，整体质量较高。结论 建立的指纹图谱能快速、特征性地对蓝芩颗粒质量进行综合评价。     

生麦利咽合剂质量控制方法的完善

目的 完善生麦利咽合剂的质量控制方法。方法 采用HPLC建立生麦利咽合剂的指纹图谱鉴别方法;建立其主要有效成分黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷的含量测定方法;建立该制剂中防腐剂的含量测定方法。结果 10批样品相似度均符合要求。黄芩苷的含量在2.12~4.48 mg·mL^-1内,汉黄芩苷的含量在0.51~0.92 mg·mL^-1内与峰面积线性关系良好。苯甲酸含量均<0.3%。建立的指纹图谱鉴别方法简便、重复性好,为生麦利咽合剂的综合质量评价提供了科学依据。建立的含量测定方法简单、重复性好、分离度符合要求,可对生麦利咽合剂有效成分进行准确检测。结论 建议制剂中黄芩苷的含量限度为2.30 mg·mL^-1;建议增加影响制剂安全性的防腐剂含量测定项目以便严格控制制剂质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.