HPLC法同时测定云南红大戟中三种蒽醌类化合物的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定红大戟药材中芦西定、5 羟基巴戟醌与红大戟素的含量。方法: 采用 Waters Xbridge C18色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以0.05%磷酸为流动相A,以乙腈为流动相B,梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为30℃。 结果: 芦西定、5 羟基巴戟醌、红大戟素的线性范围分别为0.147～29.400 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)、0.126～25.200 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 9)、0.135～27.000μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 5),平均加样回收率分别为98.50%（RSD=1.20%）、98.72%（RSD=0.73%）、101.10%（RSD=1.12%）(n=6)。结论:本文建立的方法经方法学验证可用于评价红大戟药材质量。     

酮康他索乳膏中酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索含量测定方法的改进

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定酮康他索乳膏中酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索含量的方法。方法: 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Kromasil C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）柱,流动相为甲醇 0.05 mol·L^-1醋酸钠溶液（用冰醋酸调pH至5.5）,采用梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为239 nm,柱温为25℃,进样量为10 μl。结果:酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索分别在160.30 ~1 282.40 μg· mL^-1和4.03~32.24 μg· mL^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r均为1.000 0）。平均回收率分别为100.9%（RSD=0.52%,n=9）和100.2%（RSD=0.56%,n=9）。结论:该方法专属性好、灵敏度高、定量准确,可用于酮康他索乳膏中酮康唑和丙酸氯倍他索的含量检测。     

HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中7种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定茵栀祛黄胶囊中栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的含量。方法: 采用Waters Sunfire C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;流动相：甲醇（A） 0.05%磷酸溶液（B）（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1 ,柱温为25℃,检测波长(0~15 min：在238 nm波长下检测栀子苷和甘草苷;15~50 min：在254 nm波长下检测芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚),进样量为10 μl。结果: 栀子苷、甘草苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚的线性范围分别为0.13～3.18 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.19～4.84 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.28～7.02 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.13～3.16 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.61～15.27 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.32～8.03 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）、0.39～9.81 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）;平均加样回收率分别为98.84%（RSD=0.74%）、99.34%（RSD=0.86%）、99.54%（RSD=0.30%）、99.56%（RSD=0.80%）、99.85%（RSD=0.41%）、99.57%（RSD=0.70%）、99.64%（RSD=0.30%）（n=9）。结论: 本文建立的HPLC含量测定方法,具有操作简便、专属性高、重复性良好、结果准确可靠的特点,可用于茵栀祛黄胶囊的质量控制。     

顶空气相色谱法测定富马酸卢帕他定原料中残留溶剂的含量

摘 要 目的：采用顶空气相色谱法测定富马酸卢帕他定原料中的环己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法: 色谱柱：DB WAXETRR毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm）;载气：氮气;FID检测器;进样口温度：200℃;采用程序升温：初始温度为35℃,保持10 min,以20℃·min^-1升温至220℃,保持5 min。结果: 环己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷分别在77.590 1~698.310 9 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,102.166 6~919.499 4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,62.744 7~564.703 2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,12.011 2~108.101 1 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）,1.262 8~11.365 6 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）范围内线性关系良好。5种残留溶剂的平均回收率分别为103.9%,103.5%,104.9%,107.1%,103.4%,RSD值分别为2.3%、2.6%、3.1%、2.8%、4.5%（n=9）。富马酸卢帕他定原料中均未检出此5种残留溶剂。结论:本方法稳定、简便、准确,灵敏度高,适用于富马酸卢帕他定原料中残留溶剂的测定。     

HPLC法同时测定肝炎康复丸中6种成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC波长切换联合梯度洗脱法同时测定肝炎康复丸中6种主要成分[(R,S) 告依春、丹酚酸B、丹参酮ⅡA、木犀草苷、对羟基苯乙酮、滨蒿内酯]的含量。方法: 色谱柱为Agilent TC C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈 0.1%磷酸溶液梯度洗脱,流速为0.9 ml·min^-1,检测波长分别为245 nm[检测(R,S) 告依春]、270 nm（检测丹酚酸B和丹参酮ⅡA）、348 nm（检测木犀草苷）、278 nm（检测对羟基苯乙酮和滨蒿内酯）,柱温为25℃,进样量为10 μl。 结果:(R,S) 告依春、丹酚酸B、丹参酮ⅡA、木犀草苷、对羟基苯乙酮、滨蒿内酯的线性范围分别为1.99～49.75 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 9)、18.66～466.50 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 4)、2.25～56.25 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 8) 、2.62～65.50 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 8)、2.48～62.00 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 2) 和2.55～63.75 μg·mL^-1 (r=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为98.42%、99.56%、97.96%、96.84%、98.10%和97.82%,RSD分别为0.83%、1.04%、1.53%、0.78%、1.44%和1.34%(n=6) 。 结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可为肝炎康复丸多指标定量质量评价提供依据。     

HPLC-CAD法同时测定硫酸卡那霉素注射液中卡那霉素和卡那霉素B的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC CAD法测定硫酸卡那霉素注射液中卡那霉素和卡那霉素B含量的方法。方法: 采用Boston Green ODS C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以0.2 mol·L-1三氟醋酸溶液 甲醇（95 ∶〖KG-*2〗5）作为流动相,流速:1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温:30℃,喷雾温度:55℃,喷雾压力:56.4 psi。结果:卡那霉素在0.385~38.500 μg·ml^-1之间呈现良好的线性关系（r=0.999 9）,检出限为0.075μg·ml^-1,定量限为0.154 μg·ml^-1,回收率为100.97%（n=9）。卡那霉素B在0.374~37.400 μg·ml^-1之间呈现良好的线性关系（r=1.000 0）,检出限为0.075 μg·ml^-1,定量限为0.150 μg·ml^-1,回收率为100.44%（n=9）。结论:建立的HPLC CAD测定卡那霉素和卡那霉素B含量的方法检出限低,操作简单准确,可以有效控制硫酸卡那霉素注射液的质量。     

《中国药典》中桑叶含量测定项下方法的改进

摘 要 目的： 对《中国药典》中桑叶含量测定项下方法进行改进。方法: 采用HPLC法,Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸水溶液（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长为354 nm;柱温为30 ℃。结果: 《中国药典》2010年版桑叶含量测定项下测得的芦丁含量实为芦丁和异槲皮苷的含量之和,优化后方法可分离该两种化合物,且芦丁和异槲皮苷分别在2.76～27.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）和4.74～47.39 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为100.31% (RSD=0.83%)和100.32%（RSD=1.04%）（n=6）。结论: 优化后方法简便、稳定、重复性好,可用于桑叶的质量控制。     

顶空气相色谱法测定盐酸厄洛替尼中有机溶剂残留量

摘 要 目的：建立顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定盐酸厄洛替尼中有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法: 采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法,色谱柱为DB 624毛细管柱（30 m×0.53 mm,3.0 μm）,载气为氮气,流速为2.0 ml·min^-1,进样口温度为190 ℃,FID检测器温度为230 ℃,采用程序升温：初始温度为35 ℃,保持8 min,以28 ℃·min^-1升温至170 ℃,保持8 min,再以32 ℃·min^-1升温至200 ℃,保持7 min。顶空瓶平衡温度为100 ℃,时间30 min。结果: 乙醇、异丙醇、二氯甲烷、正丁醇分别在0.68~409.14 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、0.67~404.88 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）、1.71~51.31 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）、0.72~431.12 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.0%（RSD=0.41%,n=9）、100.2%（RSD=0.52%,n=9）、97.1%（RSD=1.75%,n=9）、102.5%（RSD=1.08%,n=9）。结论:该方法简便、准确性好,适用于盐酸厄洛替尼中4种有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

HPLC法测定吲哚美辛呋喃唑酮栓中两组分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立同时测定吲哚美辛呋喃唑酮栓中两组分含量的HPLC法。方法: 采用XTerra RP18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),以甲醇为流动相A,0.01 mol·K^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液 三乙胺(100〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗0.02)为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温30 ℃,检测波长263 nm,进样量10 μl。结果: 吲哚美辛呋喃唑酮栓中呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛的分离度符合要求;线性范围分别为5.12~81.87 μg·ml^-1 (r=1.000 0)和3.78~60.45 μg·ml^-1 (r=1.000 0);平均回收率分别为99.6% (RSD=1.5%,n=6)和100.3% (RSD=1.6%,n=6);定量限分别为0.02 μg·ml^-1和0.05 μg·ml^-1。结论:该法经方法学验证,适用于吲哚美辛呋喃唑酮栓的质量评价。     

HPLC波长切换法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊4个成分的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC波长切换法同时测定氨咖黄敏胶囊中4个成分的含量。方法: 采用Agilent ZORBAX SB C₁₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈（A）-甲醇（B）-磷酸二氢铵溶液（取0.1 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢铵溶液1 000 ml ,加磷酸1 ml,混匀）（C）为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 ml·min^-1,柱温 35℃,变换波长时间为（0～9 min ：225 nm;9～38 min ：450 nm）。结果: 采用HPLC波长切换法测定氨咖黄敏胶囊4个成分的含量,线性范围分别为：对乙酰氨基酚24.680～394.900 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,马来酸氯苯那敏0.201～3.214 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,咖啡因1.129～18.070 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 9）,胆红素0.010～0.165 μg·ml^-1（r=0.999 8）;平均回收率分别为：99.25% (RSD=0.46%), 99.29% (RSD=0.32%),99.49% (RSD=0.48%)及99.75% (RSD=0.55%)（n=6）。结论:该法简单,灵敏,准确,重复性好,可用于氨咖黄敏胶囊的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.