丹参注射剂561例临床不良反应/事件分析

摘 要 目的：分析丹参注射剂所致不良反应发生的特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2012～2014年湖北省药品不良反应监测中心收集的561例丹参注射剂所致不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）,以患者性别、年龄、过敏史,ADR/ADE发生时间、临床表现及转归等指标作为考查项,进行统计分析。结果：561例ADR/ADE患者男女比例为1∶1.109,主要发生人群为40岁以上的患者（85.93%）。共发生ADR/ADE 784例次,主要发生时间为给药后30 min以内（56.86%）,主要临床表现为皮肤及其附件损害（34.31%）、全身性损害（16.45%）、心率及心律紊乱（12.76%）,其中严重不良反应构成比为4.5%。结论：丹参注射液可引起不同程度的不良反应,临床用药时应给予足够重视,需加强ADR/ADE监测,提高用药安全性。     

369例中药注射剂不良反应/不良事件分析

摘 要 目的：了解中药注射剂不良反应/不良事件（ADR/ADE）发生情况及相关影响因素,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法：对2010～2016年我院ADR监测中心收集到的369例中药注射剂ADR/ADE报表进行汇总分析,统计患者性别、年龄、过敏史,可疑药物品种,ADR/ADE临床表现、类型、关联性评价与转归,评价ADR/ADE病例中中药注射剂用药适宜性。结果：369例中药注射剂ADR/ADE中,≥61岁老年人发生212例（占57.45％),有药物过敏史31例,涉及中药注射剂品种33种,发生ADR/ADE的中药注射剂以华蟾素注射液最多。中药注射剂ADR/ADE累及系统 器官的主要表现以皮肤及附件损害（23.9%）、用药部位损害(21.7% )、神经系统损害(12.0% )为主。369例中药注射剂ADR/ADE报告中,超适应证用药38例,超剂量用药11例。结论：中药注射剂ADR/ADE主要由药物因素、患者自身因素以及临床使用不当等原因造成,应规范中药注射剂临床合理使用,保障患者安全使用中药注射剂。     

972例阿片类药物不良反应/事件的回顾性研究

摘 要 目的：研究阿片类药物所致不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）发生的特点,为临床安全用药提供参考。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2007年1月～2018年6月湖北省药品（医疗器械）不良反应监测中心收集的972例阿片类药物所致ADR/ADE,从患者性别、年龄、ADR/ADE发生时间、给药途径、临床表现及转归等方面进行统计分析。结果：972例ADR/ADE报告的患者男女比例为1 ∶1.20;51～70岁患者构成比较高;ADR/ADE主要发生在用药后24 h以内（66.46%）;主要临床表现为胃肠系统损害（38.96%）、中枢及外周神经系统损害（21.87%）、皮肤及其附件损害（10.46%）、全身性损害（9.23%）、呼吸系统损害（4.51%）,其中严重ADR/ADE构成比为10.49%。阿片类药物所致ADR/ADE的给药途径以静脉注射（34.57%）和口服给药（32.51%）为主。结论：阿片类药物可引起严重ADR/ADE,临床用药时需加强监测,提高用药安全性。     

2011～2014年孝感市药品不良反应/事件报告描述性分析

摘 要 目的:了解药品不良反应的发生特点,为ADＲ监测工作提供参考。方法：提取国家ADR监测系统中2011～2014年孝感市上报的ADR/ADE有效报告7 732例,采用SPSS 19.0对报告来源、患者性别、药品种类、给药途径、ADR累及器官/系统等进行分析。结果：7 732例报告,主要来自医疗机构（6 959例,90.00%）和临床医师（5 061例,65.46%）;引起ADR/ADE最多的药物为抗菌药物（4 388例,54.90%）和中药注射剂（897例,11.60%）;引起ADR的给药途径以静滴多见（69.83%）;一般ADR/ADE主要累及皮肤及附件（42.96%）和消化系统（16.55%）;严重ADR/ADE 181例（2.43%）,其中严重过敏性反应80例（42.20%）,皮肤及附件损害36例（19.89%）。引起严重ADR/ADE的药品中抗感染药物79例（43.65%）,中药注射剂32例（17.68%）;前3位的药品分别为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（14例）、参麦注射液（10例）和头孢呋辛（10例）。结论：加强ADR/ADE的监测报告力度和抗菌药物临床合理使用的监管,重视严重ADR/ADE的监测,不断提高ADR监测水平,降低用药风险。     

2016-2020年咸阳市第一人民医院中药注射剂的药物警戒分析

目的 分析咸阳市第一人民医院2016年1月—2020年12月中药注射剂有关的药品不良反应（ADR）/药品不良事件（ADE）发生的规律及特点,完善并推进国家药物警戒工作。方法 采用Excel对2016年1月—2020年12月年咸阳市第一人民医院上报的289例中药注射液剂所致ADR/ADE的患者性别、年龄、药品种类、累及系统/器官、主要临床表现、发生时间、关联性评价等信息进行归纳统计。结果 289例ADR/ADE中,老年患者（年龄≥65岁）及儿童（年龄≤14岁）发生比例较高,发生ADR/ADE的药品种类主要为活血类和补益类药物,主要表现为皮肤及其附件损害,发生时间集中在用药2 h内;严重ADR/ADE上报3例,给予对症处理后患者均明显好转;引发ADE的不合理用药共计67例,其中以适应症不适宜占比最高。结论 应建立医疗机构内的药物警戒制度,明确上报范围和职责,加强中药注射剂ADR/ADE的监测力度,提高用药安全性,促进合理用药。     

我院妇产科抗菌药物不良反应/事件相关因素分析

摘 要 目的:了解抗菌药品不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）发生特点及相关因素,为安全用药提供依据。方法：回顾性分析2011～2013年我院妇产科上报的抗菌药物ADR/ADE报告。结果：165例ADR/ADE患者,平均年龄（28.76±6.80）岁,年龄越高,ADR/ADE发生率越高;青霉素类药物ADR/ADE发生率2.41%,居首位;头孢菌素类药物ADR/ADE例数占73.33%,但ADR/ADE发生率低于均值0.47%;超剂量使用与ADE发生有显著关系,超剂量使用头孢呋辛、头孢曲松发生ADE,P值分别为0.002,0.034;165例ADR/ADE患者,静脉滴注149例,肌内注射12例,口服4例。结论：加强抗菌药物处方审核和护理干预,加强ADR高发生率药物监测,严格控制输液量,以减少或避免ADR/ADE发生。     

孝感市1 721例老年人药品不良反应/事件报告分析

摘 要 目的：分析老年人药品不良反应的特点,为老年患者安全用药提供参考。方法：获取国家药品不良反应监测系统中2011～2014年孝感市老年人药品不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）报告,对患者因素,怀疑药品种类、给药途径,ADR/ADE发生时间和累及器官／系统、ADR/ADE报告的关联性评价结果及转归等进行统计,并基于老年人潜在不适当用药（PIM）目录进行分析。结果：共纳入1 721例ADR/ADE报告,患者原患疾病中,呼吸科疾病516例（29.98%）,心血管疾病387例（22.49%）,消化科疾病230例（13.37%）。ADR/ADE怀疑药品中,抗菌药物769例（44.68%）,主要品种为左氧氟沙星（156例）、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(81例)和头孢曲松(74例);中药注射剂342例（19.87%）,主要品种有参麦注射液（86例）、香丹注射液（48例）和血塞通注射液（36例）;主要剂型为注射剂1 398例（81.23%）,给药途径为静脉滴注1 302例（75.65%）。ADR/ADE发生于注射后1 h内863例（50.15%）。累及系统/器官的主要表现以皮肤及附件损害（445例,25.86%）、消化系统损害（349例,20.28%）和过敏反应（219例,12.73%）为主。PIM药品涉及ADR/ADE 23种,135例（7.84%）,主要药品是克林霉素（67例）。结论：应重视抗菌药物和中药注射剂的不良反应,防范药物的过敏反应。老年人避免使用PIM目录药品,保障用药安全。     

1 071例利巴韦林不良反应/事件分析

摘 要 目的：分析利巴韦林不良反应/事件（ADR/ADE）发生的一般规律和特点,为临床安全用药提供依据。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,对2006年6月～2018年6月湖北省药品（医疗器械）ADR监测中心数据库中收集的1 071例利巴韦林ADR/ADE报告的患者人口学特征、用药原因、联合用药情况和不良反应受累系统/器官分布及临床表现等进行统计和分析。结果：利巴韦林引起的ADR/ADE涉及7种剂型,注射液占比最多（84.12%）;ADR/ADE在各年龄组段均有分布,男性略多于女性;所致ADR/ADE临床表现复杂多样,但主要为皮疹和过敏样反应,严重者可出现过敏性休克和血液系统损害。 结论：利巴韦林致ADR/ADE个体差异大,临床用药时应严格掌握适应证,尽量避免不合理的联合用药,以减少ADR/ADE的发生。     

我院1 308例药品不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的:了解我院药品不良反应（ADR）发生的特点及易发原因,为临床预防ADR和合理用药提供参考。方法： 对2009～2013年我院上报的1 308例ADR报告,按患者年龄、性别、给药途径、药品类别、ADR严重程度累及器官或系统及临床表现进行统计、分析。结果：70岁以上及51～60岁两个年龄段ADR患者构成比最高,抗菌药引发ADR比例最大（277例,21.18%）,注射剂静脉滴注所致ADR构成比最高（950例,72.63%）;皮肤及其附件损害最为常见（302例,23.09%）。结论：临床应重视ADR的报告和监测工作,加强临床合理用药监管,以减少和避免ADR的发生。     

131例活血化瘀中药注射剂不良反应报告分析

摘 要 目的:探讨活血化瘀中药注射剂不良反应发生的特点,为其安全评价与合理用药提供参考。 方法：对我院2010年1月～2014年2月收集的135例活血化瘀中药注射剂ADR进行统计分析。 结果：131例ADR报告中,舒血宁注射液病例数最多（29例）;多在用药30 min内发生(107例,81.68%);患者原患疾病多为神经系统性疾病（48.85%）、循环系统疾病（28.00%）;不良反应涉及多个器官或系统,以全身性损害最多（42例,17.87%）。 结论：临床应重视对活血化瘀中药注射剂ADR的监测和报告,临床药师参与临床治疗工作,促进该类药品临床安全、合理用药。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.