D-最优混料试验设计法优化阿德福韦酯片处方

摘 要 目的：优化阿德福韦酯片处方,并考察其体外溶出度。方法: 以填充剂用量（X1,%）、崩解剂用量（X2,%）和黏合剂用量（X3,%）为影响因素,以脆碎度（Y1,%）、崩解时限（Y2,min）、阿德福韦酯30 min溶出度（Y3,%）为评价指标,采用D 最优混料试验设计法对阿德福韦酯片处方进行优化;采用f2相似因子法比较阿德福韦酯片仿制制剂和参比制剂的体外溶出行为相似性;通过高温、高湿、光照试验初步评价仿制制剂的稳定性。结果: 阿德福韦酯片的最优处方组成为：填充剂一水乳糖用量占片重67.0%、崩解剂交联羧甲基纤维素钠占片重8.0%,黏合剂预胶化淀粉占片重12.0%,制备的片剂脆碎度较低、崩解时限较短、药物溶出度高。阿德福韦酯片仿制制剂和参比制剂在4种溶出介质中的溶出相似因子f2均大于50。影响因素试验结果要求本品应防潮保存。结论: 通过D 最优混料试验设计法优化得到的阿德福韦酯片处方与参比制剂体外溶出一致性良好,制备工艺可行,能够满足制剂大生产的要求。     

菌毒清分散片处方的优选试验

摘 要 目的：优选菌毒清分散片的处方。方法: 以表面形态、崩解时限和分散均匀性为指标,采用单因素试验优选填充剂、崩解剂和粘合剂种类;以崩解时限为指标,采用正交试验进一步优选填充剂和崩解剂用量;以片剂外观和压片粘冲情况为指标,采用单因素试验优选润滑剂;以崩解时限为指标,采用单因素试验优选崩解剂的加入方法。 结果: 优选的处方以500片投料量计算,菌毒清浸膏61.25 g,选取52.5 g微晶纤维素和17.5 g糊精为填充剂,以8.75 g交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和26.25 g交联羧甲基纤维素钠为崩解剂,以70%乙醇为黏合剂,以3 g硬脂酸镁和2.25 g滑石粉为润滑剂,以3.5 g甜菊苷为矫味剂。结论:所选处方合理、可行,可为菌毒清分散片的制备提供理论依据。     

甲氧氯普胺口崩片的制备及体外溶出度考察

摘 要 目的： 制备甲氧氯普胺口崩片并优化处方,并对其体外溶出度进行考察。方法: 采用全因子试验设计,以填充剂配比（X₁）、崩解剂（X₂,%）用量为影响因素,以脆碎度（Y₁,%）、崩解时限（Y₂,s）、甲氧氯普胺在15 min的溶出度（Y₃,%）为片剂考察指标优化处方;并考察其在4种溶出介质中的溶出行为。结果: 甲氧氯普胺口崩片的最优处方组成为：填充剂甘露醇与微晶纤维素比例为2.5∶1、崩解剂占片重为6.5%。甲氧氯普胺口崩片在4种溶出介质中累积溶出度均大于80%。结论:甲氧氯普胺口崩片处方设计合理,制备工艺可行,质量可控。     

阿立哌唑口崩片的制备与质量评价

摘 要 目的：制备阿立哌唑口崩片,通过析因试验设计考察处方并评价其质量。方法: 本研究以原料药粒径（X₁,D90/um）、填充剂配比（X₂,%）、崩解剂用量（X₃,%）作为影响因素,以片剂硬度（Y₁,N）、崩解时限（Y₂,s）、药物溶出度（Y₃,%）作为评价指标,利用析因试验设计考察对阿立哌唑口崩片质量影响较为显著的处方因素,并最终确定最优处方;比较自制制剂与参比制剂在4种溶出介质中的溶出行为,并通过加速试验考察产品的稳定性。结果:通过析因方差分析结果显示：填充剂配比对片剂硬度影响较为显著（P<0.05）;崩解剂用量和填充剂用量配比对崩解时间具有显著影响（P<0.05）;原料药粒径对药物溶出度具有显著影响（P<0.05）。最终确定阿立哌唑口崩片的最优处方组成为：阿立哌唑原料药粒径D90控制在20~40 μm之间,填充剂甘露醇与微晶纤维素比例为2.5:1、崩解剂占片重5.0%,制备的片剂硬度高、崩解时限较短、药物溶出较快。与参比制剂的溶出相似,通过加速试验考察,有关物质无显著增加,质量符合要求。结论:阿立哌唑口崩片处方设计合理,制备工艺可行,质量可控。     

美洛昔康口腔崩解片的质量标准考察

目的:研究美洛昔康口腔崩解片的质量控制方法。方法:考察了崩解时限及溶出度,并采用高效液相色谱法检测制备的美洛昔康口腔崩解片的含量。结果:美洛昔康口腔崩解片稳定性良好,其溶出度、崩解时限、含量及有关物质检查均符合2005年版《中国药典》。结论:建立的美洛昔康口腔崩解片质量标准能够全面反映该制剂的质量,方法简便、可行。     

美洛昔康口腔崩解片的制备及质量控制

目的：制备美洛昔康口腔崩解片并对其进行质量检查.方法：采用正交设计法确定最佳处方,以甘露醇为主要辅料制备美洛昔康口腔崩解片,并对崩解时限、口感、溶出度进行了考察.结果：最佳处方为1000片用交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVPP）20 g,甘露醇140 g,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）3.0 g,聚山梨酯-80 0.2 g,崩解时限小于30 s,口腔崩解片在10 min左右完全溶出,而普通市售片在45 min溶出80%.结论：本研究制备的美洛昔康口腔崩解片为快速崩解型片剂,累积溶出度快于市售片.     

多潘立酮口腔崩解片的处方优化及体外评价

目的:优化多潘立酮口腔崩解片的处方并评价其质量。方法:以直接粉末压片法制备多潘立酮口腔崩解片,采用HPLC法测定其含量,以崩解时限和体外溶出度为指标优化处方。结果:以6%的交联聚维酮作为崩解剂,制备的多潘立酮口腔崩解片外观圆整光洁,硬度为(3.3±0.8)kg/cm2,脆碎度<1%,体外崩解时限和口腔内崩解时限分别为(9.00±0.56),(17.00±2.00)s,15min的累积溶出度为(99.22±0.38)%。结论:按最优处方制备的多潘立酮口腔崩解片符合《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版的要求,质控方法准确可靠。     

手性冠醚柱HPLC法测定盐酸伐昔洛韦分散片的含量及有关物质

摘 要 目的： 建立手性冠醚柱高效液相色谱法测定盐酸伐昔洛韦分散片的含量及其有关物质的方法,为质量标准的提高提供参考。方法: 采用手性冠醚柱[4.0 mm×150 mm,5 μm,DAICEL CROWNPAK CR(+)],流动相为0.1%高氯酸溶液,流量为0.75 ml·min^-1,检测波长为255 nm。结果: 盐酸伐昔洛韦在11.25～180.00 μg·mL^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为99.0%,RSD为0.8%（n=9）;有关物质阿昔洛韦在0.2～50 μg·mL^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系（r=1.000 0）,平均回收率为99.3%,RSD为0.6%（n=9）;收集的两家企业的盐酸伐昔洛韦分散片含量测定结果分别为92.7%、97.4%,有关物质阿昔洛韦按外标法计算结果分别为0.5%、0.4%,D-伐昔洛韦按自身对照法计算结果均为0.9%。结论:该方法能有效分离伐昔洛韦及其同分异构体D-伐昔洛韦,简便、准确,专属性强,适用于盐酸伐昔洛韦的质量控制。     

硫辛酸口腔崩解片的制备及质量研究

目的:制备硫辛酸口腔崩解片,并评价其质量。方法:采用湿法制粒后直接压片制备硫辛酸口腔崩解片,以崩解时间、溶出度为指标,采用单因素试验联合正交试验筛选崩解剂组成、填充剂、润滑剂。考察所制片剂的片质量、硬度、崩解时间、累积溶出度和占标示量百分含量。结果:处方为微晶纤维素167.58 mg、低取代羟丙甲纤维素23.94 mg、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮47.88 mg、甘露醇60 mg、硫辛酸300 mg、硬脂酸镁0.6 mg;制得口腔崩解片的片质量为(0.59±0.05)g,硬度为(20.32±0.16)kg,崩解时间为(23.5±0.4)s,3 min的累积溶出度为101.49%,含量为标示量的96.34%。结论:成功制得硫辛酸口腔崩解片,且其质量可控。     

氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔崩解片的研制

目的探讨氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔崩解片的处方及制剂工艺。方法通过考察处方中主要辅料不同种类对制剂崩解时限的影响,筛选出最优处方,并对筛选处方进行溶出度测定。结果优选处方中崩解剂MCC-交联PVP的质量比为2∶3,填充剂为甘露醇。片剂在体内、体外的崩解时限均小于30s,硬度达到30-50N,溶出度可达100%。结论氢溴酸加兰他敏口腔崩解片处方及制剂工艺简单,在口腔中崩解和溶出迅速,口感好,且达到了普通片剂的硬度。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.