HPLC法同时测定利胆排毒口服液中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的:建立HPLC法同时测定利胆排毒口服液中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚含量的方法.方法:采用Atlantis T3柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm),甲醇-0.05%磷酸溶液(85:15)为流动相,流速:0.8 ml·min-1,检测波长:254 nm,柱温:30℃.结果:大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚分离度好,可排除其他物质的干扰.大黄酸在16.71～334.20 μg·ml-1的范围内有良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.85%,RSD为0.47%;大黄素在2.06～41.28 μg·ml-1范围内有良好线性关系,平均回收率为96.95%,RSD为1.03%;大黄酚在4.46～111.60 μg·ml-1范围内有良好线性关系,平均回收率为97.97%,RSD为0.67%.结论:本方法可同时测定大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量,准确度高,重复性好,可为利胆排毒口服液质量控制提供依据.     

HPLC法测定沉香化滞九中的大黄酚和大黄素的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定沉香化滞九中大黄素和大黄酚的含量.方法:反相高效液相色谱法,乙酸-水-冰醋酸65:35:1)为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为437 nm,用外标法定量.结果:大黄酚在9.94～26.98 μg·ml-1范围内有良好的线性关系,γ=0.9999,平均回收率为99.16%(RSD=0.33%,n=5),大黄素在3.92～10.64 μg·ml-1范围内有良好的线性关系,γ=0.9998,平均回收率为100.76%(RSD=0.52%,n=5).结论:方法可行,重现性好,能准确监控该制剂的质量.     

HPLC法测定肾康丸中大黄酚、大黄素的含量

目的:建立肾康丸中大黄酚、大黄素的含量测定方法。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Diamonsi C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(42∶23∶35),流速为1.0 ml.min-1,检测波长为254 nm,进样量10μl。结果:大黄酚在9.38～150.00μg.ml-1(r=1.000 0),大黄素在3.31～53.00μg.ml-1(r=1.000 0)之间线性关系良好,其平均加样回收率大黄酚为99.83%,RSD为0.75%;大黄素为99.73%,RSD为0.34%。结论:此法简便,结果准确、灵敏,可用于肾康丸的含量测定。     

HPLC-DAD波长切换法同时测定枳黄通泻颗粒中13种成分

目的:建立测定枳黄通泻颗粒中13种有效成分(辛弗林、紫丁香苷、木兰花碱、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、和厚朴酚、厚朴酚、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚)的方法,为枳黄通泻颗粒含量测定及质量控制提供参考。方法:采用Agilent Zorbax SB-C_(18) (250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱;乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸水(B)为流动相;梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min~(-1);检测波长:0～10 min:275 nm (辛弗林);10～35 min:260 nm (紫丁香苷、木兰花碱);35～60 min:280 nm (柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷);60～96 min:254 nm (芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素);96～104 min:294 nm (厚朴酚、和厚朴酚);104～120 nm:254 mn (大黄酚、大黄素甲醚)。结果:本方法下各成分分离度良好,阴性无干扰,专属性强;辛弗林、紫丁香苷、木兰花碱、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、和厚朴酚、厚朴酚、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚分别在20.03～200.31μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 6)、5.12～51.20 μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.9999)、11.10～110.98 μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.999 8)、24.89～248.92 μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.999 9)、10.11～101.14 μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.999 9)、23.44～234.39μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.999 9)、5.23～52.31μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.999 8)、1.91～19.15 μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.999 8)、4.05～40.48 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 8)、12.52～125.22 μg·mL~(-1) (r=0.999 6)、43.43～434.34 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 7)、10.46～104.60 μg·mL~(-1(r)=0.999 7)、2.39～23.91 μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.999 7)浓度范围内线性关系良好;精密度、稳定性、重复性的RSD小于3.00%;加样回收率在95.17%～104.59%之间,RSD小于3.00%。结论:该方法准确可靠、重复性好,可用于枳黄通泻颗粒的含量测定及质量控制。     

HPLC测定菘黄感冒颗粒中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量

目的 测定菘黄感冒颗粒剂中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的含量.方法 HPLC,色谱柱为大连依利特ODS 柱(250 mm×4. 6 mm ,5.0 μm),流动相:甲醇∶ 0.1%磷酸溶液(85∶ 15),流速:0.90 ml·min-1, 检测波长:254 nm,柱温:40℃.结果 含量测定大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚的线性范围分别在3.04～18.24 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999)、6.10～36.60 mg·L-1 (r=0.9999)、8.62～51.72 mg·L-1(r=0.9999),大黄酸平均回收率(n=5)为100.5%(RSD=1.8%),大黄素平均回收率(n=5)为98.35%(RSD=1.9%),大黄酚平均回收率(n=5)为99.25%(RSD=1.5%).结论 建立的含量测定方法简便、快捷、灵敏、准确.     

HPLC测定一清颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的建立一清颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚的含量测定方法.方法采用HPLC法进行测定,色谱柱为Dikma C18(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(8515);检测波长为254 nm柱温25℃.结果一清颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚的的线性范围分别为3.28-32.80μg·ml-1,7.12～71.20μg·ml-1,r=0.999 9.大黄素平均回收率为96.47%,RSD1.4%;大黄酚平均回收率为98.26%,RSD 0.87%.结论该方法简便,结果准确,重现性好,可作为一清颗粒的质量控制方.法.     

RP-HPLC法同时测定加味黄龙颗粒中大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法同时测定黄龙颗粒中3种成分的含量.方法 采用Hypersil ODS-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),甲醇-0.05%磷酸(85:15)为流动相,流速:0.8 ml/min,柱温:室温,检测波长:254 nm.结果 大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚在5.55～90.28 μg/ml、5.24～87.54 μg/ml和6.33～95.78 μg/ml范围内呈良好的线性关系;相关系数分别0.9998、0.9999和0.9999;大黄酸、大黄素和大黄酚的平均加样回收率为98.17%(RSD=1.98%)、98.83%(RSD=2.05%)和96.81%(RSD=0.73%).结论 该方法简便、可靠、准确,可用于黄龙颗粒的质量控制.     

痔康合剂质量标准的研究

目的建立痔康合剂的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法，对方中的黄芩、金银花进行鉴别。用高效液相色谱法对处方中所含的大黄素、大黄酚进行含量测定。采用Shim pack VP ODS色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm，5 μm）,流动相为甲醇 0.1%磷酸溶液(80∶20),检测波长为254 nm,流速:1.0 mL·min－1，柱温：30 ℃。结果薄层鉴别色谱特征斑点明显。大黄素、大黄酚分别在0.076 4～1.910 0 μg（r=0.999 8）,0.083 2～2.080 0 μg(r=0.9995)范围内呈良好的线性关系。回收率大黄素为101.1%(RSD=1.75%),大黄酚为97.12%(RSD=2.37%)。结论该方法能较好地控制痔康合剂的质量。     

HPLC法测定大黄通便颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚的含量

建立大黄通便颗粒中大黄素和大黄酚含量的HPLC测定方法.采用Spherixorb C18色谱柱,流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(90:10),流速:0.8ml·min-1,检测波长:254nm.线性范围:大黄素0.0135～0.2160μg(r=0.9998),大黄酚0.0240～0.3840μg(r=0.9995).平均加样回收率(n=5)分别为大黄素100.8%,RSD=1.1%;大黄酚100.2%,RSD=0.8%.本法简便,快速,结果准确.     

用HPLC法测定牛黄上清片中各大黄素成分的含量

目的:建立HPLC同时测定牛黄上清片中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚含量的方法.方法:色谱柱为Shimadzu VP-ODS柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 mm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为254 nm,柱温30℃.结果:芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚和大黄素甲醚分别在0.042～0.840μg(r=0.9996)、0.168～3.352μg(r=0.9998)、0.084～1.680 μg(r=0.9997)、0.093～1.852μg(r=0.9999)和0.174～3.488μg(r=0.9994)内呈良好线性关系,平均回收率分别为99.8%(RSD=1.34%)、99.8%(RSD=1.72%)、100.0%(RSD=0.89%)、99.5%(RSD=0.97%)和100.2%(RSD=1.04%).结论:本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于牛黄上清片的质量控制.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.