肺磨玻璃结节与组织学及CT特征分析

目的分析肺磨玻璃结节组织学及CT特征。 方法选择2018年1月至2020年12月我院收治的CT表现为混合磨玻璃结节患者128例,比较原位腺癌(AIS)24例、微浸润性腺癌(MIA)45例,浸润性腺癌(IAC)59例三类患者的一般资料、CT整体征象、实性成分CT征象及CT定量指标,分析CT定量指标对IAC的预测价值。 结果AIS、MIA、IAC患者比较,毛刺征、空泡征差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),圆形或类圆形、分叶征、空气支气管征、血管集束征、胸膜凹陷征、肺瘤界面清晰差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),实性成分CT征象中位置、与磨玻璃间分界差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),实性成分个数、形态、边缘毛刺、分叶征差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),CT定量指标的总体平均大小、平均实性大小、实性占比、实性成分平均CT值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);CT定量指标平均结节大小、平均实性成分大小、实性成分占比、实性成分平均CT值评估IAC的AUC分别为0.836、0.854、0.782、0.928。 结论CT诊断有助于判定肺腺癌患者磨玻璃结节的具体性质及形态,综合性判断病灶。     

原发性结节肿块型肺黏液腺癌的CT表现与病理基础

目的分析原发性结节肿块型肺黏液腺癌的CT表现、随访变化，以提高对本病的认识。 方法分析80例经病理证实的原发性结节肿块型肺黏液腺癌患者的病理、临床及影像资料。患者均行胸部CT检查，其中57例患者行胸部CT平扫+增强检查，8例有间隔时间2周以上的随访CT。分析病灶影像学征象及动态CT随访变化。 结果微浸润肺黏液腺癌7例，浸润性肺黏液腺癌73例。单发病灶78例，多原发病灶2例。混杂磨玻璃结节20例，实性病灶60例。69例(86.2%)位于胸膜下，49例(61.2%)位于肺下叶。占比50%以上的征象有：类圆形46例、瘤肺界面清楚毛糙45例，分叶征70例、磨玻璃征43例。平扫病灶密度均低于肌肉，轻度强化19例，中度强化30例，明显强化8例，17例病灶内可见无强化的液性区域，血管造影征15例。CT动态随访变化多样，可短期保持稳定或迅速增长，或短期内实性成分减少而磨玻璃成分增多，或长期保持不变或缓慢增长。 结论原发性结节肿块型肺黏液腺癌好发于双肺下叶及胸膜下，多呈类圆形、瘤肺界面清楚毛糙，多伴有分叶征及磨玻璃征，以轻中度强化为主。CT动态随访变化多样。结合病灶的HRCT征象、CT增强及随访变化对诊断肺黏液腺癌有一定意义。     

多层螺旋CT对肺局灶性亚厘米磨玻璃结节的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在肺局灶性亚厘米磨玻璃结节(f GGO)诊断中的临床价值。方法分析95例亚厘米f GGO患者的MSCT检查资料,并与病理诊断结果相对照,比较不同病理类型f GGO病灶大小、内部实性成分大小、混合型磨玻璃结节(m GGO)比例、和胸膜凹陷、病灶形状、分叶、毛刺、空泡和边界情况。按照病灶与周围血管的关系分为3型,分析不同病理类型f GGO与血管关系分型。结果 95例患者病灶最小为4.1 mm,最大为9.9 mm。浸润前组与腺癌组病变大小、实性成分大小、m GGO和分叶征所占比例差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而胸膜凹陷、病灶形状、毛刺、空泡和边界情况差异无统计学意义(P0.05),良性组除分叶所占比例与腺癌组差异有统计学意义外,其余征象与腺癌组差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),按照f GGO与血管关系分型,良性组均为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,浸润前组Ⅲ型10例(25.6%),腺癌组Ⅲ型17例(39.5%),浸润前组、腺癌组Ⅲ型所占比例均高于良性组(P0.05)。结论肺内亚厘米f GGO术前定性诊断难度较大,病灶的MSCT形态特点及其与周围血管的关系对病变性质的判断有一定价值。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺小结节诊断价值

目的探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检对直径≤20mm肺实性结节、磨玻璃结节及混合性结节不同密度肺结节的临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析了2017年1月至2019年6月期间109例直径≤20mm肺小结节于本院行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检病例资料,分析不同亚类肺小结节穿刺活检取材、病理结果及术中术后并发症等情况。结果109例肺结节病灶直径≤20mm的患者均顺利完成CT引导下肺穿刺活检术,穿刺活检成功率为100%,89例患者得以病理明确诊断,阳性率为81.7%(89/109),肺实性结节、纯磨玻璃结节及混合磨玻璃结节诊断率分别为91.7%、69.6%及88.9%,纯磨玻璃结节穿刺诊断率与实性及混合磨玻璃结节比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);病灶大小5~10 mm穿刺诊断率为70.6%,10~20 mm穿刺诊断率为83.7%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术中术后气胸、出血发生率分别为9.1%和32.1%例,其中实性结节、纯磨玻璃结节和混合磨玻璃结节,气胸发生率分别为11.1%、8.7和7.4%,三者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);实性结节、纯磨玻璃结节和混合磨玻璃结节出血发生率分别为11.1%、45.7%和37.0%;实性结节、纯磨玻璃结节及混合磨玻璃结节比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术对于≤2 mm以下肺实性结节、混合磨玻璃结节及纯磨玻璃结节有较高诊断价值,但纯磨玻璃结节穿刺诊断率低,且纯磨玻璃结节及混合磨玻璃结节出血发生率高,在临床工作中对不同密度的肺小结节行穿刺活检时应引起重视。     

肺结节的CT特征分析

目的收集CT扫描发现的肺结节,分析其在CT图像上的形态特征。方法收集查体发现并行CT扫描的60例肺内有结节的患者,分析其大小、分布、结节特征及其随访结果。结果结节直径2 mm～30 mm,平均直径5.9 mm。其中55%≤5 mm;36%,6～10 mm;9%〉10 mm。结节分布较均匀。84%是固体实性结节,79%结节无分叶。81%结节在随访期间完全消失或持续无变化,19%结节在随访期间增大。结论随访里消失或持续存在但大小无变化的肺结节可以认为是良性结节,而在随访中增大的结节更可能是恶性结节。直径≤10 mm,没有分叶的结节多是良性结节,而边缘清晰的结节多是恶性结节。     

MSCT在肺孤立性磨玻璃结节鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(Multi-slice spiral CT,MSCT)在鉴别良恶性肺孤立性磨玻璃结节(sp GGO)中的价值。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年7月间经MSCT检查有肺孤立性磨玻璃结节的44例患者的MSCT资料,根据病理结果将所有病例分为良性、恶性两组,其中良性结节有13例,包括9例不典型腺瘤样增生(AAH),4例慢性炎症;恶性结节有31例,均为腺癌。观察肺孤立性磨玻璃结节的CT征象特点,包括病灶形态、大小、边缘、实性成分、空气支气管征、空泡征、胸膜凹陷征、瘤肺界面、毛刺征、分叶征、血管集束征,对照病理结果,统计分析CT征象与肺磨玻璃结节良恶性的相关性。结果肺孤立性磨玻璃结节的病灶形态、大小、边缘、实性成分、空泡征、胸膜凹陷征、毛刺征、分叶征、血管集束征与sp GGO的良恶性有相关性,结果具有统计学差异(P0.05),而两组sp GGO的空气支气管征、瘤肺界面没有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 MSCT对肺孤立性磨玻璃结节的良恶性鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

早期周围型肺癌96例CT影像学特点分析

目的提高早期周围型肺癌的CT诊断水平。方法回顾性分析96例经手术或CT引导下穿刺病理证实的早期周围型肺癌的CT影像学资料。结果①病灶形态:孤立结节影89例,不规则片状影7例;②病灶内部结构:空泡征31例,细支气管征27例,空洞征4例,钙化7例;③病灶边缘征:分叶征76例;细短毛刺征67例,棘状突起23例;④病灶周围征:胸膜凹陷征61例,血管集束征69例;⑤增强扫描特征:CT值增强幅度在20～50 HU之间。结论早期周围型肺癌CT的常见征象包括空泡征、空气支气管征、分叶征,毛刺征、棘状突起、胸膜凹陷征及血管集束征。空泡征及空气支气管征对提示病灶倾向恶性有较大价值。增强后癌性结节的CT值强化幅度有助于结节性质判断。     

36例局灶性磨玻璃影结节MSCT征象分析

目的 对36例局灶性磨玻璃影（focal ground-glass opacity,fGGO）患者各项临床资料进行分析,以便提高对fGGO的认识.方法 回顾性分析了36例fGGO患者,根据病理分为良性病灶、癌前病灶和恶性病灶,对比各组临床表现、影像学表现及实验室、病理检查结果间差异.结果 36例fGGO中,混合性磨玻璃影23例,单纯性磨玻璃影13例;恶性15例,癌前病变12例,良性9例.各组年龄及性别差异无统计学意义.分析各组病灶直径及磨玻璃比例,恶性病灶组直径最大,其次是良性病灶,癌前病灶组直径最小;但磨玻璃比例在恶性组最低,癌前病变组最高,良性组介于两者之间.病灶直径及磨玻璃比例三组间均有显著性的差异.恶性磨玻璃影多呈类圆形,实性成分边界及磨玻璃边界多清晰,磨玻璃和实性成分多有分叶、毛刺征;癌前病变病灶多呈类圆形,边界清晰;良性病灶形态多不规则,可有长毛刺,磨玻璃影边界多模糊.结论 持续存在半年以上的fGGO病灶直径越大、实性成分越多,其恶性疾病可能性越大.     

伴有薄壁空腔形成的周围型肺腺癌的CT表现

目的探讨伴有薄壁空腔形成的周围型肺腺癌的CT表现,提高对该病的诊断准确率。方法回顾性分析21例经病理证实的伴有薄壁空腔形成的周围型肺腺癌的CT影像资料,对其进行总结、分析。结果 21例中有14例位于双肺中上叶,13例实性病灶呈类椭圆形,边缘可见分叶征、毛刺征、血管集束征和胸膜增厚、牵拉的例数分别为18、15、11和3。所有空腔病灶的壁较薄,平均(2.04+1.02)mm,厚度在2mm以下者有11例;17例空腔病灶位于实性病灶的周边部,12例空腔壁厚度较均匀,9例可见壁结节形成;空腔内血管穿行征及分隔形成者分别为8例和5例。结论伴有薄壁空腔形成的周围型肺腺癌的CT表现具有一定特征,即病灶多位于中上肺、实性病灶多呈类椭圆形,边缘多见分叶征、毛刺征、血管集束征等恶性征象;而空腔病灶多位于实性病灶的周边部,空腔壁较薄且厚度较均匀,壁结节少见。     

儿童不同病理类型肝母细胞瘤的CT表现

目的:探讨儿童不同病理类型肝母细胞瘤(hepatoblastoma,HB)的计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)表现特点.方法:回顾性分析23例经手术或活检病理证实的儿童HB的CT图像特点,从肿瘤的发生部位、大小、形态、密度及实性成分强化特点、有无钙化、有无转移灶等方面进行分析,并与病理结果对照.结果:23例HB均表现为类圆形或不规则分叶状肿块,密度不均,内可见低密度坏死区,增强扫描实性成分可见明显渐进性强化.15例单纯上皮型HB中,发生于肝右叶者11例,肝左叶者2例,左右叶同时累及者2例;肿块直径≥10 cm者4例(26.67%);4例(26.67%)可见钙化;实性成分静脉期CT值100 HU者12例(80.00%);仅1例(6.67%)发生网膜转移.8例上皮和间叶混合型HB中,发生于肝右叶者7例,肝左叶者1例;直径≥10 cm者8例(100%);6例(75.00%)可见钙化;实性成分静脉期CT值100 HU者2例(25.00%);5例(62.50%)发生肝内、下腔静脉、门静脉或肺转移.不同病理类型HB在肿瘤大小、实性成分静脉期CT值、有无钙化及有无转移等特征上的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05).结论:不同病理类型HB的CT表现具有不同的特点,在一定程度上可初步反映其病理分型.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.