颅脑外伤患者血糖变化与预后的关系

目的探讨颅脑外伤患者血糖变化与预后的关系。方法回顾性分析102例颅脑外伤患者的临床资料,根据急性颅脑外伤患者血糖的变化分为高血糖组和正常血糖组,采用χ2检验的统计学方法分析血糖变化与急性颅脑外伤患者预后的关系分析血糖变化与颅脑外伤患者预后的关系。结果颅脑外伤合并血糖升高组患者的未愈率明显高于非血糖升高组。结论加强血糖监测有助于了解急性颅脑外伤患者病情的严重程度,同时可以估计患者的预后,指导临床治疗,改善此类患者的预后。     

血糖水平与重型颅脑损伤时病情及预后的关系

目的了解血糖水平与重型颅脑损伤时病情及预后的关系。方法对收治的87例重型颅脑损伤患者于脑外伤后24小时内及伤后1、3、5、7、10、14天进行血糖测定。结果人院后24小时内血糖水平与其预后有明显的相关性（P〈0．01）。结论对颅脑外伤后高血糖进行迅速有效的控制,对病人的预后有十分重要的意义。     

重度颅脑损伤急性期脑电图改变与预后相关分析

近年来,因车祸、意外伤害等常见的致伤因素导致的颅脑损伤日益增多,其病情往往较严重,对其预后的判断依赖于经治医师的个人经验.因此,用较客观科学的方法来判断颅脑损伤后脑功能的恢复及预后,越来越受到关注.脑电图学是脑功能检测的常用和重要方法之一.本文将探讨重度颅脑损伤病人脑电图变化与预后的关系.     

颅脑外伤患者凝血功能异常与预后的相关性研究

目的了解颅脑外伤患者急性期凝血功能改变情况,并分析凝血功能异常与颅脑损伤程度（GCS评分）及预后（GOS评分）的关系。方法监测124例单纯颅脑外伤患者急性期凝血指标,进行DIC评分,对患者入院时颅脑损伤程度及外伤后6个月的临床预后进行评分。结果超过50%的单纯颅脑外伤患者发生凝血功能异常,其中重型颅脑外伤患者及预后不良的颅脑外伤患者PT明显延长,D-DT水平明显升高,其差异具有显著性。结论凝血功能改变,尤其是DIC多发生于脑外伤后6小时内,在重型颅脑外伤患者及预后不良的颅脑外伤患者中表现的更加明显。PT、D-DT水平在颅脑外伤患者预后的评估中起重要作用,可作为患者预后的预测指标。     

颅脑外伤急性期血糖、C反应蛋白水平与神经功能损伤相关性研究

目的探讨颅脑外伤急性期血糖、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平与神经功能损伤的相关性。方法将114例颅脑外伤急性期患者根据GCS评分分为轻度组(44例)、中度组(36例)和重度组(34例)。比较3组患者不同时间血糖、CRP水平和预后情况。结果伤后6 h、1 d、3 d、7 d,3组患者的血糖水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。创伤后14 d和28 d,轻度组和中度组患者血糖水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但重度组患者血糖水平高于其余2组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。创伤后不同时间3组患者CRP水平差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),重度组CRP水平最高,而轻度组最低。3组患者预后情况差异有统计学意义(P0.05),轻度组预后良好率最高,而重度组最低。结论 GCS评分与颅脑外伤患者血糖和CRP水平存在密切联系:GCS评分越高,患者血糖和CRP水平越低,预后越好。     

急性颅脑损伤后血糖与病情及预后的关系

脑损伤后高血糖现象愈来愈受到人们的重视,伤情越重血糖升高越明显,并与预后密切相关[1].笔者就此讨论血糖的变化是否可作为急性颅脑损伤的严重程度和估计其预后的参考指标之一.     

重型颅脑损伤后FT3、FT4、TSH水平变化和预后关系

目的 研究重型颅脑损伤后内分泌功能紊乱与预后关系。方法 对27例重型颅脑损伤病人的FT3、FT4、TSH水平利用放射免疫方法进行动态观察。结果治疗后FT3、FT4、TSH下降不明显,病情预后好,FT3、FT4、TSH变化与GCS评分关系不大。结论血清FT3、FT4、TSH水平,可作为重型颅脑损伤患临床疗效和预后的判断指标。     

重度颅脑损伤患者经颅多普勒监测及预后判断

本院自2002年8月起,对30例重度颅脑损伤昏迷患者采用经颅多普勒(TCD)监测颅内动脉血液动力学变化并结合CT扫描,探讨TCD对重度颅脑损伤昏迷病人的临床演变、预后及指导治疗的应用价值.现报告如下.     

急诊早期创伤性颅脑损伤患者血清VEGF、S100β水平与疾病严重程度及预后的关系分析

目的 探讨分析急诊早期创伤性颅脑损伤（TBI）患者血清VEGF、S100β水平与疾病严重程度及预后的关系，为急诊早期TBI患者的判断病情及预后提供参考。方法 选取2021年3月至2023年3月于本院急诊治疗的84例早期TBI患者进行回顾性研究。依据患者入院时的格拉斯哥昏迷评分（GCS）将84例患者分为轻、中、重型组，比较三组患者的血清学指标并探讨其水平与疾病严重程度之间的相关性。然后，通过分析患者发病30 d后的GOS评分，将患者分为预后良好组（74例）和不良组（10例），比较两组患者的血清学指标并探讨其预测急诊早期TBI患者预后的价值。结果 所纳入的84例急诊早期TBI患者经GCS评分评估分组，轻、中、重型组患者分别为28、32和24例，随着病情的加重，其血清VEGF和S100β水平逐渐升高（P<0.05），且急诊早期TBI患者血清VEGF、S100β水平均与GCS评分呈现负相关（r=-0.827、-0.656,P<0.01）。所纳入的84例急诊早期TBI患者发病30 d后应用GOS评分进行预后评估，预后良好组和不良组分别为74和10例，其中预后良好组患者的血清VEGF、...     

重型颅脑损伤后FT_3、FT_4、TSH水平变化和预后关系

目的 研究重型颅脑损伤后内分泌功能紊乱与预后关系。方法 对27例重型颅脑损伤病人的FT_3、FT_4、TSH水平利用放射免疫方法进行动态观察。结果 治疗后FT_3、FT_4、TSH下降不明显,病情预后好,FT_3、FT_4、TSH变化与GCS评分关系不大。结论 血清FT_3、FT_4、TSH水平,可作为重型颅脑损伤患者临床疗效和预后的判断指标。     

Association between alcohol and mortality in patients with severe traumatic head injury

HYPOTHESIS: Admission blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is associated with in-hospital death in patients with severe brain injury from blunt head trauma. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic level I trauma center in Toronto, Ontario. PATIENTS: Using trauma registry data, between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2003, we identified 1158 consecutive patients with severe brain injury from blunt head trauma. INTERVENTION: There was no active intervention. The primary exposure of interest was the BAC at admission, stratified into the following 3 levels: 0, no BAC; 0 to less than 230 mg/dL, low to moderate BAC; and 230 mg/dL or greater, high BAC. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: In-hospital death. RESULTS: In patients with severe brain injury, low to moderate BAC was associated with lower mortality than was no BAC (27.9% vs 36.3%; P = .008). High BAC was associated with higher mortality than was no BAC (44.7% vs 36.3%), although this was not statistically significant (P = .10). These associations were all statistically significant after adjusting for demographic data and injury factors using logistic regression analysis. The odds ratio for death was 0.76 (95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.98) for low to moderate BAC compared with no BAC. The odds ratio for death was 1.73 (95% confidence interval, 1.05-2.84) for high BAC compared with no BAC. CONCLUSIONS: Low to moderate BAC may be beneficial in patients with severe brain injury from blunt head trauma. In contrast, high BAC seems to have a deleterious effect on in-hospital death in these patients, which may be related to its detrimental hemodynamic and physiologic effects. Alcohol-based fluids may have a role in the management of patients with severe brain injury after they have been well resuscitated.     

重型颅脑损伤患者继发转氨酶异常与预后关系分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤后继发转氨酶异常与预后关系。方法对117例重型颅脑损伤患者抽血检查谷丙转氨酶（AIJT）、谷草转氨酶（AST），按化验结果分为转氨酶升高组和转氨酶正常组。转氨酶升高组包括ALT〉50U／L和（或）AST〉50U／L。分析两组间GOS预后良好率和死亡率区别；同时比较转氨酶升高组中不同GOS预后评分的ALT、AST水平。结果转氨酶升高组预后良好率低于转氨酶正常组（x2=4．71，P〈0．05），而死亡率高于转氨酶正常组（x2=5．42，P〈0．05）。转氨酶升高组中ALT、AST水平与GOS预后明显相关，且转氨酶水平越高，预后越差。结论重型颅脑损伤常致转氨酶异常，转氨酶升高水平与预后密切相关，监测及保护肝功能有利改善患者预后。     

The relationship between blood glucose,mean arterial pressure and outcome after severe head injury: an observational study

BACKGROUND AND METHOD: Hypotension and hyperglycaemia occurring in the first 24h after severe head injury are individually associated with poor outcome but a causal effect has not been proven for either. Their combined effect is unknown and is investigated in this observational study of 338 patients with head injury, a Glasgow coma score (GCS) of 8 or less and requiring mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and blood glucose are linearly related to mortality (P<0.0001). Regression analysis shows that each has an independent effect. Moreover, the relationship between blood glucose and mortality is stronger than the relationship between MAP and mortality. When patients are grouped according to lowest MAP, hyperglycaemia is associated with increasing mortality within each group (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Further studies on the combined effect of hyperglycaemia and hypotension on mortality after head injury are needed because this study suggests, but does not prove, an additive, causal association.     

Early versus late tracheostomy in patients with severe traumatic head injury

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A majority of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) need ventilatory support and require endotracheal intubation. There has been substantial debate regarding the timing of tracheostomy. We reviewed our data to determine the impact of early tracheostomy on our resources. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients with severe TBI treated at a Level II trauma center. METHOD: All 55 patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) with severe TBI from January, 2002 through September, 2005 were reviewed through the trauma registry. The inclusion criteria were severe TBI with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score < or = eight points at the time of admission and expected survival for longer than three days. All of these patients required mechanical ventilation and subsequently underwent tracheostomy. According to the timing of tracheostomy, subjects were classified as early group (< or = 7 days; N = 27) or late group (> 7 days; N = 28). The Wilcoxon rank sum test, the log-rank test, and Fisher exact tests were used to compare these groups. RESULT: The average time of the tracheostomy procedure was 5.5 +/- 1.8 (SD) days in the early group and 11.0 +/- 4.3 days in the late group. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of age, proportion of female sex, GCS, Injury Severity Score, or need for blood transfusion. However, patients in the early group had a significantly shorter stay in the ICU than patients in the late group (19.0 +/- 7.7 vs. 25.8 +/- 11.8 days; P = 0.008). There was no difference between the groups in ventilator days (15.7 +/- 6.0 vs. 20.0 +/- 16.0 days; p = 0.57). There were no significant differences between the groups regarding overall mortality (15% vs. 4%; p = 0.19), incidence of pneumonia prior to tracheostomy (41% vs. 50%; p = 0.59), median total hospital length of stay (24 days vs. 28 days; p = 0.42), discharged to rehabilitation (74% vs. 82%; p = 0.53), or median total hospital cost (292,329 dollars vs. 332,601 dollars; p = 0.26). CONCLUSION: Early tracheostomy was beneficial, resulting in a shorter ICU stay.     

Lower extracellular glucose level prolonged in elderly patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis study

Age may be an independent predictor of outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the causes of the poor outcomes in elderly patients remain unclear. To clarify the differences between elderly and young patients with TBI, brain metabolism parameters were monitored with the microdialysis method in 30 patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale scores 3-8). The microdialysis probe was inserted in the penumbra area of the brain and extracellular levels of glucose, glutamate, glycerol, lactate, and pyruvate were measured hourly for the initial 168 hours (7 days) after operation. The lactate/pyruvate ratio, which is considered to be a good indicator of neuronal ischemia, was also calculated. The patients were divided into the elderly group aged 65 years or older and the young group aged less than 65 years, and the biochemical markers were compared daily between these two groups. The value of extracellular glucose concentration was significantly lower in the elderly group than in the young group, and continued until the 7th day after injury. Moreover, the lactate/pyruvate ratio peaked on the 5th day after injury in the elderly group, later than in the young group. We concluded that neural vulnerability persisted longer in elderly patients than in young patients with TBI, and this should be considered to prevent the occurrence of additional secondary brain injury.     

重型创伤性脑损伤合并骨折患者血清CGRP的水平及与预后的关系

目的探讨重型创伤性脑损伤（TBI）合并骨折（F）患者的血清降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）水平与病情严重程度及预后的关系。 方法前瞻性收集2016年6月至2017年6月廊坊市人民医院收治的186例外伤患者和40例健康体检者。男性140例，女性86例，年龄20~73岁，平均（40±12）岁。将研究对象分为4组，创伤性脑损伤合并骨折组（TBI+F）62例、创伤性脑损伤组（TBI）62例、骨折组（F）62例和健康对照组40例（N）。采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血清CGRP水平。ROC曲线预测重型TBI合并骨折患者死亡风险。采用Kaplan-Meier法、Cox回归模型分析重型TBI合并骨折患者独立预后因素。 结果TBI+F组血清CGRP在不同时间点均高于TBI组、F组和N组（均P<0.05）。通过ROC曲线分析可见血清CGRP水平对重型TBI合并骨折患者死亡风险预测效能较高（AUC=0.785，P<0.05）。多因素Cox分析结果发现，血清CGRP水平（HR=0.793，95% CI：0.688，0.914，P=0.001）是重型TBI合并骨折患者独立预后因素。 结论重型TBI合并骨折患者血清CGRP水平与疾病严重程度相关，可作为预后不良评估的检测指标。     

Association between ion shift index and prognosis in severe trauma patients without isolated head injury

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the ion shift index (ISI) as a prognostic factor of severe trauma. We hypothesized that the initial ISI measured in the emergency department (ED) is associated with discharge survival in severe non-isolated head injury (IHI) patients.Materials and methodsThis retrospective observational study included severe trauma patients with available medical records from January 2017 to December 2018 but excluded those with IHI. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors for mortality in non-IHI patients, and adjustments were performed for relevant covariates. An area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) analysis was performed to examine the primary outcome of our study, which was mortality at hospital discharge in severe non-IHI trauma patients.ResultsOf the 483 severe non-IHI trauma patients included in the study, 86 patients (17.8 %) died. The multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated ISI (odds ratio [OR], 2.300; 95% CI, 1.183–4.470) was significantly associated with mortality in the non-IHI group. Additionally, trauma and injury severity score (TRISS; OR, 0.538; 95% CI, 0.447–0.649), lactate (OR, 1.410; 95% CI, 1.252–1.588), creatinine (OR, 1.554; 95% CI, 1.221–1.979), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; OR, 1.050; 95% CI, 1.021–1.080) were independently associated with mortality at hospital discharge. The AUROC values for TRISS, lactate, aPTT, creatinine, and ISI were as follows: 0.892 (95% CI, 0.861–0.918), 0.838 (95% CI, 0.803–0.870), 0.754 (95% CI, 0.712–0.792), 0.650 (95% CI, 0.606–0.693), and 0.848 (95% CI, 0.813–0.879), respectively. The AUROC for the multiple logistic regression model with ISI was 0.942 (95% CI, 0.917–0.962). In a model in which TRISS was omitted, the addition of ISI to other predictors significantly improved the AUROC to 0.900 (95% CI, 0.869-0.925) (p=0.039).ConclusionThe initial ISI in the ED after trauma was associated with mortality in severe non-IHI trauma patients. In conjunction with other prognostic indicators, it could be used as an early prognostic marker, particularly if TRISS is unavailable.     

The IMPACT prognosis calculator used in patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated with an ICP-targeted therapy

Background  

The prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is important. The International Mission on Prognosis in Traumatic Brain Injury (IMPACT) study group has developed a prediction calculator for the outcome of patients with sTBI, and this has been made available on the World Wide Web. We have studied the use of the IMPACT calculator on sTBI patients treated with an ICP-targeted therapy based on the Lund concept.     

The relation between intracranial pressure,mean arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow in patients with severe head injury

In patients with severe head injuries ICP, MAP and CBF were measured continuously. In most patients there was a positive vasopressor response to increasing ICP, but the ICP/MAP ratio varied considerably in individual cases. CBF was diminished either by increasing ICP or by decreasing MAP. This effect was more marked with ICP above 40 mm Hg or MAP below 110 mm Hg. In terminal stages there was often a negative MAP/ICP ratio accompanied by massive cerebral hyperaemia. Key words: Severe head injury--intracranial pressure--mean arterial pressure--cerebral blood flow--cerebral perfusion pressure--critical limit of ICP and CBF. Abbreviations: ICP equals intracranial pressure (mm Hg); CBF, Flow equals cerebral blood flow (ml/min); MAP equals mean arterial pressure (mm Hg); CPP equals cerebral perfusion pressure (mm Hg) (difference between MAP and ICP); BP equals blood pressure.