胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔感染的临床研究

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔内微生物感染的特点及术后腹腔感染发生的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2008年9月至2013年9月期间笔者所在医院施行的200例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,探讨胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔内微生物感染的特点及术后腹腔感染发生的影响因素。结果 200例患者中,有78例患者腹腔引流液标本细菌培养结果呈阳性,其中42例（21.0%）患者符合腹腔感染的诊断标准。术后腹腔引流液经微生物培养,共分离出菌株185株,其中革兰阳性球菌64株,占34.6%;革兰阴性杆菌103株,占55.7%;真菌18株,占9.7%。培养菌株数量在前5位的细菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌（31株）、铜绿假单胞菌（28株）、大肠埃希菌（22株）、肺炎克雷伯菌（18株）和屎肠球菌（14株）。病原菌大多呈多重耐药。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率达60.7%（17/28）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率分别为22.7%（5/22）和33.3%（6/18）。金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率为45.2%（14/31）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,胰瘘（OR=16.252,P=0.003）和肺部感染（OR=2.855,P=0.017）是腹腔感染发生的独立危险因素,胰瘘分级重、有肺部感染者的腹腔感染率较高。结论胰十二指肠切除术后腹腔引流液的微生物培养结果以革兰阴性杆菌为主,大多数细菌呈多重耐药;积极防治胰瘘和肺部感染可降低腹腔感染的发生率。     

胰肾联合移植受者病原菌分布及耐药特征分析

目的 探讨胰肾联合移植供、受者病原菌分布特点及耐药特征。方法 回顾性分析231例胰肾联合移植供、受者的临床资料。供、受者标本采用VITEK-2分析仪进行病原菌鉴定,K-B法进行药敏试验。分析供受者标本病原菌来源分布与构成比、多重耐药菌分布特征、受者感染发生情况及病原菌耐药特征。结果 供者1 294份标本共培养出395株病原菌,检出率为30.53%。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌主要为白假丝酵母菌。受者10 507份标本共培养出2 690株病原菌,检出率为25.60%。革兰阴性菌以嗜麦芽假单胞菌为主,革兰阳性菌以屎肠球菌为主,真菌主要为白假丝酵母菌。供者395株病原菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）15株、产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBL）阳性耐药菌16株、耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌（CR-PA）8株、耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌（CR-AB）21株、耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）2株、多重耐药/泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌（MDR/PDR-PA）1株;受者2 690株病原菌中,ESBL阳性耐药菌73株、CR-PA 44株、CR-AB 31株、MDR/PDR-...     

肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的致病菌谱与耐药性分析

目的 研究肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的主要致病菌谱及致病菌对常用抗生素的耐药特点.方法 取226例肠外瘘并发腹腔感染患者的腹腔脓液进行细菌培养和抗生素药物敏感试验.结果 获取菌株520株,其中革兰阴性菌333株,革兰阳性菌180株,真菌7株.前10位的为大肠埃希菌131株,金黄色葡萄球菌62株,肠球菌59株,铜绿假单胞菌50株,肺炎克雷伯杆菌23株,鲍曼不动杆菌18株,阴沟肠杆菌17株,奇异变形杆菌15株,摩氏摩根菌15株,粪肠球菌12株.大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌中表达超广谱13内酰胺酶阳性菌株分别为102株和17株.甲氧两林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌60株.结论 肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的致病菌谱以革兰阴性菌为主,超广谱β内酰胺酶阳性率较高;金黄色葡萄球菌则基本对甲氧西林耐药.     

急性坏死性胰腺炎合并感染的病原菌及耐药性分析

目的：研究急性坏死性胰腺炎（ANP）合并感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,并探讨其对ANP患者预后的影响。 方法：回顾性分析2010年10月—2014年10月收治的72例有明确病原学依据的ANP合并感染患者的临床资料。 结果： 72例ANP患者中,腹腔及腹膜后感染47例（65.28%）,呼吸道感染37例（51.39%）,血流感染32例（44.44%）,其中血流感染与患者死亡密切相关（P<0.05）。检出病原菌235株,其中革兰阴性细菌159株（67.66%）,革兰阳性细菌60株（25.53%）,真菌16株（6.81%）。获得的病原菌中排名前6位的依次是：鲍曼不动杆菌（24.68%）,铜绿假单胞菌（8.94%）,肺炎克雷伯菌（8.09%）,屎肠球菌/粪肠球菌（8.09%）,大肠埃希菌（7.66%）,金黄色葡萄球菌（4.68%）。耐药性分析显示,鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别达95.92%和52.63%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为59.26%和50.00%。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率分别为64.29%和80.00%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为31.58%和18.75%,而对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为23.08%和7.14%。19株屎肠球菌/粪肠球菌中仅1株对万古霉素耐药,对利奈唑烷尚未发现耐药菌株。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为72.73%,对万古霉素、利奈唑烷和呋喃妥因尚未发现耐药菌株。16株真菌对常用抗真菌药物均未发现耐药菌株。 结论：血流感染是ANP患者死亡的重要原因。ANP患者的病原菌仍以革兰阴性菌为主,但革兰阳性菌和真菌的比例不容忽视。多重耐药菌已成为ANP合并感染的巨大的挑战。     

肛周脓肿的病原菌分布及多重耐药菌检出情况分析

通过对肛周脓肿病原菌的分布、耐药性及多重耐药菌感染情况进行分析,来指导临床合理选择抗菌药物,预防多重耐药菌的增加。将2017年11月—2018年10月100例肛周脓肿感染患者肛周脓液进行培养,把培养分离的病原菌通过菌种分布、药敏鉴定结果和多重耐药菌的检出情况进行回顾性分析。100例肛周脓液培养出78株病原菌,培养阳性率78.0%。其中以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占87.2%(68/78),菌种所占比例为大肠埃希菌45株(57.7%),肺炎克雷伯菌11株(14.1%),弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌5株(6.4%),阴沟肠杆菌4株(5.1%),普通变形杆2株(2.6%),液化沙雷菌1株(1.3%)。革兰阳性球菌占12.8%(10/78),其中金黄色葡萄球菌8株(10.3%)和粪肠球菌2株(2.6%)。分离出的大肠埃希菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的菌株19株,分离率为42.2%,肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的阳性菌株为2株,检出率为18.2%;检出耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)3株,检出率为37.5%。革兰阴性菌对碳氢酶烯类药物、加酶抑制剂、氟喹诺酮类、四代头孢类药物耐药率较低,没有检测出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌(CRE);检出的肠球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺都敏感。肛周脓液培养出的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌种类分布广泛,耐药情况较严重,有多重耐药菌分布,在临床上应根据患者肛周脓液药敏试验结果对抗菌药物进行合理选择以减少多重耐药菌的产生。     

外科感染患者细菌分布及耐药性的单中心研究

目的 分析外科感染患者细菌分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为外科感染的规范化治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性调查分析2008年1月至201 1年12月外科感染患者送检标本的细菌鉴定及药物敏感性检测结果.结果 3257份临床标本共分离菌株3829株,革兰阴性杆菌占62.4％(以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主);革兰阳性球菌占37.6％(以肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主),其中金黄色葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌检出率呈升高趋势.大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等抗菌药物耐药率较低;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢类、碳青霉烯类及喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率较高,呈多药耐药性;所有葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感(100％),但耐万古霉素屎肠球菌检出率呈上升趋势(1.9％～7.5％).产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)大肠埃希菌检出率为45.6％ ～61.5％;产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌检出率呈波动表现;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检出率较高(21.1％ ～55.8％),耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌检出率明显高于其他阳性球菌.结论 我院外科临床感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床分离细菌耐药现象较为普遍,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌药物耐药率较高.     

血培养病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析医院血流感染病原菌的分布特点和耐药情况,为临床预防和控制感染提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011年6月至2014年6月本院临床血培养标本中病原菌的感染特点及其药敏。采用BD BACTEC 9120血培养仪进行血培养,BD Phoenix 100全自动细菌鉴定/药敏分析系统对菌株进行鉴定和药敏试验,真菌药敏采用K-B纸片法,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 9 116例血培养标本中共检出病原菌896株,阳性检出率为9.8%,其中革兰阴性杆菌491株,革兰阳性球菌350株,真菌37株,厌氧菌9株以及革兰阳性杆菌9株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率较高,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株分别为49.5%和38.5%;鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率高于铜绿假单胞菌,多重耐药和泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率分别为32.6%和20.9%,多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌的检出率为18.4%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为44.4%和70.4%;未发现耐万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌和肠球菌;粪肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌。结论本院血流感染病原菌以肠杆菌科细菌为主,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌感染不容忽视。临床应高度重视早期血培养,合理使用抗菌药物,有效减少耐药菌株的产生。     

腹腔手术后医院内下呼吸道感染分析

目的分析腹腔手术后患者医院内下呼吸道感染的常见病原菌及药物敏感情况。方法回顾性分析2002年1月~2007年1月246例腹腔手术后下呼吸道感染患者的痰菌培养结果。结果246例住院患者分离出261株病原菌,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌183株(70.1%),主要为铜绿假单胞菌、流感嗜血杆菌、不动杆菌、副流感嗜血杆菌和克雷伯菌;革兰阳性球菌60株(23.0%),主要为表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌及金黄色葡萄球;真菌18株(6.8%)。铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、克雷伯菌对美洛培南、舒普深、头孢吡肟敏感;葡萄球菌对万古霉素均敏感;肺炎链球菌对美洛培南、左氟沙星敏感率高,对青霉素大部分耐药。结论下呼吸道感染以革兰氏阴性杆菌感染为主,且常见病原菌耐药性明显,应根据药敏试验规范使用抗生素,减少耐药菌的产生。     

烧伤病房728株感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性分析

目的了解笔者单位近5年烧伤感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药情况。方法收集2001-2006年笔者单位306例烧伤患者创面分泌物等标本中分离的病原菌，对其菌种分布特点及耐药性进行分析。结果革兰阳性菌378株，其中金黄色葡萄球菌的菌株数居首位，尤以甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌居多，表皮葡萄球菌和粪肠球菌的菌株数分别位居第2、3位。革兰阴性杆菌338株，其中鲍氏不动杆菌的菌株数居首位，阴沟肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的菌株数分别位居第2、3位。检出真菌12株。结论笔者单位病原菌的分布情况，可能与甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌呈多重耐药性以及鲍氏不动杆菌产生各种类型的β内酰胺酶有关。     

肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的细菌学与耐药性分析

调查肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的主要致病菌和对常用抗生素的耐药性。材料与方法:取79例作腹腔脓液培养和抗生素药物敏感试验。导致肠外瘘的原因分别为胃肠手术30例(38.0%),外伤27例(34.1%),胰腺手术和重症胰腺炎14例(17.7%),肝胆手术4例(5.1%),腹腔放疗或化疗后4例(5.1%)。结果:共培养细菌153株,其中居前十位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌38株(25%),铜绿假单胞菌19株(12%),金黄色葡萄球菌17株(11%),阴沟肠杆菌16株(10%),肺炎克雷伯菌13株(8%),鲍曼不动杆菌6株(4%),摩根摩根菌和产酸克雷伯菌各5株(各3%),普通变形菌、粘质沙雷菌和粪肠球菌各4株(各3%)。肠瘘并发腹腔感染的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,共122株(79.7%);革兰阳性菌为31株(20.3%)。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)阳性率平均为41%(21例)。17株金黄色葡萄球菌均为甲氧西林耐药(MRSA)。结论:肠外瘘并发腹腔感染的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其呈ESBL阳性者较高,金黄色葡萄球菌则全为MRSA。这些致病菌均属多重耐药。因此,对肠外瘘合并腹腔感染者,除手术治疗外,还需注意合理使用抗生素。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.