二氧化硫吸入对小鼠脾细胞凋亡的诱导作用

目的:探讨二氧化硫大剂量吸入对小鼠脾细胞凋亡和脾脏组织学结构的影响.方法:以不同浓度的二氧化硫分别对小鼠连续染毒7d,用透射电镜法、DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳法和流式细胞技术观察小鼠脾脏组织学结构和细胞凋亡改变.结果:在二氧化硫染毒组小鼠脾脏的红髓区和白髓区均有典型的脾细胞凋亡发生,在边缘区可见大量核变形淋巴细胞,此外还可见巨噬细胞出现明显的凋亡改变和网状内皮细胞受损.168mg/m3二氧化硫染毒可引起小鼠脾细胞凋亡率增加.结论:大剂量二氧化硫吸入可引起小鼠脾脏超微结构改变,在一定剂量和时间范围内可引起脾细胞凋亡加速,从而对机体的免疫功能造成一定损伤.     

放线菌酮诱导大鼠脾细胞凋亡的电镜观察

利用透射电镜观察了放线菌酮体内诱导大鼠脾细胞凋亡的形态学变化，结果显示，腹腔注射放线菌酮４小时后，大鼠脾细胞发生凋亡，凋亡脾细胞核和胞质发生一系列形态学变化。主要表现为胞核染色质浓缩，重排，呈不同形态，多数凋亡脾细胞的粗面内质网增殖，凋亡小体形成，其线粒体也大量增加，或单个分布或团聚，肿胀，空泡化。结果提示，凋亡脾细胞的主要细胞器主动参与凋亡过程。     

放线菌酮诱导大鼠脾细胞凋亡的电镜观察

利用透射电镜观察了放线菌酮体内诱导大鼠脾细胞凋亡的形态学变化,结果显示,腹腔注射放线菌酮4小时后,大鼠脾细胞发生凋亡,凋亡脾细胞核和胞质发生一系列形态学变化.主要表现为胞核染色质浓缩、重排、呈不同形态;多数凋亡脾细胞的粗面内质网增殖,凋亡小体形成,其线粒体也大量增加,或单个分布或团聚,肿胀、空泡化.结果提示,凋亡脾细胞的主要细胞器主动参与凋亡过程.     

细胞凋亡与凋亡诱导因子

细胞凋亡是生命的基本现象之一，可以发生在生理或病理条件下。形态学表现为胞膜对称性丧失、染色质凝集、细胞皱缩、DNA破碎、线粒体肿胀和凋亡小体形成。它是一系列复杂的生化反应，是通过一系列酶参与的级联反应，涉及不同基因的表达及调控、信号转导系统的正负调节。     

AIF诱导细胞凋亡

凋亡诱导因子(apoptosis-inducing factor,AIF)是存在于线粒体膜间隙中的黄素蛋白,它不仅具有氧化还原和电子传递功能,还具有促细胞凋亡功能,从而在维持细胞正常生理活动中具有重要作用。在外界死亡触发信号刺激下,AIF可转移到细胞核,引起不依赖经典Caspase途径的细胞凋亡,其以染色质凝集和DNA大片段断裂为特征。P53、Bcl-2、热休克蛋白-70、钙调蛋白参与了AIF诱导凋亡的发生。     

白色念珠菌诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡

目的　研究白色念珠菌（ 白念菌） 在体内对小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的诱导作用。方法　小鼠经尾静脉注射白念菌后,以流式细胞仪（ＦＣＭ） 分析、ＤＮＡ 琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析及细胞形态学改变为指标检测细胞凋亡。静脉注射ＮＯＳ 抑制剂观察对白念菌诱导胸腺细胞凋亡的影响。结果　白念菌能诱导小鼠胸腺细胞产生特征性的细胞凋亡形态学改变;流式细胞仪分析显示特征性的凋亡峰;琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示胸腺细胞出现典型的ＤＮＡ“梯状带”;用荧光染色（ＡＯ＋ ＥＢ） 以及ＦＣＭ 检测凋亡细胞百分率,发现白念菌注射后２４ 小时,胸腺细胞凋亡百分率随白念菌剂量增加而增高;用４ ×１０６ 白念菌经尾静脉注射后,胸腺细胞凋亡百分率于６ 小时开始增高,２４ 小时达高峰,以后迅速降低;小鼠胸腺萎缩,胸腺重量于１２ 小时明显降低,且于７２ 小时达到最低水平;ＮＯＳ 抑制剂氨基胍仅能部分抑制白念菌诱导的小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡;热灭活的白念菌不能诱导胸腺细胞凋亡。结论　白念菌菌血症能诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡,而且呈时间和剂量依赖性;白念菌诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡有赖于真菌的代谢;白念菌诱导小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡的过程可能与ＮＯ 部分相关。     

免疫介导再障小鼠脾淋巴细胞诱导骨髓造血细胞凋亡

以重组的ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ和ＩＬ－３作为造血细胞存活因子，正常小鼠骨髓细胞与再障小鼠淋巴细胞共培养，同时设立正常骨髓细胞组，再障小鼠脾淋巴细胞培养线及正常骨髓细胞和正常脾淋巴细胞共培养线等三个平行对照组，分别于培养第０，２，４，８，１２，１８，２４，３６ｈ收取标本，结果表明实验组第８ｈ后各时点骨髓造血细胞发生凋亡；（１）流式细胞仪所测凋亡细胞百分率，实验组在第８，１８，２４，３６ｈ分别为３８．７，４０．     

rhLIF与IL-24基因协同诱导HL-60细胞的凋亡

目的：构建能稳定表达白血病抑制因子（LIF）的转基因细胞,并研究所表达的LIF与IL-24基因在诱导HL-60细胞凋亡方面的协同作用。方法：用真核表达质粒pcDNA3-LIF转染ECV304细胞,G418筛选阳性细胞,收集阳性细胞和培养上清,RT-PCR检测LIFmRNA的表达。同时在已转化重组腺病毒质粒的大肠杆菌中抽提质粒pAdEasy-1-pTrack-CMV-IL-24,用PacI酶切使重组腺病毒质粒线性化,脂质体转染QBI-293A细胞,收获Ad-IL-24腺病毒子。将重组病毒子（Ad-IL-24）感染HL-60细胞,同时加入含LIF的培养上清,并设对照组,RT-PCR检测IL-24 mRNA表达,光镜下观察HL-60细胞形态的变化,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察细胞凋亡改变,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,免疫细胞化学分析凋亡因子的改变。结果：成功构建能稳定表达LIF蛋白的转基因细胞;获得高滴度的重组腺病毒Ad-IL-24,用它感染HL-60细胞后,能检测到IL-24 mRNA的表达。各种检测方法表明LIF、IL-24基因都能抑制HL-60细胞生长、诱导凋亡,且两者具有协同作用。结论：LIF、IL-24基因都能抑制HL-60细胞生长,诱导凋亡,两者具有协同作用。     

siRNA抑制HPV18 E6基因及其对HeLa细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究特异小干扰RNA(sm all interfering RNA,siRNA)对宫颈癌HeLa细胞中人乳头瘤病毒(hum an pap-illom avirus,HPV)18型E6基因的抑制及其对细胞凋亡的影响。方法针对HPV18E6基因设计siRNA序列,经PCR方法体外扩增,得到含有U6启动子以及siRNA序列的PCR产物,利用L ipofectam ineTM2000脂质体转染HeLa细胞,在U6启动子的作用下于细胞内转录siRNA。针对转染后不同时间点采用四唑盐(MTT)比色法测定细胞活力,流式细胞仪PI染色法检测细胞凋亡率,RT-PCR测定HPV18E6 mRNA变化。结果转染siRNA后细胞活力受到显著抑制(P<0.05),光镜下出现明显的凋亡形态,72 h的凋亡率达到55.8%。RT-PCR结果显示,细胞转染24、48和72 h后HPV18E6 mRNA分别减少了57%、78%和40%,而siRNA阴性对照与未转染细胞相比差异不显著。结论siRNA可特异有效的干扰宫颈癌HeLa细胞内HPV18E6基因的表达,从而可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

生物材料诱导细胞凋亡的研究进展

针对近些年生物材料诱导细胞凋亡的现象和机制的研究情况，从凋亡信号传导角度分类综述了生物材料诱导细胞凋亡的途径，包括传统信号传导途径、死亡受体途径、以及近年发现的线粒体途径，另外也论述了生物材料诱导活性氧产生而发生的凋亡和影响细胞黏附导致的细胞凋亡等途径，发现生物材料诱导的细胞凋亡产生的途径具有明显的多样性、交叉性和多途径同时作用的特点。本综述对于生物材料诱导细胞凋亡机制的深入研究特别是生物材料的研制具有重要的指导意义。此外也为生物材料广泛应用于人类疾病特别是应用于与细胞凋亡紧密相关的癌症治疗提供了借鉴。     

用包涵体复性的方法制备重组人白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂

通过大肠杆菌将IL-1ra表达成包涵体,将包涵体用8M尿素溶解后,稀释4倍后直接用离子交换柱层析进行复性和纯化,复性后得到的IL-1ra纯度大于95%,生物活性大于1×105IU/mg,内毒素含量也比较低。Western-Blotting印迹也表明重组蛋白具有IL-1ra的抗原活性。     

Interleukin-18 and its three gene polymorphisms relating to allergic rhinitis

The study aimed to examine an association of three different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-18 gene (−607 C/A, −137 G/C and −133 C/G) on chromosome 11q22 with allergic rhinitis (AR). Genotyping for the SNPs was performed using 539 patients with AR and 312 healthy control volunteers. Positivity to the skin prick test for the fungus Alternaria sp. in patients with AR, and IgE levels according to particular genotypes of selected SNPs, were also determined. There were no significant differences in the distribution of single IL-18 alleles or genotypes between controls and AR patients. However, frequencies of combined IL-18 genotypes arising from combinations of the three common polymorphisms (−607, −137 and −133) were significantly different between both groups (P = 0.009, P _corr < 0.05, OR = 5.35, 95% CI: 1.9–15.2). There was a marginally significant association of the IL-18–607 variant with IgE levels (P = 0.05) in patients, but not in the case of the other SNPs. Patients allergic to Alternaria, but not those allergic to other antigens, showed a significant association with the IL-18–607 polymorphism (P = 0.0037, P _corr < 0.05). Results suggest that IL-18 gene variants may be one of the factors participating in the pathogenesis of AR or its intermediary phenotypes.     

Inhibition of Human Neutrophil Apoptosis by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Role of Interleukin-8

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis that presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations . Because of the great number of neutrophils polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) found in the P. brasiliensis granuloma, studies have been done to evaluate the role of these cells during the development of the infection. This fungus is found intracellularly in PMN and monocytes/macrophages, suggesting that it is capable of evading damage and surviving inside these cells. Thus, in the present study, we investigated whether P. brasiliensis can prolong the lifetime of PMN, and if this process would be related with IL-8 levels. PMN apoptosis and intracellular levels of IL-8 were analysed by flow cytometry and culture supernatants IL-8 levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that coincubation with P. brasiliensis yeast cells results in an inhibition of PMN apoptosis, which was associated with increase in IL-8 production by these cells. Cocultures treatment with monoclonal antibody anti-IL-8 reversed the inhibitory effect of P. brasiliensis on PMN apoptosis, besides to increase spontaneous apoptosis of these cells. These data show that, in contrast to other microbial pathogens that drive phagocytes into apoptosis to escape killing, P. brasiliensis can extend the lifetime of normal human PMN by inducing autocrine IL-8 production.     

Mechanism of Fibroblast‐Like Synoviocyte Apoptosis Induced by Recombinant Human Endostatin in Rats with Adjuvant Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by pronounced synovial hyperplasia, in which there may be an imbalance between the growth and death of fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS). The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of recombinant human endostatin (rhEndostatin) on FLS apoptosis in experimental RA. Adjuvant arthritis (AA) was induced in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Using cultured AA FLS obtained from these rats, the apoptosis process was measured by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) as well as Annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) labeling methods. In addition, the expression levels of the Fas, c‐jun, NFκB, and caspase‐3 gene products in synovial tissues were quantified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and/or Western blotting assays. Our data revealed that rhEndostatin induced apoptosis in AA FLS. The number and signal density of TUNEL‐positive cells were significantly increased in rats treated with rhEndostatin (2.5 mg/kg). The percentage of Annexin V‐FITC‐positive cells was 6.67% after treatment with rhEndostatin at 25 μg/mL for 48 hr, compared with only 3.32% among untreated control cells. There were significant increases in Fas mRNA, c‐jun mRNA, c‐Jun protein, and caspase‐3 (p20) protein in AA synovial tissues treated with rhEndostatin (2.5 mg/kg), whereas no significant difference in NFκB expression was detected between treated and untreated tissues. These findings indicate that rhEndostatin has a therapeutic effect on RA by inducing FLS apoptosis, which is strongly associated with increased expression of Fas, c‐jun, and caspase‐3, but not NFκB. Anat Rec, 291:1029–1037, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Elevation of IL-18 in Human Sepsis

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a recently identified immunoregulatory cytokine that shares biochemical features with IL-1 and acts in part by inducing interferon-gamma (IFN-). Endotoxic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 or 2 ng/kg) was insufficient to increase plasma IL-18 in five healthy adults measured 3, 12, and 24 hr following challenge. In contrast, in the first 96 hr of admission to the surgical intensive care unit, mean maximal serum IL-18 was elevated (1122 ± 259 pg/ml) in nine septic patients compared to six healthy adults (191 ± 42 pg/ml), P < 0.01). Serum IL-18 concentrations in septic patients did not correlate with other measured inflammatory mediators: tumor necrosis factor, IL-6, IL-10, or secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor. Therefore, IL-18 circulates in healthy adults and is a component of the human systemic inflammatory response. Further, stimuli other than LPS may induce IL-18 production in vivo in human sepsis.     

模拟mIL-18天然生成真核表达体系的构建及生物活性初探

目的：构建模拟小鼠IL-18(mIL-18)天然生成真核表达体系，并探讨其与人IL-2(hIL-2)真核表达载体pVR1012-hIL-2(phIL-2)体内外共转染对细胞免疫功能的影响。方法：分别构建小鼠IL-18前体(mproIL-18)和小鼠IL-1β转换酶(mICE)的真核表达载体pVR1012-mpmIL-18(pmproIL-18)和pEGFP-N1-mICE(pmICE)。两者单独或共转染COS-7细胞，分别在mRNA和蛋白水平检测IL-18的表达；将pmproIL-18、pmICE和phIL-23种真核表达载体分别通过体内、外共转染，初步检测其生物学活性。结果：pmproIL-18及pmICE构建正确，分别转染COS-7细胞后能检测到相应mRNA表达。在pmproIL-18单独或pmproIL-18／pmICE共转染的COS-7细胞中能检测到前体和成熟2种不同形式的mIL-18蛋白表达，并且mIL-18能分泌到上清；所分泌的mIL-18与hIL-2体外联合作用可增强小鼠脾细胞增殖能力。pmproIL-18、pmICE和phIL-23种真核表达载体联合肌肉注射的小鼠脾细胞体外杀伤同基因型肿瘤细胞的能力显著提高。结论：构建的模拟mIL-18天然生成的真核表达体系(pmproIL-18／pmICE)与phiL-2共转染有可能用于肿瘤的基因治疗。     

IFN-γ对体外培养系统中IL-18诱导的肿瘤特异性CTL杀伤效应的影响

目的应用rhIL-18在体外培养系统(Coculture system in vitro,CCs)中诱导肿瘤特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte,CTL),探讨IFN-γ在rhIL-18诱导的肿瘤特异性CTL产生过程及杀伤效应中的作用.方法采用Stem SepTM免疫磁性细胞分离法分离人外周血NK细胞、T细胞及DCs细胞,流式细胞仪分析细胞表型,125Ⅰ-UdR标记的细胞毒实验检测杀伤活性,ELISA方法检测IFN-γ蛋白产生量,RT-PCR检测IFN-γ mRNA表达含量.结果在肿瘤抗原存在的条件下,IL-18在CCs中能够诱导并促进CTL介导的肿瘤特异性杀伤效应;IL-18能够在肿瘤抗原刺激的CCs中诱导IFN-γ mRNA的表达及IFN-γ蛋白的产生,并与IL-18的含量呈剂量依赖关系,在rhIL-18含量为100 ng时,培养上清中IFN-γ为4 410±210 pg/ml.但加入抗IFN-γ抗体对rhIL-18诱导的肿瘤特异性CTL产生过程无明显影响,不能抑制IL-18诱导的这种肿瘤特异性CTL的杀伤效应.结论IL-18能够在肿瘤抗原刺激的CCs中有效地诱导CTL介导的肿瘤特异性杀伤效应,并诱导IFN-γ的产生,但其诱导肿瘤特异性CTL的产生过程及杀伤效应与IFN-γ无关.     

In Vitro Effects of Benzophenone-2 and Octyl-Methoxycinnamate on the Production of Interferon-γ and Interleukin-10 by Murine Splenocytes

Chemical ultraviolet light absorbers (UV-filters) are nowadays widely used in cosmetic and plastic industry. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that certain chemical UV-filters possess estrogenic activity raising the question of whether these compounds are safe to human health. Work on estrogenic effects of these compounds, however, has focused mostly on reproductive organs, and as the presence of estrogen receptors has been identified in several cells of the immune system, UV screens also may have a great impact on immunity. Thus, we have studied the in vitro effects of two widely used UV-filters—benzophenone-2 (BP-2) and octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC)—on the production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10, two cytokines representing Th1- and Th2-type response, respectively, by activated murine splenocytes. Cells were cultured on 48-well plastic plates and stimulated with 12-miristate 13-acetate (PMA) (5 ng/ml) and ionomycin (50 ng/ml) in the presence of different concentrations (10^?5–10^?8M) of the studied substances or 17β-estradiol (E2). After 48 hr incubation the supernatants were collected and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were measured using immunoenzymatic assay. Our results show that BP-2 and OMC at high concentrations (10^?5M) shifted the Th1/Th2 balance toward a Th2 response (lower IFN-γ production and higher IL-10). These effects were comparable to those of E2. Our results clearly show that UV-screens at high doses also may possess immunomodulatory effects some of which resemble those of E2.     

GM-CSF对TNF-α诱导白血病细胞凋亡的抑制作用

通过TNFα以及TNFα+GM-CSF对18例白血病患者髓性白血病细胞凋亡的影响研究,发现加TNFα组凋亡细胞数明显高于TNFα+GM-CSF组,两者比较有显著性差异（P<0.01）。本结果提示TNFα有捉进肿瘤细胞凋亡作用,而 GM-CSF则可抑制这种作用。     

Inhibition of JNK3 Promotes Apoptosis Induced by BH3 Mimetic S1 in Chemoresistant Human Ovarian Cancer Cells

Previous studies have suggested that the novel BH3 mimetic S1 could induce apoptosis in diverse tumor cell lines through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or mitochondrial cell death pathways. The activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) through inositol requiring enzyme‐1 (IRE1) is closely connected to ER stress‐induced apoptosis. However, the role of JNK is complex, as there are different JNK subtypes and the function of each subtype is still not entirely clear. Here we found that the mRNA expression of JNK3 was continuously high in S1‐treated human ovarian cancer SKOV3/DDP cells using a human unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway PCR array. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK3 increased cell sensitivity to apoptosis induced by S1. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK3 induced accumulation of both acidic compartment and p62, and upregulated ROS production. Our results suggest that JNK3 plays a pro‐survival role during ER stress through preventing the block of autophagic flux and reducing oxidative stress in SKOV3/DDP cells. Inhibition of JNK3 may be a potential method to enhance the killing effect of the Bcl‐2 inhibitor S1. Anat Rec, 298:386–395, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.