两组空压工个体噪声暴露的测量及评价

目的　测量和评价空压工的噪声暴露。方法　采用SH 12 6记录式声级计测量两组空压工在不同工作日内的噪声暴露 ,同时用声级计按经典方法在典型工作位多点测量噪声水平。结果　在 4小时工作期间 ,空压工的个体噪声暴露水平呈波动状 ,波动范围可达 10dB (A) ,主要由空压机间歇工作和工人工作位移动所致。低压空压机操作工平均个体噪声暴露为 (85 8± 2 9)dB (A) ,高压空压机操作工平均个体噪声暴露为 (85 7± 2 2 )dB (A) ,每组内工人间和工作日间的噪声暴露差异均无显著意义。声级计测量低压空压机生产环境噪声 (86 1± 2 7)dB (A) ,高压空压机 (83 8± 2 7)dB (A)。结论　个体噪声暴露测量可以较好地解决现场复杂情况下的噪声暴露评价问题。个体间和工作日间噪声暴露的变异不容忽视 ,应有相应的设计和评价方法。本文使用的方法有待改进和简化。     

同一车间中冲压工和下料工个体噪声暴露的测量与评价

目的　测量和评价同一车间中冲压工和下料工的环境噪声水平和个体噪声暴露水平。方法　用声级计在工人工作位耳高度测量 1min等效声级 (LAeq·1min) ,用个体计量仪测量工人 8h个体噪声暴露的等效声级 (LAeq·8h)。结果　冲压机和剪板机分别安装在车间的不同区域 ,各设备间无隔声装置。冲压工和下料工的个体噪声暴露水平随时间而不断变化 ,有代表性的采样时间难以确定 ,而用个体计量仪收集LAeq·8h的噪声暴露数据稳定性较好。冲压工和下料工工作位的LAeq·1min均为 (92 5± 2 1)dB(A) ,个体噪声暴露水平LAeq·8h分别为 (95 3± 2 5)dB(A)和 (95 2± 3 5)dB(A) ,LAeq·8h的测定数值高于LAeq·1min2 7～ 2 8dB(A) ,P <0 0 1。结论　在同一车间工作的冲压工和下料工的工作环境噪声水平相似、个体噪声暴露水平相似 ,个体噪声暴露水平明显高于环境噪声的测量数值。个体噪声暴露的测量更适合于类似复杂噪声环境中工作人员的噪声暴露评价     

机场地勤人员噪声暴露与高血压患病率的剂量-反应关系

目的探讨机场地勤人员噪声暴露与高血压患病率之间的关系。方法以某机场长期接触噪声的463名地勤人员为研究对象,将其工作内容和工作性质相似的分为一组,每组抽取3~5人用噪声个体计量仪测量等效A声级(LAeq),按等能量原理将LAeq和噪声作业工龄合并计算累积噪声暴露量(CNE)。高血压判定按WHO/ISH(1999)标准:收缩压≥140 mm Hg(18.6 kPa)和/或舒张压≥90 mm Hg(12.0 kPa)者为高血压,已确诊高血压并服降压药者均按高血压统计。结果机场地勤人员8 h等效声级LAeq.8h为(89.3±4.0)dB(A),97%地勤人员的LAeq.8h高于85 dB(A)。体检发现高血压患者91人,高血压患病率19.7%。单因素分析表明工龄、年龄、体重指数(BMI)以及父母高血压史均与高血压患病率呈正相关关系(P<0.05),CNE与高血压患病率之间存在典型的剂量-反应关系(P<0.01)。多元Logistic回归显示,年龄(OR=1.062)、BMI(OR=1.280)、父母高血压史(OR=1.945)是高血压患病的独立危险因素,CNE的OR值为1.040(P=0.197)。结论CNE与高血压患病率之间存在典型的剂量-反应关系,调整混杂因素影响后CNE每增加1 dB(A)地勤人员高血压发病的危险增加约4%,但差异尚无统计学意义。     

郑州市巡警个体噪声暴露的测量与分析

[目的]了解郑州市巡警个体噪声暴露水平和暴露特点。[方法]以辖区为单位 ,采用个体噪声计量仪测量工作日早班 (8:00～12:00)、中班 (12:00～18:00)和晚班 (18:00～22:00)巡警的个体噪声暴露水平。[结果]郑州市巡警共分5个辖区 ,噪声暴露水平依次为(82.7±6.1)dB(A)、(89.6±6.3)dB(A)、(93.6±9.3)dB(A)、(96.6±5.2)dB(A)和(88.7±7.4)dB(A) ,范围为77.2～106dB(A)。个体噪声暴露存在突然升高的现象 ,这由处理突发事件造成。巡警的主要噪声暴露水平集中在80～100dB(A)。1至4辖区执勤点均设于商业区 ,5辖区位于城乡结合部 ,大型机动车的流量较大。其中1、2辖区的噪声水平在三班之间无明显差别 ,3、4辖区的噪声水平早班高、晚班低 ,5辖区的噪声水平早班和晚班较高 ,而中班低。[结论]郑州市巡警接触较高水平的环境噪声 ,机动车鸣笛是主要原因之一。建议今后对禁止机动车鸣笛后巡警的个体噪声暴露进行再评价 ,并建议巡警在执勤过程中尽量避免鸣警笛     

噪声车间控制室隔声效果的分析

目的　探讨目前影响噪声车间控制室隔声效果的主要因素 ,提高防护水平。方法　对4 6 7间噪声车间控制室进行隔声效果的测定 ,分析不同围护材料、门窗结构、密闭状况等因素对隔声效果的影响。结果　各因素对总变异控制室隔声效果的贡献 (Eta2 值 ) :密闭状态 ( 0 .16 8) >围护材料( 0 .0 80 ) >窗、门结构 ( 0 .0 30、0 .0 2 9) >噪声声压级、频率特性 ( 0 .0 0 8、0 .0 0 6 )。在密闭状态下 ,不同围护材料隔声效果 :双砖 ( 19.6± 3.5 )dB(A) >单砖 ( 15 .4± 3.4 )dB(A) >木板 ( 13.1± 1.6 )dB(A)或铝合金玻璃 ( 13.4± 2 .5 )dB(A) ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;门结构相同窗结构不同的单、双砖 4组中有 3组密闭窗隔声效果 [( 15 .9± 2 .8)、( 18.7± 3.6 )、( 19.3± 2 .5 )dB(A) ]明显高于开关窗 [( 14 .1± 2 .4 )、( 14 .9± 2 .3)、( 16 .5± 2 .4 )dB(A) ],有 2组双层窗 [( 18.7± 3.3)、( 2 2 .6± 3.8)dB(A) ]明显高于密闭窗[( 15 .9± 2 .8)、( 19.9± 3.0 )dB(A) ],差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1、P <0 .0 5 ) ;窗结构相同门结构不同的单、双砖 6组中只有 1组的层板门隔声效果 [( 18.7± 3.6 )dB(A) ]明显高于单板门 [( 15 .9± 2 .8)dB(A) ],差异亦有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　根据车间噪声     

采用个人声暴露计测量评价某热轧厂吊车司机噪声暴露水平

目的采用个人声暴露计测量某热轧厂吊车司机个体噪声暴露,了解吊车司机噪声暴露的水平和特点。方法以某热轧厂48名吊车司机为对象,使用AWA-5610E型个人声暴露计测量白班(8:00~16:00)工人个体噪声暴露;计算8 h等效连续A声级(LAeq.8h);分析噪声暴露时间变化图;根据吊车作业区域分组比较组间噪声暴露的差异。结果该厂噪声源多,吊车司机噪声暴露受多因素影响;其噪声暴露水平不稳定。测得的48例个体暴露中,LAeq.8h为(85.1±2.3)dB(A);最大值为89.9 dB(A),最小值为79.1 dB(A)。根据吊车作业区域分为7组,各组噪声暴露水平比较接近,在83.9~87.8 dB(A)之间,经检验差异无统计学意义(F=1.20,P=0.325)。结论该厂吊车司机噪声暴露水平已超过85 dB(A)的国家标准,应纳入听力保护计划以保护吊车司机的健康。     

骑自行车上下班时噪声暴露的测量与分析

目的 用个体采样方法测量和评价北京市某居民骑车上下班过程中接触交通噪声的情况。方法 用SH-126记录式声级计采集骑车过程中每分钟的等效A声级,测量时间为星期一至星期五、上班前和下班后的骑车过程。结果 该骑车人上班路上接触的等效声级为(78.9±0.5)dB(A),下班为(79.2±1.6)dB(A);在交通干线骑车时为(80.7±1.1)dB(A)(上班)和(81.9±1.7)dB(A)(下班);在交通支线骑车时为(73.0±2.5)dB(A)(上班)和(72.6±1.2)dB(A)(下班);不同工日之间的测量数据很接近;所有测量数据都超过70 dB(A)的环境噪声标准限值。结论通过对1位骑车人上下班接触交通噪声的典型调查发现,其接触噪声的水平超过环境卫生标准限值约9 dB(A)。这一现象有待于在不同城市、区域和人群中验证。     

用个体暴露评价脉冲噪声与稳态噪声所致高频听力损失的关系

目的用个体噪声暴露测量数据比较工业脉冲噪声与稳态噪声所致高频听力损失剂量反应关系的异同。方法1998至1999年,以32名接触脉冲噪声的机械制造工人和163名接触稳态噪声的纺织工人为观察对象,用噪声剂量计采集8h工作期间的噪声暴露数据,计算8h等效声级(LAeq.8h),并按等能量原理将LAeq.8h和噪声作业工龄合并为累积噪声暴露量(CNE)。用常规方法测量工人左右耳气导听阈,按GBZ492002对听阈做年龄性别校正,并诊断是否为高频听力损失。结果脉冲噪声组的CNE[(103.2±4.2)dB(A)·年]明显低于稳态噪声组[(110.6±6.0)dB(A)·年],脉冲噪声组高频听力损失患病率(68.8%)与稳态噪声组(65.0%)相似,分层分析和趋势卡方检验证实,两组CNE与高频听力损失患病率间均存在典型的剂量反应关系,差异有统计学意义;脉冲噪声100～104和105～109dB(A)·年两组的高频听力损失患病率(76.9%和90.9%)高出稳态噪声组(30.4%和50.0%)约1倍。logistic回归模型显示,脉冲噪声组CNE与高频听力损失患病率的剂量反应关系曲线与稳态噪声组相比出现曲线左移,斜率增大。结论采用个体噪声暴露数据计算时,在能量相同的情况下,脉冲噪声所致高频听力损失的危害大于稳态噪声。     

两类噪声作业工人个体噪声暴露特点的观察

[目的]观察和比较接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声工人个体之间、工作日之间个体噪声暴露的特点和规律。[方法]应用噪声个体计量仪分别测量了4名细纱车间挡车工(稳态噪声)和4名机械加工车间工人(非稳态噪声)3个工作日(班次)的个体噪声暴露,用工作期间的8h等效声级(LAeq.8h)作为评价指标。[结果]两组工人个体噪声暴露的时间图显示其工作环境噪声性质分别为典型的稳态噪声和非稳态噪声。稳态噪声组12人次个体噪声暴露的LAeq.8h最大、最小值和差值分别为99.2、92.8和6.4dB(A);非稳态噪声组相应数值为89.9、83.1和6.8dB(A)。稳态噪声组每名工人3个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(98.0±1.1)、(94.3±1.5)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.9±1.0)、(85.1±1.5)dB(A)。稳态噪声组4名工人每个班次个体噪声暴露均数的最大值和最小值为(96.6±1.9)、(95.8±2.0)dB(A),非稳态噪声组为(87.1±3.0)、(86.1±2.1)dB(A)。[结论]在接触稳态噪声和非稳态噪声的两组人群中,1名工人1次或多次个体噪声暴露测量结果不能准确评估该工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平,多名工人1次个体噪声暴露测量的平均值可以作为评估该组工人所在人群的噪声暴露水平的依据。     

某抽水蓄能电站运行人员噪声暴露水平检测与分析

[目的]分析抽水蓄能电站运行人员的噪声暴露水平. [方法]检测运行人员在运行工况及备用工况每次巡检时的接噪强度以及巡检后控制室的噪声强度,结合运行人员在不同情况下的接噪时间,计算运行人员在四值三运转的工作制度下,1周42h接触噪声强度的等效声级,进而换算至1周40h接触噪声强度的等效声级. [结果]本研究共检测6次运行工况及3次备用工况下的个体噪声及控制室噪声,经过计算分析,得出运行人员1周42h接触噪声的等效连续A声级为62.1 dB(A),换算至1周40h接触噪声的等效连续A声级为62.3 dB(A). [结论]抽水蓄能电站运行人员的噪声暴露水平未超过《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值第2部分:物理因素》(GBZ 2.2-2007)中规定的职业接触限值85dB(A).     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.