2004～2005年冬春季急性下呼吸道感染患儿RSV亚型的检测及分析

目的分析2004～2005年冬春季呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)流行季节的亚型分布情况。方法采用直接免疫荧光法检测2004年10月～2005年4月间因急性下呼吸道感染住院儿童1040例鼻咽部分泌物中的常见病毒病原,随机选择RSV阳性标本174例,采用间接免疫荧光检测RSVA、B亚型,分析检测结果。结果1040例中,RSV阳性497例(47.8%),其中174例标本中,检测出RSVA亚型23例(13.2%),B亚型105型(60.4%),A、B亚型混合感染36例(20.7%),无法确定亚型的10例(5.7%)。检测期间各月份间、不同的年龄组间和临床诊断间的RSV亚型分布差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05),都以B亚型为主。结论2004～2005年冬春季RSV仍是儿童急性下呼吸道感染的主要病原,以B亚型为主;并有两种亚型同时感染的情况。     

2000年秋冬至 2002年夏北京地区急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学研究

为了解北京地区婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染的病毒病原。对2000年秋冬至2002年夏收集的1402份临床标本进行了病原分析。所有标本接种Hep-2和MDCK细胞进行病毒分离；鼻咽洗液脱落细胞涂片后经间接免疫荧光检测7种呼吸道病毒。RT-PCR鉴定RSV亚型；血凝及血凝抑制试验鉴定流感病毒型别；nested-PCR检测肠道病毒。1402份标本中672份咽拭子标本取自门诊患儿，730份鼻咽洗液标本取自住院患儿，结果：共有614份标本为病毒阳性，阳性率为43.8%。病毒阳性标本中呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）占66.1%。并以A亚型为主；RSV阳性标本中91.4%来自诊断为毛细支气管炎的住院患儿。2001-2002年冬春季RSV感染比2000-2001年同期高25.1%。流感病毒阳性标本占总阳性标本的24.4%，其中89.3%来自门诊患儿；2000-2001年以乙型流感病毒为主，2001-2002年以甲3型为主，在冬春季还可检测到腺病毒和副流感病毒，夏季检测不到以上几种呼吸道病毒，利用nested-PCR方法检测2002年夏季收集的标本，发现7月份肠道病毒感染率相当高。提示RSV是北京地区冬春季婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染首要病毒病原。流感病毒是婴幼儿急性上呼吸道感染首要病毒病原，肠道病毒是夏季婴幼儿呼吸道感染主要病毒病原，病毒分离，免疫荧光和PCR等方法的并用提高了病毒检出率，病毒病原的诊断可为临床诊断和治疗提供可靠依据。     

急性下呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道合胞病毒及其亚型的检测及分析

目的　总结呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)在其流行季节的亚型分布情况;探讨RSV亚型和临床疾病严重程度的相关性。方法　采用RT PCR 酶联夹心杂交法检测了2 0 0 2年1 0月至2 0 0 3年3月和2 0 0 3年1 0月至2 0 0 4年3月连续两年冬春季期间就诊于温州医学院附属儿童医院的2 0 2例急性下呼吸道感染的婴幼儿鼻咽部分泌物中RSV及其亚型;结合临床资料,对临床症状和体征进行疾病严重程度评分。结果　2 0 2例标本中RSV阳性共1 2 3例,阳性检出率为60 . 9% ;两个冬春季都以RSVA亚型为主,2 0 0 2～2 0 0 3年冬春季A亚型占RSV阳性标本中76 7% ,2 0 0 3～2 0 0 4年占82. 0 % ;通过对97例A亚型和2 6例B亚型病例临床资料的评估,发现B亚型引起的临床症状和体征更重(P <0. 0 5)。结论　RSV是引起冬春季婴幼儿急性下呼吸道感染的最主要的病原体;以A亚型为主,但B亚型引起的临床表现更严重。     

苏州地区住院儿童呼吸道合胞病毒流行特点分析

目的监测儿童呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）,探讨其流行规律。方法应用直接免疫荧光法检测2007年1月-2011年12月间收集的28871份急性呼吸道感染住院患儿鼻咽分泌物标本的RSV病毒抗原;同时分析RSV阳性检出率与同期月平均气温等气象资料的相关性。结果2007-2010年苏州地区RSV感染主要集中在冬春季,而2011年从7月起即现高发趋势;2007-2008年、2008-2009年、2009-2010年、2010-2011年冬春RSV阳性检出率分别为38.57%、19.86%、29.73%、30.79%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=176.85,P<0.001）;2011年7-9月份阳性检出率分别为5.74%、21.09%和31.15%,与前4年同期的差异也有统计学意义（χ2=8.06~405.43,P均<0.05）;RSV检出率与月平均气温、月雨量、月日照时间及风速呈负相关（r=-0.799~-0.214,P均<0.05）。经多元逐步回归分析,仅气温对RSV检出率影响有统计学意义（P=0.001）。结论 RSV仍是苏州地区冬春季婴幼儿下呼吸道感染主要病毒病原,RSV检出率与该地区气候因素有关。     

急性呼吸道感染儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒检测分析

目的 了解2006-2007年度重庆地区住院急性呼吸道感染(ARTIs)儿童两亚型呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的感染特点及流行规律.方法 收集2006年4月至2007年3月全年在重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院的部分ARTIs患儿的鼻咽深部吸取物390份,针对RSV G基因保守区序列设计分型引物,采用RT-PCR方法检测标本中RSV的基因组RNA.结果 390例标本中RSV阳性例数为133例(133/390,阳性率为34.10%).阳性标本中A亚型阳性129例,B亚型阳性4例.RSV阳性患儿中,84.9%为2岁以下小儿.2006年11月～2007年1月为RSV高发季节,RSV检测阳性率为55.6%～62.3%,2006年12月RSV检测阳性率最高.B亚型出现于本地区RSV感染低发季节(4、5、6月).RSV感染的临床表现主要为发热(56.4%)、咳嗽(98.5%)、喘息(63.9%)、气促(76.7%)、紫绀(84.9%).临床诊断依次为毛细支气管炎(33.1%),支气管肺炎(27.8%),间质性肺炎(18.1%),重症肺炎伴呼吸衰竭(10.5%),喘息性支气管炎(5.3%),支气管哮喘(4.5%).结论 本研究初步阐明了重庆地区两亚型RSV感染的流行病学特点,证实RSV是重庆地区冬春季婴幼儿ARI的重要病原,2006-2007年度以A亚型RSV流行为主.今后的研究将纳入门诊及社区惠儿并进行多年度连续监测以进一步阐明重庆地区两亚型RSV流行规律及病毒进化特点.     

小儿呼吸道合胞病毒感染流行特点分析

目的探讨小儿呼吸道合胞感染病毒感染的流行特点及影响RSV流行的气候因素。方法对2001年1月至2006年12月因下呼吸道感染在浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院住院的39597例患儿取鼻咽分泌物标本进行呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)抗原检测。结果39597例患儿中RSV检测阳性患儿共8657例(21.86%),<1岁者6804例(30.99%),1～3岁者1576例(14.84%),～13岁者277例(3.95%),各年龄组间检出率有统计学意义(P<0.01)。男性5783例(22.76%)高于女性2873例(20.24%),有统计学意义(P<0.01)。RSV检出率与气温之间存在直线负相关,气温每升高1℃,下呼吸道感染患儿中RSV的检出率下降1.8%。冬季是RSV流行高峰,其次是春季和秋季,夏季RSV感染率最低,全年都有RSV的散发流行。结论RSV是冬春季节引起小儿下呼吸道感染的主要病毒,年龄越小RSV感染率越高,男性较女性易感RSV。气温越低,RSV的检出率越高,低气温是杭州地区RSV流行的重要因素之一。     

2013~2018年重庆地区2 066例急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒流行特征分析

目的 研究急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）检出率、流行规律及临床特征。方法 收集2013年6月至2018年5月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸中心住院的2岁以下急性下呼吸道感染（ALRI）患儿鼻咽抽吸物,采用多重PCR检测16种常见呼吸道病毒,分析RSV流行特征。结果 共纳入2 066例ALRI住院患儿,病毒检出阳性1 595份（77.20%）。其中RSV阳性检出826份（39.98%）。RSV阳性样本中,RSV-A阳性410份（49.6%）,RSV-B阳性414份（50.1%）,RSV-A与RSV-B均阳性2份（0.2%）。2013~2014年、2016~2017年主导流行亚型为RSV-B,2014~2015年、2017~2018年以RSV-A为主要检出亚型,2015~2016年为RSV-A与RSV-B共同流行。冬季检出率最高。RSV合并人鼻病毒为最常见的2种病毒混合检出组合（123份）。该组患儿较单一RSV检出患儿更易出现喘息（P=0.030）。在2 066例患儿中,单一RSV检出298份,RSV混合其他病毒检出148份,其他病毒检出389份,病毒检出阴性241份。RSV单一检出组较其他病毒检出组和病毒检出阴性组月龄更小,更易发生呼吸困难、呼吸衰竭及重症下呼吸道感染（P < 0.0083）。RSV-A阳性患儿中的男性比例高于RSV-B阳性患儿（P=0.004）,而临床表现二者未见显著差异。结论 2013~2018年重庆地区RSV-A与RSV-B既可分别主导流行,也可共同流行;RSV为急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿最主要病毒病原,易导致重症下呼吸道感染;RSV-A和RSV-B感染患儿临床表现无差异,但RSV-A更易感染男性患儿。     

急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒感染分析

目的了解急性下呼吸道感染（acutelowerrespiratoryinfection，ALRI）住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒（respiratorysyncytialviruS，RSV）感染的情况。方法对2010年1月至2013年3月2625例ALRJ住院患儿采用直接免疫荧光法检测其鼻咽分泌物中的RSV抗原。结果送检标本2625例，RSV阳性534例（20．34％）。〈1岁组RSV阳性检出率24．30％（399／1642），一3岁组15．83％（114／720），〉3岁组7．98％（21／263），〈1岁与～3岁组比较（x2=21．102，P〈0．01），-3岁与〉3岁组比较（X2=10．016，P〈0．01），差异均有统计学意义。男性患儿RSV阳性检出率21．49％（331／1540），女性18．71％（203／1085），男性检出率高于女性（x2=4．579，P〈0．05）。不同年度RSV阳性检出率差异无统计学意义。RSV检出率高峰从每年的10月开始，至次年的4月结束。结论ALRI住院患儿RSV阳性检出率以1岁以内婴儿最高，年龄越小，RSV感染率越高，男性RSV感染高于女性，冬春季为流行高峰。     

急性呼吸道感染患儿鼻咽分泌物中呼吸道合胞病毒亚型的检出分析

目的探讨急性呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)亚型的流行规律。方法应用直接免疫荧光法筛检2006年1月至2012年12月苏州地区42 208份来自急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的鼻咽分泌物标本的RSV病毒抗原;随机抽取不同年份RSV流行季节的RSV阳性标本,采用实时荧光PCR鉴定亚型。结果 RSV流行呈季节性,当年11月至次年3月为高峰期,而当年5至9月为RSV检出低谷期;从2006年至2012年,不同年份间高峰期的RSV阳性检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=280.09,P0.01)。在398份不同年份高峰期的RSV抗原阳性标本中,检出A亚型319份(80.15%),B亚型63份(15.83%),未检出16份(4.02%),不同年份高峰期之间RSV亚型分布的差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。多数年份RSV流行以A亚型为主,在高峰期RSV检出率最低的2008—2009年A、B亚型同时流行,随后的2009—2010年以B亚型为主。结论苏州地区2006年至2012年,前四个流行季RSV检出率呈现周期性隔年增高趋势,之后两个流行季RSV感染呈持续高发趋势,急性呼吸道感染住院患儿RSV以A亚型为主。     

应用实时聚合酶链反应技术检测儿童呼吸道标本中的呼吸道合胞病毒

目的建立实时聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术检测儿科呼吸道标本中呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）的方法.方法（1）根据RSV N基因序列设计合成分别用于扩增RSV A亚型和B亚型的TaqMan探针和引物,建立实时PCR方法,进行灵敏度和特异性检测.（2）采用实时PCR检测61例RSV检测阳性的冻存标本和103例新收集的呼吸道标本,并与病毒分离、间接免疫荧光、巢式PCR结果相比较.结果（1）实时PCR对A亚型RSV检测的灵敏度为5.25 pfu,B亚型为3.75 pfu,与巢式PCR相同.（2）实时PCR检测其他呼吸道病毒阳性标本,结果均为阴性;A亚型和B亚型之间无交叉.（3）实时PCR检测其他方法检测过的RSV阳性的冻存标本61例,A亚型（30例）阳性为27例（90%）,B亚型（31）阳性为27例（87.1%）.（4）103例新鲜标本中,实时PCR检出RSV 35例（A亚型7,B亚型28）,阳性率34.0%,其中巢式PCR阳性31例,阳性率30.1%;间接免疫荧光阳性22例,阳性率21.4%;病毒分离阳性9例,阳性率8.7%.实时PCR阴性的68例,其他方法均为阴性.实时PCR与三种方法的一致性检验,一致率在74.76%～96.12%（P均＜0.01）;差异性检验结果说明,实时PCR阳性检出高于间接免疫荧光和病毒分离（P均＜0.01）,而与巢式PCR差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论实时PCR检测儿科鼻咽分泌物标本中RSV的方法,敏感性、特异性和可重复性好,可用于急性呼吸道感染患儿标本中的RSV检测.     

Respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus in children over two seasons with a high incidence of respiratory infections in Brazil

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are one of the most important causes of death in children. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a virus first described in 2001, has now been detected in almost all continents. HMPV causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia with a clinical spectrum similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We describe the incidence of HMPV and RSV during two consecutive seasons with a high incidence of ARI in Aracaju, Brazil. HMPV was responsible for 24% of cases of bronchiolitis in the 1st season (April-May 2002) but was not found in the 2nd year (April-May 2003). RSV was recovered from 61 (55%) children with ARI in 2002 and from 72 (68%) in 2003. Children with RSV bronchiolitis in 2002 had more hypoxia but less wheezing than in 2003. The incidence of HMPV and RSV genotypes causing bronchiolitis varied between the years. Long-term prospective studies are required to better describe the epidemiology of these viruses in children.     

Palivizumab Use in Subjects with Congenital Heart Disease

The Palivizumab Outcomes Registry prospectively collected data on 19,548 subjects who received respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis with palivizumab during the 2000–2004 RSV seasons. We evaluated the characteristics of enrolled registry subjects with congenital heart disease (CHD) over the four RSV seasons and examined additional information on these subjects collected in the 2002–2004 seasons. The percentage of registry subjects with CHD increased from 4.8% (102/2116) in the first season to 11.4% (688/6050) in the last season. Across all four seasons, 1500 subjects with CHD were enrolled, 71% of whom had acyanotic CHD. The proportion with cyanotic CHD increased from 19.6% (20/102) in the 2000–2001 season to 37.5% (258/688) in the 2003–2004 season, while the proportion of all CHD in the registry more than doubled during this time. The cumulative RSV hospitalization rate was 1.9% among patients with CHD who received prophylaxis. Among subjects with cyanotic and acyanotic CHD, hospitalization rates were 2.6% and 1.6%, respectively. Prospective data collected in the Palivizumab Outcomes Registry provide the largest published dataset available on infants with CHD receiving palivizumab and show low hospitalization rates and use consistent with prelicensure clinical trial data and revised American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. A. Cohen was formerly with MedImmune, Inc.     

Risk of concurrent bacterial infection in preterm infants hospitalized due to respiratory syncytial virus infection

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of concurrent bacterial infection in preterm infants hospitalized due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort analysis of all infants hospitalized due to RSV infection between January 1, 2001 and July 31, 2005. Patients were identified by ICD-10 diagnosis of RSV infection including codes J21.0, J21.9, J12.1, J20.5 and B97.4. Medical charts were reviewed and RSV infection had to be confirmed by positive antigen detection test on nasopharyngeal aspirates. RESULTS: A total of 464 infants had been hospitalized due to RSV infection and 42 (9.1%) were born<37 weeks of gestational age. Concurrent bacterial infections were diagnosed by either positive blood or urine cultures, stool culture, tracheal aspirates or smears in 4 of 42 preterm (9.5%) compared to 13 of 422 term (3.1%) infants (p=0.017, RR 3.092, CI 95% 1.251-7.641). Excluding the infants admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) the total rate of bacterial co-infection was 1.9%. Ten of 42 preterm (23.8%) compared to 25 of 422 term (5.2%) infants were referred to ICU (p<0.001, RR 3.349, CI 95% 1.882-5.959). All preterm infants had pneumonia, and isolates were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae with Haemophilus influenzae. Mean length of stay in preterm infants with bacterial co-infection was 22.3 days compared to 10.3 days without bacterial co-infection (p<0.006). CONCLUSION: The overall low risk of concurrent bacterial infection was significantly increased in preterm infants associated with prolonged hospitalization and ICU admission.     

Comparison of clinical characteristics of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalised children and adolescents

While significant morbidity due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in the paediatric population has been well acknowledged, little is known about the burden of influenza in primarily healthy children in Europe. In our institution, a University Childrens Hospital in Switzerland, medical staff were encouraged to take nasopharyngeal specimens for multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays for influenza A and B, RSV and several other pathogens from patients hospitalised with respiratory symptoms. We took advantage of this strategy and performed a retrospective study to compare specific characteristics of influenza virus infections with those of RSV during two consecutive winter seasons. Overall, 126 patients were positive for RSV and 60 patients were positive for influenza (type A: 45; type B: 15). The median age of children with RSV, influenza A, and influenza B infection was 4 months; 2 years and 4 months; and 6 years and 2 months, respectively (P<0.001). Fever and cough predominated in children with influenza infection whereas cough, rhinorrhoea, feeding difficulties and dyspnoea were the major symptoms in children with RSV infection. Of patients with influenza, 41% suffered from lower respiratory tract infection compared to 91% of those with RSV infection (P<0.001). Of 60 patients hospitalised with influenza, 12 (20%) experienced febrile convulsions. None of the patients with influenza had been immunised in the respective winter season, although 27% of them had at least one underlying medical condition that would have counted as an indication for immunisation in Switzerland. Conclusion: influenza virus infections, like respiratory syncytial virus infections, are a major cause of hospitalisation in children with respiratory illness during the winter season. Since it is impossible to make an aetiological diagnosis on clinical grounds, it is important to apply specific diagnostic tools in children hospitalised with respiratory illness in order to better characterise the relative burden of disease caused by the respective agents.Abbreviations LRTI lower respiratory tract infection - NPS nasopharyngeal specimens - RAT rapid antigen test - RSV respiratory syncytial virusThis work forms the medical thesis of Susanne Meury at the Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Switzerland.     

我国部分地区呼吸道合胞病毒分离株的亚型鉴定

为了解我国部分地区呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）的亚型分布情况，采用单克隆抗体和免疫荧光技术，对近年来从北京、广州、南京、长春、和ＲＳＶ感染爆发流行的津冀地区分离出的共１００株ＲＳＶ进行了亚型鉴定。结果：其中９７株为Ａ亚型，３株为Ｂ亚型。提示：近年来这些地区无论是南方还是北方流行的ＲＳＶ主要为Ａ亚型；津冀地区流行性喘憋性肺炎的爆发流行也与Ａ亚型有关。     

Eleven consecutive years of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in Croatia

Background:  Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants. The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of RSV outbreaks in Croatian children.
Methods:  Over a period of 11 consecutive years (1994–2005), 3435 inpatients with acute respiratory infections (ARI) aged from birth to 10 years and were residing in Zagreb County were tested for infection with RSV and other respiratory viruses at the Virology Department, Croatian National Institute of Public Health. RSV was identified in nasopharyngeal secretions by isolation on cell culture and/or detection with monoclonal antibodies using a direct fluorescence assay.
Results:  RSV was the most common causative agent of ARI (42.2%; 658/1559) for the infants 0–6 months of age. It was also the etiologic agent of LRTI in 49% (495/1010) of infants of similar age. RSV was demonstrated in 56.5% (382/676) of infants with bronchiolitis, and in 36.5% (49/134) of those with pneumonia in this age group.
Conclusion:  The overall prevalence of RSV infection in Croatian children with acute respiratory illness, and its occurrence in various age groups, has remained stable over the past decade. RSV was found to be the most common cause of bronchiolitis occurring throughout childhood (52.7%; 482/913).     

Risk factors for severe RSV-induced lower respiratory tract infection over four consecutive epidemics

Variability in severity among different respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasons may influence hospital admission rates for RSV-induced lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in young children. The aim of the present study was to identify through logistic regression analysis, risk factors associated with higher likelihood to acquire RSV-induced LRTI, in children with symptoms severe enough to lead to hospital admission. Over four consecutive RSV seasons (2000–2004), records from children <4 years of age admitted for RSV-induced LRTI (“cases”) were compared with those from children with LRTI not due to RSV and not requiring hospitalization (“controls”). 145 “case-patients” and 295 “control-patients” were evaluated. Independent from the severity of the four epidemic seasons, seven predictors for hospitalization for RSV infection were found in the bivariate analysis: number of children in the family, chronological age at the onset of RSV season, birth weight and gestational age, birth order, daycare attendance, previous RSV infections. In the logistic regression analysis, only three predictors were detected: chronological age at the beginning of RSV season [aOR = 8.46; 95% CI:3.09–23.18]; birth weight category [aOR = 7.70; 95% CI:1.29–45.91]; birth order (aOR = 1.92; 95% CI:1.21–3.06). Conclusions: Independent from the RSV seasonality, specific host/environmental factors can be used to identify children at greatest risk for hospitalization for RSV infection.