人工阴道成形术的研究现状及展望

人工阴道成形术是治疗阴道缺如的最主要方法.目前常用的人工阴道成形术有腹膜代阴道成形术、肠管代阴道成形术、羊膜代阴道成形术、皮瓣或黏膜组织移植术、前庭黏膜上提术等.国内外都开展了大量的手术实践,并有相关术后随访数据发表和技术创新.将人工阴道成形术相关文献报道进行综述.回顾这些方法在实际应用中的优缺点,提出一些改善手术效果的建议和今后需要研究的问题.     

人工阴道成形术中生物补片代阴道与腹腔镜下腹膜代阴道的比较

目的:比较人工阴道成形术中采用组织工程生物补片代阴道与腹腔镜下盆腔腹膜代阴道的临床效果。方法:选取2008年1月至2013年4月在我院行人工阴道成形术的MRKH患者67例,其中32例行猪小肠黏膜下层生物补片代阴道成形术(生物补片组),35例行腹腔镜下盆腔腹膜代阴道成形术(腹膜组)。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间、住院时间、术后病率和手术费用。随访患者的术后恢复工作时间,术后阴道长度、宽度,患者及性伴侣的性生活满意度评分。结果:生物补片组患者的手术时间、出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间均显著低于腹膜组(P0.05),住院费用显著高于腹膜组;而两组的住院天数无显著差异(P0.05)。两组患者的术后病率分别为23.8%和24.5%,无显著差异(P0.05)。两组患者的人工阴道长度、宽度,患者及性伴侣对性生活的满意度评分均无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:生物补片代阴道成形术与腹腔镜下腹膜代阴道成形术均为有效的人工阴道成形术,均可满足性生活需要。生物补片代阴道成形术的方法更简便、手术损伤更小、恢复更快,但费用较昂贵。     

腹腔镜下单叶腹膜代阴道成形术52例临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜下单叶腹膜代阴道成形术治疗先天性无阴道的手术技巧及临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析52例先天性无阴道患者行腹腔镜下单叶腹膜代阴道成形术患者的临床资料,观察手术时间、术中出血量、术后阴道情况及患者性生活满意度。结果:52例患者手术均获得成功,平均手术时间为71.44±18.99分钟,术中出血49.78±19.59ml。术后随访时间1个月至8年:人工阴道深度为9.46±0.68cm,阴道黏膜红润、柔软、弹性好,已婚者FSFI评估性生活满意度,总评分为27.84±2.76分。结论:腹腔镜下单叶腹膜代阴道成形术治疗先天性无阴道具有操作简便、安全、微创、效果好等优点。     

腹腔镜乙状结肠代阴道成形术45例临床分析

目的 分析腹腔镜乙状结肠代阴道成形术的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析45例腹腔镜乙状结肠代阴道成形术患者的临床资料,其中先天性无阴道41例,男性易性癣患者变性术后4例.观察45例腹腔镜乙状结肠代阴道成形术的手术时间、出血量及成形后的阴道形态、功能.结果 45例腹腔镜乙状结肠代阴道成形术均获得成功,手术时间135～245 min,平均157 min,平均出血量82 ml,人工阴道接近女性阴道的形态和生理功能;术后共有34例患者佩戴阴道模具达3个月以上,人工阴道扩张良好;有性生活者25例,均满意.无一例手术并发症发生.结论 腹腔镜乙状结肠代阴道成形术是目前较理想的阴道成形方法.     

生物补片法人工阴道成形术的临床应用初探

目的:探讨生物补片法人工阴道成形术治疗MRKH综合征(Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome)的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2012年1月—2015年4月郑州大学第一附属医院42例MRKH综合征患者的临床资料,比较12例生物补片法人工阴道成形术(观察组)和30例腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术(对照组)的围手术期、术后并发症及术后随访情况。结果:42例患者手术均获成功,无脏器损伤发生。观察组的手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、术后总并发症发生率均低于对照组(P0.05),但住院费用高于对照组(P0.05);术后随访2组的人工阴道长度均8 cm,宽度均容2指松,弹性良好。观察组术后3个月阴道腔表面完全黏膜化即可性生活,对照组完全黏膜化需要6个月,并且阴道炎症发生率高于观察组(P0.05);女性性功能指数量表(FSFI)评分,2组各分项评分及总分比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:生物补片法人工阴道成形术与腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术均为安全有效的治疗MRKH综合征的方法,生物补片法手术更简便、创伤更小、并发症更少,术后性生活启动更早,是一种安全有效的新方法。     

缝合器在乙状结肠人工阴道成形术中的应用

缝合器在乙状结肠人工阴道成形术中的应用金镛于家慧史焱有关人工阴道成形术的术式及方法的研究，国内外均有报道，其中乙状结肠代阴道，有阴道的外观及功能近似自然，性生活满意，且手术成功率高，不需放置阴道模型等优点［１］。我院自１９９１年采用消化道缝合器、消化...     

腹膜代阴道成形术76例分析

腹膜代阴道成形术７６例分析乔玉环，未全道，李留霞，王斌，董长江，孙德　，王福丰，宋克林腹膜代阴道成形术，是治疗先天性无阴道的一种有效方法。但以往的手术存在操作复杂、手术时间长、出血多、腹膜向下翻转困难；附件位置下移、术中放置阴道模塞困难和人工阴道顶端...     

腹腔镜下腹膜代阴道成形术6例报告

先天性无阴道的发病率约为1／4000-1／5000，主要特征是阴道缺如、子宫缺如或始基子宫，而双侧卵巢正常，又称为MRKH综合征（Mayer-Rokitensky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome），治疗以手术为主，阴道成形术术式繁多，主要有羊膜代阴道成形术、乙状结肠代阴道成形术、皮瓣代阴道成形术、Vecchitti＇s阴道成形术、腹膜代阴道成形术等，     

腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术和乙状结肠代阴道成形术治疗先天性无阴道临床疗效比较

目的探讨腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术和乙状结肠代阴道成形术的临床疗效。方法采用随机对照的研究方法 ,对2001年1月至2010年12月第三军医大学附属西南医院40例先天性无阴道患者按随机表法,1:2随机化分组,分别接受腹腔镜乙状结肠代阴道成形术(14例)和腹膜代阴道成形术(26例),比较2组的围手术期参数及术后疗效。结果 40例患者均在腹腔镜下成功完成手术,腹膜代阴道组较乙状结肠代阴道组手术时间短,术中出血量少,术后恢复快(P﹤0.05)。术后随访6～108个月,阴道平均深度、性生活启动时间和性功能指数量表评分比较,两组差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术和乙状结肠代阴道成形术均是安全、疗效满意的手术方式,但腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术更微创、术后患者恢复更快。     

3种人工阴道成形术术后患者性生活质量的比较

目的:比较3种不同的人工阴道成形术术后患者性生活质量差异,指导临床治疗中术式的选择。方法:收集1998年6月至2010年9月于南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院及东南大学附属中大医院实施人工阴道成形术的患者36例,按不同术式分为3组:乙状结肠代阴道成形组11例、腹膜代阴道成形组12例(其中1例为羊膜代阴道成形术)和阴股沟皮瓣代阴道成形组13例。采用电话问卷调查的方式根据女性性功能指标量表(FSFI)中的内容量化患者近期的性功能情况,评价、对比上述3种不同术式术后患者的性生活质量。结果:阴道润滑指标和性满意度指标得分由高到低依次为腹膜代阴道成形术组、乙状结肠代阴道成形术组和阴股沟皮瓣代阴道成形术组。腹膜代阴道成形术组、乙状结肠代阴道成形术组的阴道润滑指标得分均高于阴股沟皮瓣代阴道成形术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);前两组比较差异则无统计学意义(P0.05)。腹膜代阴道成形术组的性高潮指标得分高于乙状结肠代阴道成形术组和阴股沟皮瓣代阴道成形术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);后两组比较差异则无统计学意义(P0.05)。乙状结肠代阴道成形术组的性满意度指标得分与腹膜代阴道成形术组和阴股沟皮瓣代阴道成形术组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);腹膜代阴道成形术组高于阴股沟皮瓣代阴道成形术组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。3组的性欲望、性唤起及性交痛指标两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。3组间的FSFI总分情况与阴道润滑指标情况相同。结论:术后患者的性生活质量在总体上是腹膜代阴道成形术组优于乙状结肠代阴道成形术组优于阴股沟皮瓣代阴道成形术组。     

Laparoscopic vaginoplasty: alternative techniques in vaginal reconstruction

Construction of a neovagina is the next step for women with an absent vagina who have failed vaginal dilator therapy. Traditional operative techniques such as skin grafting or intestinal substitution have major disadvantages including prolonged recovery time and significant scarring. Laparoscopic vaginoplasty is performed widely throughout Europe but has not been available in the UK until now. We report on five women who underwent laparoscopic vaginoplasty. Three women underwent a laparoscopic Vecchietti procedure and two underwent a laparoscopic Davydov procedure. Details were recorded on preoperative features, perioperative problems and early postoperative outcome. Laparoscopic vaginoplasty is a safe treatment for vaginal agenesis, and short-term results are encouraging.     

Vaginoplasty for the Transgender Woman

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review was to describe the most common male-to-female vaginoplasty surgical techniques, and to review important perioperative considerations, outcomes, and complications associated with these surgeries.

Recent Findings

Vaginoplasty for the transgender woman may be performed using a variety of techniques. Most commonly, the penile inversion vaginoplasty technique is used, but in some cases, the intestinal segment vaginoplasty is indicated. Intraoperative complications of vaginoplasty surgery include bleeding and injury to the bladder, urethra, and/or rectum. Immediate postoperative complications include hematoma or seroma formation, infection or abscess, wound dehiscence, flap necrosis, and venous thromboembolism. Delayed postoperative complications include neovaginal stenosis or shortening of the neovagina, rectovaginal or genitourinary fistula formation, urethral meatal stenosis or abnormal urine stream, neuropathy, and sexual dysfunction including dyspareunia and anorgasmia. Most patients are satisfied with the functional and esthetic outcomes of vaginoplasty, but sexual dysfunction may be common. The risk of regret following vaginoplasty seems to be low, and certain risk factors for this unfavorable outcome have been identified.

Summary

Outcomes appear to be satisfactory following vaginoplasty surgery for transgender women, but robust prospective, long-term data are lacking.

     

先天性阴道畸形阴道成形术66例临床分析

目的:探讨阴道成形术患者的临床特点及术式选择。方法:回顾性分析66例先天性阴道畸形行阴道成形术患者的临床资料。结果:47例先天性无阴道患者中,8例伴周期性或不规则下腹痛(17.0%);19例阴道闭锁患者中16例伴下腹痛(84.2%)。乙状结肠法术后性生活满意率最高(75%),但手术时间和出血量均较多;改良的小阴唇皮瓣法术后外阴形态及创面恢复良好,性生活满意率高(66.7%)。结论:对合并下腹痛的先天性阴道畸形患者进行腹腔探查是十分必要的;对于小阴唇丰满者改良的小阴唇皮瓣法值得推广。     

Genital gender-affirming surgery for transgender women

Transgender women may opt for genital gender-affirming surgery (gGAS), which comprises bilateral orchiectomy, gender-affirming vulvoplasty, or vaginoplasty. Vaginoplasty is chosen most frequently in this population, penile inversion vaginoplasty being the surgical gold standard. In selected cases, skin graft vaginoplasty, intestinal vaginoplasty, or peritoneal vaginoplasty may be indicated. In this article, we discuss the various types of gGAS for transgender women, (contra)-indications, intraoperative considerations, techniques, surgical outcomes, and postoperative patient-reported outcomes.     

Use of acellular human dermal allograft for vaginoplasty in Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome: a case report

BACKGROUND: Both autologous and synthetic tissue have been used to create a neovagina in women with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. Despite reports on many different techniques, the ideal method of vaginoplasty has not been firmly established. CASE: A 33-year-old woman with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome had been unsuccessful in using vaginal dilators for the creation of a functional vagina with the Frank technique due to pain and vulvar lichen sclerosis. She thus elected to undergo vaginoplasty by a modified McIndoe procedure using acellular human dermal allograft material. Both the surgery and immediate postoperative course were uncomplicated. Vaginal apex stenosis resulted from inadequate dilatation in the weeks following surgery since the patient experienced pain with dilator use. CONCLUSION: The use of dermal allograft material instead of a split-thickness autologous skin graft is a simple and less invasive method of constructing a neovagina. Due to the many potential advantages of this technique, further investigation is warranted to optimize long-term outcomes of vaginoplasty using this method.     

Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques

IntroductionGender reassignment surgery is the keystone of the treatment of transgender patients. For male-to-female transgenders, this involves the creation of a neovagina. Many surgical methods for vaginoplasty have been opted. The penile skin inversion technique is the method of choice for most gender surgeons. However, the optimal surgical technique for vaginoplasty in transgender women has not yet been identified, as outcomes of the different techniques have never been compared.AimWith this systematic review, we aim to give a detailed overview of the published outcomes of all currently available techniques for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transgenders.MethodsA PubMed and EMBASE search for relevant publications (1995–present), which provided data on the outcome of techniques for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transgender patients.Main Outcome MeasuresMain outcome measures are complications, neovaginal depth and width, sexual function, patient satisfaction, and improvement in quality of life (QoL).ResultsTwenty-six studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. The majority of these studies were retrospective case series of low to intermediate quality. Outcome of the penile skin inversion technique was reported in 1,461 patients, bowel vaginoplasty in 102 patients. Neovaginal stenosis was the most frequent complication in both techniques. Sexual function and patient satisfaction were overall acceptable, but many different outcome measures were used. QoL was only reported in one study. Comparison between techniques was difficult due to the lack of standardization.ConclusionsThe penile skin inversion technique is the most researched surgical procedure. Outcome of bowel vaginoplasty has been reported less frequently but does not seem to be inferior. The available literature is heterogeneous in patient groups, surgical procedure, outcome measurement tools, and follow-up. Standardized protocols and prospective study designs are mandatory for correct interpretation and comparability of data. Horbach SER, Bouman M-B, Smit JM, Özer M, Buncamper ME, and Mullender MG. Outcome of vaginoplasty in male-to-female transgenders: A systematic review of surgical techniques. J Sex Med 2015;12:1499–1512.     

MRKH综合征的诊治

MRKH综合征主要表现为原发性闭经及性交困难。对于大多数患者来说,非手术治疗是一线方案。若患者不能接受非手术治疗或顶压法失败可选择各种膜式衬里的阴道成形术或乙状结肠代阴道成形术。何种阴道成形术为最佳选择,目前尚无定论,应根据患者的病情、医者的技术水平与经验、术后的长期管理和阴道功能的远期评价来选择合适的术式,避免首次失败,重建一个最接近正常阴道形态和功能的长期效果是医者遵循的原则和目标。应对阴道缺如者进行医学-心理-社会综合治疗,并对其进行长期随访和帮助。组织工程阴道成形术也许是未来阴道重建发展的方向。     

A Single-Center Study Comparison of Two Different Male-to-Female Penile Skin Inversion Vaginoplasty Techniques and Their 3.5-Year Outcomes

BackgroundVaginoplasty is a crucial part of genital gender-affirming surgery with the number of trans women undergoing this intervention steadily, however, up to date, there is still no standardized vaginoplasty technique.AimThis retrospective single-center study compares single-stage vs two-stage penile skin inversion vaginoplasty techniques and their long-term outcomes.MethodsMedical records of 63 consecutive patients who underwent single-stage vaginoplasty, as described by Dr Preecha Tiewtranon, and 62 consecutive patients who underwent 2-stage vaginoplasty were reviewed.ResultsThe mean postoperative hospital stay was 7 days for patients who underwent single-stage vaginoplasty vs 16 days for patients who underwent 2-stage vaginoplasty. Neovaginal depth proved constant in patients who underwent single-stage vaginoplasty, whereas a loss of more than 30% was observed in patients who underwent 2-stage vaginoplasty during the first postoperative year. Early complications were more common than late-onset complications in both groups. The most common complication in the single-stage group was wound dehiscence (4.8%). There were significantly more complications in 2-stage collective, among which wound dehiscence (33.9%), unsatisfactory cosmetic outcome (25.8%), and urethral stenosis (14.5%) were the most common. In the single-stage cohort, 4 (6.4%) patients needed one revision surgery, whereas 35 (56.5%) patients in the 2-stage cohort necessitated one or more reoperations with up to 10 quaternary revisions. All patients reported to have sensitivity to neoclitoris in the single-stage group, whereas 3 (4.8%) patients in the 2-stage group were deprived of it because of neoclitoral necrosis.Clinical ImplicationsOptimizing a vaginoplasty surgical technique and its postoperative protocol.Strengths & LimitationsThe present retrospective study with a mean follow-up of more than 3.5 years offers the first ever comparison of 2 different PSI vaginoplasty surgical techniques performed in the same center.ConclusionSignificantly lower complication and revision rates, shorter recovery time, and superior esthetic and functional outcomes were observed in the single-stage than in the two-stage penile skin inversion vaginoplasty surgical technique.Fakin RM, Giovanoli P. A Single-Center Study Comparison of Two Different Male-to-Female Penile Skin Inversion Vaginoplasty Techniques and Their 3.5-Year Outcomes. J Sex Med 2021;18:391–399.     

阴道成形术不同术式的利与弊

阴道成形术是治疗MRKH综合征等先天性无阴道患者的有效方法。其发展的历史超过200年。各种阴道成形术的手术途径、手术方法、手术材料及手术效果各不相同。了解不同阴道成形术的特点及手术利弊,对患者进行个性化治疗,可帮助患者获得最佳手术效果。     

Comparison of improved laparoscopic peritoneal vaginoplasty and gasless laparoscopic ileal vaginoplasty in treatment of androgen insensitivity syndrome

Purpose

To investigate a better approach for androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) treatment using laparoscopic peritoneal or ileal vaginoplasty.

Method

Improved laparoscopic peritoneal vaginoplasty and gasless laparoscopic ileal vaginoplasty were, respectively, applied to AIS patients in vaginal reconstruction. The operation condition and surgical results were summarized and follow-up was performed from the 5th week after operation, then once a month. The sexual function was scored by Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), and FSFI score >30 represented a very good sexual function, 25–30 as good, and <25 as bad.

Result

The operation time (including gonadal resection and genital plastic surgery) of improved laparoscopic peritoneal vaginoplasty was 77.2 ± 18.9 (55–105) min, while of ileal vaginoplasty was 183.3 ± 30.1 (155–215) min, longer than peritoneal vaginoplasty, and the bleeding amount was 7.2 ± 13.0 (5–30) versus 50.0 ± 30.0 (20–80) mL, respectively. The surgery was successful in all 12 cases without complications. During 1 month to 7 years follow-up, the depth of artificial vagina was approximately 8–12 cm after peritoneal vaginoplasty, while 6–11 cm after ileal vaginoplasty. The vaginal mucosa appeared as normal in all cases. Besides, 4/9 cases had normal FSFI score after peritoneal vaginoplasty while only 1/3 case after ileal vaginoplasty.

Conclusion

The peritoneal vaginoplasty seems better than the ileal vaginoplasty because of the shorter operation time, less bleeding, rapid recovery, less trauma and scar, easy operating and early sexual life without mold. But the treatment should be individualized and comprehensive considering the patient anatomical characteristics and other factors.