不同产地莪术挥发油气相色谱-质谱联用分析

目的：对三种不同产地温莪术、蓬莪术以及广西莪术挥发油的化学成分进行了GC—MS分析比较。方法：采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取三种不同产地的莪术挥发油,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对其中的化学成分进行分析鉴定．．结果：初步鉴定了三种不同产地莪术挥发油中的主要成分,不同产地莪术挥发油成分有一定差异。结论：为莪术药材的质量评价提供依据。     

姜黄属植物重金属及有害元素残留风险评估及镉元素残留差异研究

目的:研究不同产地莪术与郁金中重金属及有害元素的残留情况并进行风险评估,针对镉元素残留差异进行原因分析。方法:建立ICP-MS法测定不同产地的莪术和郁金中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的残留量及不同产区土壤与植株中镉元素残留量,采用“中药中外源性有害残留物安全风险评估技术指导原则”对莪术和郁金中重金属及有害元素残留进行风险评估。结果:莪术中镉元素合格率仅为36.67%,郁金中所有元素及莪术中其余元素的合格率均为90%以上,莪术中镉残留水平明显高于郁金。风险评估结果表明,莪术中铅、镉存在健康风险。通过镉残留量研究,发现莪术中的镉超限并非环境污染引起,主要原因为植株中镉存在明显的部位蓄积和品种蓄积。结论:建议加强对莪术中铅与镉的风险监测,同时适当放宽莪术中镉元素限度要求。本研究可为姜黄属植物重金属及有害元素限量标准制定及监管提供参考依据。     

用气相色谱法测定复方莪术微囊中莪术醇的含量

介入疗法已被国内外公认为治疗中晚期肝癌最有效的保守疗法，其理论依据是由肝动脉插管至肿瘤部位，注入抗癌药，使到达肿瘤组织内的药物浓度比静脉给药或口服给药高10~30倍，提高治疗效果，减轻毒副作用。由肝动脉插管注射栓塞剂，可将肿瘤供血动脉栓塞，使肿瘤细胞坏死。同时，栓塞剂作为载体可携带抗癌药，缓慢释放，延长抗癌药与肿瘤的接触时间，进一步提高疗效。莪术为我国传统中药，莪术油是由莪术经水蒸汽蒸馏得到的一种挥发油，为莪术的主要有效成分，经研究证明其具有抗肿瘤活性。莪术油中主要成分为多种倍半萜类化合物，含有莪术醇、莪术酮、莪术二酮、表莪术酮、莪术烯、焦莪术酮、异莪术醇、原莪术醇、去氧莪术酮、呋喃二烯酮、姜黄素及β-榄香烯等20余种化学成分。莪术醇为莪术油中抗肿瘤有效成分之一。本研究中，作者采用微囊包裹技术将莪术油和另一种具有抗肿瘤作用的中药干蟾皮的水溶性提取物制成抗肝癌栓塞剂，通过动脉栓塞技术，把该制剂直接送至肿瘤部位，发挥栓塞、化疗双重作用。莪术油中许多挥发性成分的理化性质较为接近，适宜用色谱法进行分离、分析。作者用气相色谱法（GC）对复方莪术微囊中的抗肿瘤主要成分莪术醇进行定性和定量分析，分离良好，专属性强，定量准确，可作为微囊制剂的质量控制方法，同时也可对莪术油原料进行质量控制，以保证制剂质量的可靠性，现报道如下。     

莪术及其主要成分的药理作用研究进展

莪术是传统中药,具有行气破血、消积止痛的功效。莪术所含化学成分众多,挥发油类和姜黄素类等化合物为其主要活性成分。现代药理研究表明莪术具有抗肿瘤、心脑血管系统保护、免疫调节、保肝、镇痛抗炎、抗病毒、抑菌、降血糖、抗氧化等作用。通过查阅整理近年来国内外有关莪术化学成分研究和药理活性研究文献,对其主要药理作用等进行了综述,以期为莪术的药物开发及临床应用提供依据。     

莪术醇的研究进展

<正>莪术醇是传统中药莪术(蓬莪术、广西莪术、温郁金)挥发油的重要组成成分之一。新近研究表明,莪术醇有一定的抗肿瘤作用,可能是莪术油抗肿瘤药效的重要物质基础之一。在质量控制中,莪术醇被认为是莪术的特征性指标成分。本文从植     

莪术二酮定量地转化为莪术醇

本文研究了莪术二酮和莪术醇的关系。实验结果表明,莪术二酮在一定条件下可以定量地转化为莪术醇。这是一个尚未见报道的新的热重排反应。其反应机理可能是:莪术二酮加热后互变异构为一烯醇式中间体,同时发生两个σ-键的迁移和一个氢原子的1,3-迁移而形成了莪术醇。相同条件下,莪术醇不能转化为莪术二酮。     

蓬莪术挥发油及其中3种成分抗肝癌和子宫内膜癌的研究

目的 对中药蓬莪术挥发油及其中3种主要化学成分莪术烯醇、莪术酮和异莪术烯醇进行抗肝癌和子宫内膜癌细胞活性的研究.方法 用MTT法测定其抗肝癌细胞和子宫内膜癌的活性.结果 和结论一定浓度的蓬莪术挥发油及其中3种主要成分莪术烯醇、莪术酮和异莪术烯醇能明显抑制肝癌细胞和子宫内膜癌细胞的生长.     

莪术抗癌活性成分的研究进展

文章阐述了莪术抗癌活性成分的研究进展，为莪术抗肿瘤的进一步研究提供参考。莪术挥发油为抗肿瘤的有效成分，本文从质量控制、药理作用及临床应用等方面介绍。     

莪术二酮转化为莪术醇(简报)

<正> 姜科植物(Zingiberaceac)莪术(Curcuma aromatica Salise)块茎中提取的挥发油治疗子宫预癌等并已被我国药典收载。它的化学成分初步估计有二十多个,其中莪术二酮(curdione)(Ⅰ)、莪术醇(curcumol)(Ⅱ)的作用与莪术油相仿。但目前报道莪术油中有效成分局限于莪术醇的含量测定、莪术醇的代谢分布和排泄等研究。因此有必要对莪术二酮(Ⅰ)和莪术醇(Ⅱ)进行化学研究。我们发现莪术二酮(Ⅰ)可几乎     

不同产地莪术电化学振荡指纹图谱的研究

目的采用电化学振荡技术建立不同产地莪术饮片以及温莪术药材的电化学振荡指纹图谱。方法以图谱中的诱导时间、振荡寿命、第一振荡周期、最高电位、最大振幅以及平衡电位为特征参数,运用主成分分析法及聚类分析法对其进行分类识别研究。结果直观比较电化学振荡指纹图谱,不同产地莪术饮片差异较明显,而温莪术饮片和原药材之间差异较小。电化学振荡图谱特征数据的主成分分析和聚类分析均将样品分为4类。结论基于主成分分析或聚类分析的电化学振荡指纹图谱可用于鉴别不同产地的莪术饮片和原药材。     

各国生物类似药技术指南体系的比对研究及完善我国生物类似药技术指南体系框架的建议

生物类似药研发的总体目标是证明与原研药的相似性、不存在具有临床意义的差异。为有效指导生物类似药的研发,各国均制定了技术指南体系。对美欧日韩等国家、WHO及我国的生物类似药技术指南体系,包括药学研究、非临床研究、临床研究等进行对比研究,提炼构建技术指南体系的关键要素,结合问卷调研及专家研讨,提出完善我国生物类似药技术指南体系框架的建议。     

Creating standards for basic, medical and market research

Different types of standards that can be created are ideal, realistic, desirable and minimally acceptable. A different approach to viewing types of standards is to view them as existing along a spectrum from very formal to informal. Basic research, medical research and market research can each develop and use standards that are entirely formal or informal or that exist at any stage along that spectrum. Pharma sense dictates that there are times when high, medium or low standards are appropriate. The main goal of all professionals is to know when to use which approach. Situations where pharma sense requires using either high or low standards are mentioned for basic research, clinical research and market research. Standards for basic research are usually established to answer the question: What level of activity must the test compound exhibit to be worthy of passing onto the next test? Issues concerning standards are: Who sets standards? When do standards interfere with achieving useful results on a project? What are the possible consequences of using low standards in research? What are the tradeoffs between quality and quantity of standards? How should appropriate standards be taught? and What are the internal versus external pressures on decision making about standards? By using pharma sense and pharma think to approach any issue or question of research standards on its own, it is likely that a company will determine the appropriate level of standards.     

The impact of managed care on clinical research

Traditionally, US teaching hospitals have subsidised research by charging higher costs for treatment; however, this approach is being challenged. The growth of managed-care organisations, concerned about maximising profits, has led many to argue that clinical research will be damaged, whether by the loss of internal funds for research or by reductions in the numbers of patients available for studies. This review examines the evidence on which this argument is based. There is some evidence that managed-care organisations are refusing to cover patients who are involved in clinical trials, although, in general, they are receptive towards research providing that it is explicit and seen as relevant. The indirect effects of competition are, arguably, more important. Although many academic centres have established strategies to protect research funds, those working in the most competitive healthcare environments are obtaining fewer externally funded research grants. They are also publishing fewer papers and are working in climates that are seen as less supportive, with less ability to undertake research that is not externally funded. There is little evidence that managed care is reducing access to patients for clinical research. The growth of managed care is, together with certain other trends, also influencing the nature of clinical research. The overall consequences of these different factors are difficult to predict, although there are grounds for concern about recruitment and retention of junior researchers. The relationship between the various actors involved in healthcare and research is dynamic and, as pressure is excerpted in a particular direction, others adapt. It may be some time before the consequences of policies being enacted now are apparent.     

临床试验的伦理审查:服刑人员、劳教人员

本文所谓的“服刑人员”是指监狱服刑人员,“劳教人员”是指劳动教养管理所的收容人员,简称“服刑劳教人员”.涉及这一特殊群体临床研究的伦理审查要求包括：伦理委员会的组成应该包括具有相应背景和经验的服刑劳教人员代表;研究是针对服刑劳教人员所患的疾病,并且如果不选择服刑劳教人员为受试者,研究不能同样好地进行;最小风险应该参照“健康人群”进行判断;知情同意应充分尊重其自主选择权;试验结束后治疗安排;以及公平招募,保护隐私,合理补偿等.     

济南军区1993～2003年医药卫生获奖成果分析

要本文对济南军区1993～2003年度全区医药卫生获奖科技成果进行分析研究,旨在为制定科研摘规划提供参考数据。结果显示获奖项目数呈起伏状增长,达国际先进水平以上的项目数居前列的依次是骨外科、药(械)学等,创新情况较为活跃的领域分别为肿瘤、生物科学、特种医学及骨科学、药物(装备)研究,平均研究周期为3～5年,军区总医院、中心医院、研究所所承担的、受国家或军队基金资助的、研究周期较长的项目,其研究水平较高。     

The dilemma of clinical pharmacy research.

Clinical pharmacy research is defined as investigation of patient oriented drug related services. The dilemma is that Canadian practitioners have failed to do sufficient research in the area of clinical pharmacy programs, and this is desperately needed. A simple two-factor model is proposed to help explain the problem. Factors facilitating research are termed personal and enabling. Personal factors are: knowledge and skills in research design and statistical analysis, as well as personal qualities which include a positive attitude toward research, desire for involvement, and drive to carry it out. Enabling factors are leadership and support (resources, encouragement from management, time, and finance). It is suggested that lack of research skills in practitioners, lack of leadership, and lack of management support are prime reasons for the dilemma. The author proposes that: 1. undergraduates and graduates receive more formal instruction in research methodology and statistical analysis; 2. skilled researchers assume a leadership role, and; 3. research be encouraged by giving it a higher priority, by allowing adequate time for research, and by providing financial and political support.     

Ethical issues in psychiatric genetics research: points to consider

Rationale Psychiatric genetics research warrants ethical consideration because of the complex nature of conducting research among affected families. When researchers identify compelling reasons to offer susceptibility data to participants, they face challenges to identify an infrastructure to convey information and means to ensure that undue research risks are not encountered.Objectives To outline ethical issues in conducting research in psychiatric genetics with the aim of considering how the identification of susceptibility genes for psychiatric disorders may shape future research; to provide points to consider for conducting psychiatric genetics research with the anticipation of offering susceptibility data to participants.Methods Ethical issues that arise in psychiatric genetics research conducted with affected families are discussed along with reasons susceptibility data may be offered to participants in the future.Results We suggest that all researchers, even those who have no intention of offering susceptibility genetic results, consider how advances in knowledge might affect the provision of research findings.Conclusions Existing ethical issues are likely to become even more pressing as susceptibility genes are identified for major psychiatric disorders. It behooves researchers, mental health professionals, and geneticists to consider how to use our growing scientific knowledge to best help participants in ways that anticipate and prevent, rather than respond to, ethical conflicts.     

科研项目转化为探究性实验的教学实践

教学与科研是大学的两大职能，二者相互依赖，相互依存。在科学研究的基础上，优化教学内容，改进教学方式，培养学生的创新思维和创新能力，在课堂内演绎科研过程，从而提高学生的学习兴趣、动手能力和综合素质。     

Conducting a Successful Residency Research Project

The residency research project can be a challenging endeavor for pharmacy residents since they typically have limited experience in this area. Furthermore, as the number of accredited residency programs has increased, so has the demand for preceptors with research experience. This review is intended to assist the resident and preceptor by providing steps and guidance with conducting a successful residency research project. Items such as idea generation, proposing the right type of project, departmental review, and project management skills are discussed and guidance with writing the research protocol is provided. Items that must be addressed in every research protocol are described and a generalized protocol template is presented. In addition, the institutional review board review process is described and tips and pointers for obtaining approval are included. Finally, useful tools and resources are provided that can be used up front or throughout each phase of the research project.