市、县级医院图书馆的现状与发展

基层医院图书馆普遍存在馆藏总量少,人员素质较低,办馆水平差的问题,通过提高馆员自身素质,重视科学管理,争取领导支持,搞好基础工作,利用现代化科学技术,提高读者信息服务质量来促进图书馆事业的发展。     

Cued platform training reveals early development of directional responding among preweanling rats in the Morris water task

Previous studies on the ontogeny of spatial learning report that rats younger than 19–21 days of age are incapable of learning the location of a platform relative to distal cues in the Morris water task. Here, we manipulated the spatial relationship of a cued platform to the pool and the distal visual room cues to investigate whether distal cues can control navigation among 16‐ to 24‐day‐old rats. Rats were trained to navigate to a cued platform in a rich distal cue environment. During critical test trials, the pool was shifted to a different, overlapping position and the cued platform was placed either in the same absolute location in the room or the same relative location in the pool as during training. Rats aged 17 days and older exhibited a disruption in performance when the cued platform was in the absolute location but not the relative location, indicating that rats had learned the direction of the cued platform within the distal cue environment. These observations indicate that (1) information acquired from distal room cues influences navigation as early as 17 days of age, (2) this distal cue information is preferentially used to guide navigation in a particular direction rather than to a precise place in the room, and (3) the directional nature of the influence of distal cues on navigation is invariant across development. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53: 1–12, 2011.     

Comparison of developmental trajectories for place and cued navigation in the Morris water task

Previous studies investigating the development of place and cued learning using the Morris water task are in disagreement regarding the day in development that each type of learning emerges. Here, place and cued navigation in the water task were examined in differently aged groups of young male and female rats (P17, P18, P19, P20, and P24) during a single day of training. When only distal cues were present, P20 and P24 but not younger rats learned the location of the hidden platform. In contrast, when a proximal cue marked the platform location, rats as young as P17 showed evidence of cue-controlled navigation, although only P18 and older rats exhibited cued learning. In line with most previous studies, these results indicate that cued learning emerges earlier in development than place learning and support a dissociation of developmental trajectories for the neural systems underlying the two types of navigation.     

一种简便通用的超声工作站的设计和开发

目的 为基层医院超声科提供一种廉价实用的超声工作平台,设计开发一种简便通用的超声工作站.方法 采用DirectShow技术和应用CxImage图像处理库完成图像的采集处理,在此基础之上构建超声工作站的基本功能.结果 将此工作站连接超声诊断仪GE-LOGIQ7、Phihip Sono 5500彩色超声诊断仪和ALOKA SSD-1000 B型超声诊断仪后运行稳定.结论 此超声工作站应用方便快捷,配置费用低廉,对提高工作效率、改善服务质量有着重要的作用,同时有利于超声资料的保存,值得在基层超声科推广.     

母婴分离所致的慢性内脏痛对成年大鼠空间学习记忆能力和旷场行为的影响

目的:观察母婴分离所致的慢性内脏痛对成年大鼠空间学习记忆能力和旷场行为的影响。方法:模型组大鼠于出生后第3~21 d,每天接受3 h母婴分离,对照组大鼠不做分离处理;8周龄时,使用腹壁撤退反射评分和痛阈测定方法筛选出有慢性内脏痛的大鼠;Morris水迷宫检测成年大鼠的空间学习记忆能力;旷场实验评估成年大鼠的旷场行为;Western Blot方法检测大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)的表达变化。结果:(1)母婴分离成年大鼠分别在20、40、60、80 mm Hg压力下的腹壁撤退反射评分均显著高于对照大鼠(P0.05),而其痛阈显著低于对照大鼠(P0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,母婴分离大鼠水迷宫的寻台潜伏期与平均平台象限滞留时间均无显著差异(P0.05)。(3)与对照大鼠相比,母婴分离大鼠旷场运动的总路程和总速度无显著差异(P0.05),但中心路程和中心路程时间显著减少(P0.05)。(4)Western Blot结果显示母婴分离大鼠海马内BDNF的表达与对照相比显著降低(P0.05)。结论:母婴分离所致的慢性内脏痛对成年大鼠空间学习记忆能力和自主探究行为无显著影响,但能引发成年大鼠的心理焦虑,该效应可能与海马BDNF的表达减少有关。     

The thermal control of immobility in developing infant rats: Is the neocortex involved?

Infant rats aged 1 to 5 days lose heat rapidly when first exposed to room temperature; they also are initially very active and cannot be immobilized when turned over onto their sides and restrained for a few seconds. However, once core temperature drops closer to ambient levels, the stimulus for movement (rapid loss of heat from skin to environment) is diminished and immobility occurs. If the rapid heat loss, a source of apparent spontaneity, is prevented by precooling or continuous warmth, activity is blocked and prolonged restraint-related immobility can be readily produced. The warmed pups frequently made small twitches typical of those associated with paradoxical sleep. By 10 days, the pups can no longer be immobilized on their sides when pre-cooled, possibly because motor subsystems related to shivering thermogenesis (i.e., behaviors, including righting, that actively maintained a crouched upright position) begin to develop. At this age the pups can still be immobilized when warmed, but by 25 days of age slight warming is no longer effective because of the emergence of other sources of spontaneous locomotion that cannot be blocked by warmth, and/or because warmth can no longer induce paradoxical sleep. To test for the influence of the developing neocortex on immobility, pups were decorticated at 6 days of age. The activity and restraint immobility durations of the decorticate pups were not different from controls under any thermal condition at any postoperative age. Warmth-induced immboility was present following decortication in adult rats, but only in the early postoperative days, perhaps relating to subcortical diaschisis. It is suggested that the neocortex is not a major inhibitory influence on immobility induced by restraint.     

Facilitating progress in health behaviour theory development and modification: the reasoned action approach as a case study

This paper explores the question: what are barriers to health behaviour theory development and modification, and what potential solutions can be proposed? Using the reasoned action approach (RAA) as a case study, four areas of theory development were examined: (1) the theoretical domain of a theory; (2) tension between generalisability and utility, (3) criteria for adding/removing variables in a theory, and (4) organisational tracking of theoretical developments and formal changes to theory. Based on a discussion of these four issues, recommendations for theory development are presented, including: (1) the theoretical domain for theories such as RAA should be clarified; (2) when there is tension between generalisability and utility, utility should be given preference given the applied nature of the health behaviour field; (3) variables should be formally removed/amended/added to a theory based on their performance across multiple studies and (4) organisations and researchers with a stake in particular health areas may be best suited for tracking the literature on behaviour-specific theories and making refinements to theory, based on a consensus approach. Overall, enhancing research in this area can provide important insights for more accurately understanding health behaviours and thus producing work that leads to more effective health behaviour change interventions.     

皮质发育障碍模型鼠脑皮质形态学和致痫机制研究

目的：观察皮质发育障碍（DCDs）大鼠脑皮质形态学及海马苔藓纤维发芽的情况，探讨其与癫痫发生的关系。方法：建立DCDs动物模型，观察其行为、EEG改变，采用HE染色、Nissl染色和Timm’s硫化银组织化学染色，肉眼和光镜下观察大鼠脑皮质形态变化，评估海马苔藓纤维发芽情况，各组数据取苔藓纤维发芽评分，采用非参数秩和Kruskal-Wallis H检验，组间两两比较用Nemenyi法。结果：①正常对照组和母鼠组大鼠无抽搐发作，F1代组少数自发性癫痫发作，大多表现活动增多、兴奋躁动、搔抓和“洗脸样活动”频繁。②大多数皮层电极EEG示小波幅节律为主，无典型的尖波、棘波、尖慢波、棘慢综合波发放。③F1代鼠脑皮质结构紊乱，双侧海马CA3区均有苔藓纤维发芽（P〈0．05），而正常对照组和假手术组脑结构未见异常。结论：脑皮质和海马的结构异常及海马CA3区苔藓纤维发芽可能是DCDs导致癫痫发生的重要机制。     

Accelerated nervous system development contributes to behavioral efficiency in the laboratory mouse: a behavioral review and theoretical proposal.

The emergence of the laboratory mouse as a favored species for genetic research has posed a number of problems for scientists interested in the reflection of genetic influences in mouse behavior. It is commonly thought that rat behavior, which has been studied more extensively than mouse behavior, could be easily generalized to mice. In this article, a number of categories of behavior displayed by the mouse (motor, spatial, defensive, social) are reviewed and contrasted with the same categories of behavior displayed by the rat. The comparison suggests that mouse behavior is simpler and more dependent upon elementary actions than the behavior of the rat. We suggest that the behavioral simplification in the mouse adapts it for a different ecological niche than that occupied by the rat. We propose that this simplification may be mediated by accelerated brain maturation during development. We further propose that this developmental acceleration in the mouse renders it less dependent upon complex social behavior and plastic nervous system changes associated with learning than the rat. This difference poses problems for the development of relevant methods of behavioral analysis and interpretation. Since the mouse's biological adaptations will be reflected in laboratory behavior, suggestions are made for behavioral approaches to the study and interpretation of mouse behavior.     

Play fighting in androgen-insensitive tfm rats: evidence that androgen receptors are necessary for the development of adult playful attack and defense

The frequency of playful attack and the style of playful defense, are modifiable by gonadal steroids and change after puberty in male and female rats. The present study examined the play behavior exhibited by testicular feminized mutation (tfm)-affected males, who are insensitive to androgens but can bind estrogens aromatized from androgens, to determine the relative contributions of androgens and estrogens to the age-related changes in play behavior. tfm males did not exhibit a decrease in playful attack with age and were more likely to maintain the use of complete rotations, a juvenile form of playful defense, into adulthood. tfm males did however, show age related changes in the use of partial rotations and upright postures, two other forms of playful defense, that were similar to normal males. These data suggest that the development of play fighting and defense in males is dependent on both androgen- and estrogen-receptor-mediated effects.     

Early development of the representation of the body surface in SI cortex barrel field in neonatal rats as demonstrated with peanut agglutinin binding: evidence for differential development within the rattunculus

Summary Physiological studies have demonstrated a highly organized somatotopic representation of the body surface in SI cortex of rat. This representation is correlated morphologically with the presence of barrel-shaped structures in layer IV. Conventional staining techniques reveal barrels in the latter part of the first postnatal week. Recently, the peroxidase conjugates of lectins, which recognize glycosylated molecules, have been used to study barrel field formation. Con A, for example, has been shown to bind primarily to prospective barrel sides and septa as early as postnatal day 3 (PND-3) in mouse. To date, investigations of SI cortex using the lectin (Arachis hypogaea) peanut agglutinin (PNA) have been confined to the study of the barrel field representation of the face and mystacial vibrissae in the mouse. In the present study we extend these findings to the development of the representation of the entire body surface called the rattunculus. Rats ranging from PND-1 (first 24 h after birth) to PND-12 were anesthetized with Nembutal and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M sodium cacodylate buffer. Brains were removed, flattened tangentially, and sectioned on a vibratome at 30–120 microns. Sections were blocked in TRIS-buffered saline (TBS) plus 2% bovine serum albumin and incubated in peanut lectin at 4° C. Following incubation, sections were washed with TBS and processed using peroxidase histochemistry. Lectin binding in the prospective forelimb representation was apparent by PND-5 whereas lectin binding to the prospective face-mystacial vibrissae representation occurred before PND-4. These results suggest that body part representations show individual variations during early pattern formation. In rat, the representation of the limbs may lag behind the representation of the face-mystacial vibrissae during early postnatal development. This developmental gradient within the cortex may reflect a differential expression of lectin receptors.     

How the Pernkopf controversy facilitated a historical and ethical analysis of the anatomical sciences in Austria and Germany: a recommendation for the continued use of the Pernkopf atlas

Eduard Pernkopf's Topographical Anatomy of Man has been a widely used standard work of anatomy for over sixty years. International inquiries about the National Socialist (NS) political background of Eduard Pernkopf and the use of bodies of NS victims for the atlas were first directed at the University of Vienna in 1996. A public discussion about the further use of the book followed and led to the creation of the Senatorial Project of the University of Vienna in 1997. This historical research project confirmed the strong NS affiliation of Pernkopf and revealed the delivery of at least 1,377 bodies of executed persons to the Anatomical Institute of Vienna during the NS time. The possible use of these bodies as models cannot be excluded for up to half of the approximately 800 plates in the atlas. In addition tissue specimens from NS victims were found and removed from the collections of the Viennese Medical School and received a burial in a grave of honor. The Pernkopf controversy facilitated the historical and ethical analysis of the anatomical sciences in Austria and Germany during the NS regime. The continued use of the Pernkopf atlas is not only justifiable but desirable as a tool in the teaching of anatomy, history, and ethics.     

Characterization of BK virus-specific antibodies in human sera by Western immunoblotting: use of a zwitterionic detergent for restoring the antibody-binding capacity of electroblotted proteins

After initial problems related to denaturation of antigenic epitopes, we developed a Western immunoblotting method for the characterization of antibodies reacting with BK virus (BKV) structural polypeptides. When a zwitterionic detergent, Empigen BB, was added to the running buffer during electroblotting, the antibody-binding capacity of electrophoretically separated BKV polypeptides was partially restored. Antibodies reacting with different BKV antigens were detected and visualized by biotinylated anti-species-specific antibodies, peroxidase-conjugated streptavidine, and diaminobenzidine staining. Human sera containing anti-BKV antibodies reacted with VP1, but a serum containing antinuclear antibodies also reacted with VP4, -5 and -6 (histones). Serum from a rabbit inoculated with purified BKV reacted with VP1, and also with VP4, indicating that BKV inoculation may imply production of antibodies against histones.     

Ontogeny of vision in the Peking duck (Anas platyrhynchos): the pupillary light reflex as a means for investigating visual onset and development in avian embryos

The pupillary light reflex was used to determine the onset of visual function in Peking duck embryos (Anas platyrhynchos). Neurally mediated pupillary responses were first elicited on Day 18 (67% of total incubation), but 2 days prior to this and for several days during prenatal life, autonomous iris constriction was found. The neural and nonneural components of the response were separated using both an excision and a curare technique, each of which produced similar results. The pupillary technique for studying visual onset and development was further evaluated by a study of chick embryos (Gallus gallus), in which it was seen that results from this technique were in good agreement with those gleaned from more complex methods. It was concluded that the technique affords several advantages, particularly with respect to clarity of interpretation, ease of execution, and amount of information provided.     

Books,bones and bodies: The relevance of the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany for medical education today

The history of anatomy in Nazi Germany highlights the consequences to humanity when the destructive potentials immanent to all science and medicine are enabled by an anti-democratic, totalitarian regime. Anatomy presents an example of ethical transgressions by scientists and health care professionals that were amplified in the criminal political climate of the Nazi regime. This can happen anywhere, as science is never apolitical. This article gives a short account of anatomy in Nazi Germany, which is followed by an outline of the tangible and intangible legacies from this history, to then discuss implications for anatomy education today. While Jewish and politically dissident anatomists were forced out of their positions and country by the Nazi regime, the majority of the remaining anatomists joined the Nazi party and used bodies of Nazi victims for education and research. Some anatomists even performed deadly human experiments. Patterns and legacies that emerge from this history can be traced into the present and concern research ethics in general and anatomical body procurement specifically. They shed light on current practices and controversies in the anatomical sciences, including anthropology. It will be argued here that the history of anatomy in Nazi Germany can inform current anatomy education in a concept of anatomy as the first “clinical discipline.” By integrating insights from the history of anatomy into the learning process, anatomy education can model an approach to medicine that includes a full appreciation of the shared humanity of medical practitioners and patients.