CT冠状动脉成像在冠心病诊断中的应用

目的:研究CT冠状动脉成像在冠心病早期诊断冠状动脉狭窄定性定量判读的作用。方法:对34例临床未发生急性冠脉综合征的冠心病患者,先后进行冠状动脉造影、128排双源CT冠状动脉成像。以冠状动脉造影为"金标准",计算CT冠状动脉成像敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值。结果:①与冠状动脉造影相比,CT冠状动脉成像的敏感性为68%,特异性为97%,阳性预测值为89%,阴性预测值为90%。②CT冠状动脉成像有65个血管段图像质量差,约占12%,造成图像质量差的原因主要为钙化,心跳、呼吸伪影,少部分为管腔显示不良。结论:冠心病早期诊断中,CT冠状动脉成像可用作冠状动脉造影前筛选,CT冠状动脉成像阴性的患者不必行冠状动脉造影检查;CT冠状动脉成像阳性的患者,可行冠状动脉造影进一步确认病变。     

Small coronary vessel disease and sudden coronary death

In an attempt to determine the importance of atherosclerosis in medium-sized coronary arteries, the hearts of 20 patients dying of cardiac disease, within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms, were compared with 19 controls. Post-mortem coronary angiograms were performed and the coronary arteries dissected in detail. Severe stenoses, or complete occlusions, were present in 34 of 80 major coronary arteries in the sudden cardiac death (SCD) group and 5 of 76 in the controls. Medium-sized branch vessels were severely stenosed or occluded in 20.5 per cent (37 of 180 vessels) in the SCD group and 6.4 per cent (11 of 171 vessels) in the controls. Forty of the 48 diseased branch vessels arose from the left anterior descending artery. In the SCD group, 18 patients died from major coronary artery atheroma, one from hypertensive heart disease and only one from disease of a branch vessel. We conclude that, in most cases of SCD, careful macroscopic examination of the major coronary vessels will provide an adequate explanation for death. Detailed dissection of all medium-sized branch vessels is unlikely to be of value as a routine procedure but, at the very least, pathologists should identify and dissect the first septal and diagonal branches of the left anterior descending artery in every post-mortem.     

Native aorto-ostial coronary lesions on CT coronary angiogram

Aorto-ostial coronary lesions (AOLs) are important to detect due to the high risk of catastrophic consequences. Unfortunately, due to the complexities of these lesions, they may be missed on invasive coronary angiography. Computed tomography coronary angiogram (CTCA) is highly sensitive and specific in detecting AOLs, and has the additional advantage of demonstrating the surrounding anatomy. CTCA is particularly useful when assessing for AOL aetiologies in addition to atherosclerotic disease, e.g. Congenital anomalies, extrinsic Compression, Iatrogenic, Arteritis and Other, such as Thrombus, Embolism, Dissection and Spasm. This gives rise to “CIAO (TEDS)” as a proposed aide-mémoire and will form the structure of this pictorial review.     

冠脉内支架在冠脉病变中的应用价值

目的 探讨支架在冠脉病变治疗中的应用价值。方法对１９例冠心病患者植入冠脉支架,冠脉造影示Ａ型病变１例,Ｂ型１３例及Ｃ型５例。支架樾入用于预防ＰＴＣＡ后再狭窄１４例,治疗ＰＴＣＡ急性并发症（内膜撕裂和急性闭塞）５例。樾主支架２０个,其中前降支１０个,回旋支２个,右冠８个。结果 术后冠脉扩张效果满意,无残余狭窄。无一例发生急性和亚急性心脏事件,临床症状均明显改善。结论支架植入对复杂冠脉病变和急性冠脉并     

Non-invasive assessment of coronary artery geometry using coronary CTA

AimTo assess the association of coronary artery geometry with the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods73 asymptomatic individuals at increased risk of CAD due to peripheral vascular disease (18 women, mean age 63.5 ± 8.2 years) underwent coronary computed tomography angiography (coronary CTA) using first generation dual-source CT. Curvature and tortuosity of the coronary arteries were quantified using semi-automatically generated centerlines. Measurements were performed for individual segments and for the entire artery. Coronary segments were labeled according to the presence of significant stenosis, defined as >70% luminal narrowing, and the presence of plaque. Comparisons were made by segment and by artery, using linear mixed models.ResultsOverall, median curvature and tortuosity were, respectively, 0.094 [0.071; 0.120] and 1.080 [1.040; 1.120] on a per-segment level, and 0.096 [0.078; 0.118] and 1.175 [1.090; 1.420] on a per-artery level. Curvature was associated with significant stenosis at a per-segment (p < 0.001) and per-artery level (p = 0.002). Curvature was 16.7% higher for segments with stenosis, and 13.8% higher for arteries with stenosis. Tortuosity was associated with significant stenosis only at the per-segment level (p = 0.002). Curvature was related to the presence of plaque at the per-segment (p < 0.001) and per-artery level (p < 0.001), tortuosity was only related to plaque at the per-segment level (p < 0.001).ConclusionCoronary artery geometry as derived from coronary CTA is related to the presence of plaque and significant stenosis.     

Influence of coronary dominance on coronary artery calcification burden

ObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of coronary artery dominance on observed coronary artery calcification burden in outpatients presenting for coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).MethodsA 12-month retrospective review was performed of all CCTAs at a single institution. Coronary arterial dominance, Agatston score and presence or absence of cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLD), diabetes and smoking were recorded. Dominance groups were compared in terms of calcium score adjusted for covariates using analysis of covariance based on ranks. Only covariates observed to be significant independent predictors of the relevant outcome were included in each analysis. All statistical tests were conducted at the two-sided 5% significance level.Results1223 individuals, 618 women and 605 men were included, mean age 60 years (24–93 years). Right coronary dominance was observed in 91.7% (n = 1109), left dominance in 8% (n = 98), and codominance in 1.3% (n = 16). The distribution of patients among Agatston score severity categories significantly differed between codominant and left (p = 0.008), and codominant and right (p = 0.022) groups, with higher prevalence of either zero or severe CAC in the codominant patients. There was no significant difference in Agatston score between dominance groups. In the subset of individuals with coronary artery calcification, Agatston score was significantly higher in codominant versus left dominant patients (mean Agatston score 595 ± 520 vs. mean 289 ± 607, respectively; p = 0.049), with a trend towards higher scores in comparison to the right-dominant group (p = 0.093). Significance was not maintained upon adjustment for covariates.ConclusionsWhile the distribution of Agatston score severity categories differed in codominant versus right- or left-dominant patients, there was no significant difference in Agatston score based on coronary dominance pattern in our cohort. Reporting and inclusion of codominant subsets in larger investigations may elucidate whether codominant anatomy is associated with differing risk.     

Dilated coronary arterial obstruction due to coronary artery microfistulae

An 80-year-old asymptomatic man presented with ST-segment elevation in leads V1 to V5. Coronary CT angiography showed that microfistulae arising from multiple arteries may have led to myocardial infarction from intracoronary thromboembolism within the dilated left anterior descending (LAD).     

高危急性冠脉综合征急诊介入治疗150例分析

目的　通过分析急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 (PCI)对高危急性冠脉综合征 (ACS)的疗效 ,探讨急诊PCI对高危ACS的策略。方法　入选 2 0 0 1年 12月 7日至 2 0 0 4年 8月 2 2日来院的高危ACS(ST抬高的急性心肌梗死和非ST抬高的急性心肌梗死共 15 0例。发病时间在 2 4h内 ,从发病到来院时间 <6h ,6～ 12h和 12～ 2 4小时的比例分别为 6 0 %、2 5 %和 15 %。行急诊冠状动脉造影 (CAG)和急诊PCI,并随访观察。结果　 15 0例入选患者均行急诊冠脉造影 ,14 3例行急诊PCI,其中直接植入支架 6 0例 ,PTCA后植入支架 80例 ,仅行PTCA 3例。 4例延迟植入支架 ,3例早期病变。梗死相关血管 (IRA)前向血流达到TIMIⅢ级为 99.3%。单支病变 双支病变、3支病变和早期病变分别占 2 8% 4 6 % 2 4 %和 2 %。从来院到导管室时间平均 5 0min ,从进导管室到梗死血管开通时间平均 1h。术中发生慢血流2 1例 ,经冠脉内给药好转 ,无血流 1例 ,治疗无效 ,术后急性闭塞 2例 ,分别再次PCI和IABP治疗好转。IABP治疗 12例 ,1例无效。院内死亡 7例 ,其中术中无血流 1例 ,术中心源性休克 1例 ,术中室颤 1例 ,术后室颤 1例 ,术后顽固心衰 2例 ,术后心脏破裂 1例 ,病死率 4 .7%。 14 3例随访 ,随访时间为 30～ 993d ,出现心绞痛 3例 ,心力衰竭 3     

Relationship of epicardial fat volume to coronary plaque,severe coronary stenosis,and high-risk coronary plaque features assessed by coronary CT angiography

BackgroundAssociations of epicardial fat volume (EFV) measured on noncontrast cardiac CT (NCT) include coronary plaque, myocardial ischemia, and adverse cardiac events.ObjectivesThis study aimed to define the relationship of EFV to coronary plaque type, severe coronary stenosis, and the presence of high-risk plaque features (HRPFs).MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 402 consecutive patients, with no prior history of coronary artery disease, who underwent same day NCT and coronary CT angiography (CTA). EFV was measured on NCT with the use of validated, semiautomated software. The coronary arteries were evaluated for coronary plaque type (calcified [CP], noncalcified [NCP], or partially calcified [PCP]) and coronary stenosis severity ≥70% with the use of coronary CTA. For patients with NCP and PCP, 2 high-risk plaque features were evaluated: low-attenuation plaque and positive remodeling.ResultsThere were 402 patients with a median age of 66 years (range, 23–92 years) of whom 226 (56%) were men. The EFV was greater in patients with CP (112 ± 55 cm³ vs 89 ± 39 cm³), PCP (110 ± 57 cm³ vs 98 ± 45 cm³), and NCP (115 ± 44 cm³ vs EFV 100 ± 52 cm³). In the 192 patients with PCP or NCP, on multivariable analysis, after adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors, EFV was an independent predictor of ≥70% coronary artery stenosis (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% CI, 1.3–6.6; P = 0.008), any high-risk plaque features (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 0.9–3.4; P = 0.04), and low attention plaque (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1–5.1; P = 0.02) but not of positive remodeling.ConclusionsEFV is greater in patients with CP, PCP, and NCP. In patients with NCP and PCP, EFV is significantly associated with severe coronary stenosis, high-risk plaque features, and low attenuation plaque.     

Interactive coronary MRI

The acquisition of complete three-dimensional (3D), segmented gradient-echo data sets to visualize the coronary arteries can be both time consuming and sensitive to motion, even with use of multiple breath-holding or respiratory gating. An alternate hybrid approach is demonstrated here, in which real-time interactive imaging is first used to locate an optimal oblique coronary scan plane. Then, a limited number of contiguous slices are acquired around that plane within a breath-hold with use of two-dimensional (2D) segmented gradient-echo imaging. Dual inversion nulling is used to suppress fat and myocardium. Finally, if needed, a limited reformat of the data is pelformed to produce images from relatively long sections of the coronaries. This approach yields relatively rapid visualization of portions of the coronary tree. Several different methods are compared for interactively moving the scan plane.     

合并多支血管病变的无保护左主干的介入治疗

目的：分析合并多支血管病变的无保护左主干（ULMCA）患者接受冠脉介入治疗（PCI）的近期安全性及有效性。方法：整理、总结我院自2002—04～2007—08所行的29例合并多支血管病变的ULMCA患者的支架植入术,分析其病变特征、手术成功率及随访结果。结果：即刻手术成功率达100％。25例（86．2％）术后1个月随访,主要心脏事件发生率为0％。结论：对于心功能正常、低危的左主干病变患者,PCI治疗是安全有效的。     

冠心病患者冠状动脉侧支循环形成的形态学特点分析

目的:分析国人冠状动脉侧支循环的形态学特点。方法:将265例冠心病病人的冠状动脉造影结果进行分析,按Levin的方法进行分类,并与之比较。结果:不同狭窄程度两组间侧支循环开放率差别有高度统计学意义(X2=14.43,P<0.001)。三支血管间侧支循环开放率差别均有统计学意义(X2=3.96,X2=4.28,P<0.05)。东、西方组冠状动脉各支病变的侧支分布的比较差别有高度统计学意义(右冠状动脉X2=9.68,P<0.01;左冠状动脉X2=41.73,P<0.001;左冠状动脉旋支X2=8.54,P<0.01。结论:冠状动脉侧支循环的形成与冠状动脉狭窄程度及病变血管有关。中国人的冠状动脉侧支循环具有独特性。