多层螺旋CT及后处理技术在急性阑尾炎诊断中的价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及图像后处理技术对急性阑尾炎的诊断价值。方法:67例临床拟诊为急性阑尾炎的病例行MSCT检查,并经工作站进行多层面重建(MPR)及曲面重建(CPR)图像后处理,分析其CT表现并与手术病理结果对照。结果:急性阑尾炎MSCT的主要征象有阑尾管腔直径增粗(直径>6mm)、管壁增厚38例,阑尾周围炎31例,阑尾结石19例,回盲部管壁肥厚15例,阑尾脓肿12例,阑尾炎性包块7例。MSCT对急性阑尾炎诊断的敏感性、特异性、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为95%、82%、93%、96%、75%。结论:急性阑尾炎有典型的CT表现。MSCT及图像后处理技术能多方位显示阑尾本身及其周围组织改变及合并症,可显著提高急性阑尾炎的术前诊断准确率。     

MSCT鉴别诊断肺门区炎性块影与中央型肺癌

目的 回顾性分析肺门区炎性块影(HPIM)的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)征象,探讨其与中央型肺癌(CLC)的区别.方法 对经手术病理或抗感染治疗证实的HPIM 14例患者的MSCT回顾性重建,显示病灶与支气管树、中央血管及支气管动脉的关系,并与同期20例CLC做同等重建对比分析.结果 HPIM组炎性假瘤支气管内见良性占位(4/6),彗星尾征(4/6),支气管黏液嵌塞(3/6),桃尖征(3/6);球形肺炎8例均未见支气管异常改变,短直边征(6/8),边缘模糊(5/8);中央血管及支气管动脉均显示正常或相对正常.CLC组支气管壁内外见肿瘤侵犯(19/20),长直边征(11/20),远肺门侧炎性渗出(12/20);增强薄层重建可区分肿瘤边界(15/20),中央血管见不同程度的受侵改变(19/20),支气管动脉异常(18/20),纵隔淋巴结肿大(15/20).结论 MSCT多征象综合分析并结合支气管及血管重建能较好地鉴别HPIM和CLC.     

多层螺旋CT对腹膜后纤维化的诊断价值

目的总结腹膜后纤维化(RPF)的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)影像学征象,提高对此罕见病的认识和诊断水平。方法对11例RPF病例的MSCT图像资料进行回顾性分析,其中男7例,女4例,平均年龄49.6岁。11例患者均行平扫及增强扫描,并结合多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)和CT尿路造影(CTU)后处理图像进行分析。结果 11例患者CT平扫均表现为腹膜后不规则肿块或弥漫型软组织病变,其中肿块型4例,弥漫型7例,呈等密度或稍低密度;增强扫描有8例轻-中度强化,3例无明显强化;11例患者均不同程度包绕腹膜后大血管、一侧或双侧输尿管。结论 MSCT检查结合MPR、CPR和CTU后处理技术,可以清晰显示RPF的影像学征象及病变范围,对于提高RPF早期诊断正确率、指导临床治疗及预后有重要价值。更多还原     

多层螺旋CTMPVR在肺部疾病中的临床应用

目的探讨MSCT多轴向投照容积重建(MPVR)对肺部疾病的诊断价值.方法对15例正常人及45例肺部疾病患者(其中肺炎10例,支气管扩张8例,肺结核12例,肺肿瘤15例)应用MSCT机行常规肺部扫描(层厚、间隔10 mm),将数据进行回顾性薄层重建(层厚2.5 mm,间隔1.2 mm)后传至工作站,行MPVR处理,对正常肺血管及病灶进行观察和评价. 结果 15例正常人MPVR能够清楚显示肺血管空间走向,45例肺部疾病患者中各病灶均得以清晰显示,特别是显示病变内部情况及与周围组织的关系更具优势.结论多层螺旋CT MPVR操作简单、快捷,图像立体直观,可多角度任意观察,能够为临床诊治提供更多信息.     

HRCT与PET/CT联合诊断孤立性肺结节

目的 探讨HRCT与PET/CT相结合诊断孤立性肺结节(SPN)的价值.方法 88例经病理或临床证实的SPN接受PET/CT显像和HRCT检查;PET/CT用目测法结合半定量法判断病灶的良恶性,HRCT根据病灶的形态学特征判断其良恶性;比较单纯HRCT、PET/CT和联合诊断对SPN的判断结果.结果 88例SPN中,44例良性,44例恶性.HRCT和PET/CT对恶性SPN内部和周围征象的检出率均高于良性SPN(P均＜0.05),联合诊断的特异度和准确率均高于单独HRCT和PET/CT(P均＜0.05).结论 HRCT与PET/CT联合诊断SPN的特异度和准确率均较单独诊断为高,值得临床推广.     

多层螺旋CT在气道疾病的临床应用价值

目的　研究多层螺旋CT(MSCT)气道扫描及其后处理的临床应用。方法　 5 3例健康志愿者和 46例肺部疾病患者 ,行MSCT扫描后进行多层面 /曲面重建 (MPR/CPR) ,三维重建 ( 3D) ,“四维重建”( 4D Angio)和仿真内窥镜成像 (VE)。结果　 4种后处理方法对气道显示均可达亚段 ( 4级 )或以下支气管 ,对各种解剖及相互关系的显示各有优点 ,且互相弥补。结论　多层螺旋CT图像清晰 ,各种后处理对病变的显示直观 ,有利于对病变的整体理解。横断面结合多种后处理综合显示可对气道疾病作出较完善的评价。     

急性粟粒型肺结核与粟粒性肺转移瘤的CT特征

目的 分析急性粟粒型肺结核(AMPT)和粟粒性肺转移瘤(MLM)的常规CT及高分辨CT(HRCT)扫描中的特征.方法 回顾性分析25例AMPT和30例MLM的常规CT及HRCT资料,观察小结节的特点及其他并发征象.结果 结节的大小、密度、分布及边界在AMPT、MLM间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);肺内磨玻璃密度、肺实变在AMPT的发生率高于MLM(P＜0.05);多发结节小空洞、小叶间隔增厚、胸膜增厚及淋巴结增大在MLM的发生率高于AMPT(P＜0.05).结论 AMPT和MLM的CT表现有一定特征,有助于对两者的鉴别诊断.     

多平面重建对肺内孤立结节的评价

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT多平面重建技术(MPR)对肺内孤立性结节(SPN)的诊断价值。资料与方法:39例SPN行多层螺旋CT扫描、轴位HRCT扫描及薄层冠状位、矢状位MPR重建。图像分析分为2种方法,方法A为螺旋CT轴位图像结合轴位HRCT图像,方法B为螺旋CT轴位图像结合薄层冠状和矢状位多平面重建图像。判断方法A和方法B对SPN基本形态和基本征象的评价有无不同。结果:方法A和方法B对39例SPN基本形态和征象评价的差别无统计学意义。螺旋CT结合轴位HRCT的方法将2例炎症误诊为肺癌,螺旋CT结合MPR图像则作出正确诊断。与MPR图像比较分析后发现,轴位图像未能真实显示病灶的基本形态。结论:薄层MPR在显示SPN的基本征象方面同HRCT的作用相同、在评价SPN的基本形态方面优于单纯轴位CT。     

多层螺旋CT及后处理重建技术在肠梗阻诊断中的应用

肠梗阻在临床工作中较为常见,尽早明确其原因及病变程度是治疗的关键。多层螺旋CT(multislice spiral computer tomography,MSCT)在肠梗阻的诊断中具有快速、薄层扫描优势,同时丰富的后处理重建技术更直观显示直接及间接征象、原发及继发改变[1]。本次研究对比分析48例肠梗阻患者的MSCT常规横轴面图像及后处理重建图像,探讨MSCT及后处理重建技术在肠梗阻诊断中的价值。     

HRCT在非结核分枝杆菌肺病诊断及随访中的价值体会

目的:研究并探讨高分辨率CT(High Resolution Computed tomography,HRCT)在非结核分枝杆菌肺部诊断及随访观察中的应用价值。方法:入组对象为2014年1月~2017年1月期间我院收治且经病理组织学确诊的60例非结核分枝杆菌肺病患者,所有患者均接受常规CT、高分辨率CT检查,比较两种CT检查对非结核分枝杆菌肺病的检出率、征象检出情况、图像质量。在患者治疗后对其进行随访,复查HRCT,观察其病灶情况。结果:高分辨率CT对非结核分枝杆菌肺病的检出率为96.67%,常规CT的检出率为83.33%,高分辨率CT的检出率明显高于常规CT(P0.05)。高分辨率CT对肺部各类征象(树芽征、结节影、斑片影、空洞、支气管征)的检出率均高于常规CT(P0.05)。高分辨率CT的图像质量优良率为95.00%,常规CT为81.67%,高分辨率CT的优良率高于常规CT(P0.05)。随访3个月~6个月,经HRCT复查发现,60例患者的病灶均可见缩小。结论:在非结核分枝杆菌肺病的诊断中,高分辨率CT具有显著的诊断价值,可对肺部病灶予以准确检查,清晰显示肺部征象,其图像质量较高,还可用于非结核分枝杆菌肺病的随访评估中。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.