广西南宁市世行贷款中国结核病控制项目中期效果评价

目的评价南宁市世行贷款／英国赠款中国结核病控制项目（2002—2005年）中期执行的效果。方法根据卫生部的中期评估调查表，收集南宁市2002—2005年8个项目单位常规监测等相关资料，汇总分析。结果南宁市2004年DOTS策略覆盖率达到100％，4年来共接诊可疑肺结核症状者42358例，发现活动性肺结核病人16067例，其中涂阳病人6012例，涂阳病人登记率从2002年的11．51／10万上升到2005年的37．03／10万，初治涂阳病人治愈率从2002年的76．7％提高到2005年的92．4％。结论通过实施世行贷款结核病控制项目，实现了南宁市结核病控制中期目标，初步建立了结核病控制可持续发展机制，但仍需进一步加强结核病控制工作。     

综合性医院归口诊治肺结核病的改革实践

目的:充分发挥综合医院作用,提高肺结核病人发现率。方法:通过全面推行结核病控制策略(DOTS),改革防制模式,实行以一所综合医院为归口诊治、其他医院机构为归口转诊、疾控中心为归口管理模式,建立转诊制度,明确各自职责和分工。结果:全县传染源发现率平均已达96.7%;新发涂阳肺结核病新登记率从1995年~1999年30.1/10万上升到2000年~2005年44.50/10万,增长了47.8%;转诊率从1995年~1999年82.1%上升到2005年的98.5%,增长了20%。结论:改革后的结核病归口诊治管理模式,利用现有医疗资源,有效提高了肺结核病人的转诊率和涂阳病人的发现率,发挥了综合性医院对结核病控制工作的重要作用。     

Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 1999.

Australia has one of the lowest incidence of tuberculosis in the world. The crude annual notification rate for tuberculosis (TB) has remained stable at between 5 and 6 per 100,000 population since 1991. In 1999, there were a total of 1,159 TB notifications in Australia of which 1,117 were new TB cases, and 42 were relapsed cases. The corresponding annual notification rate for new and relapsed TB was 5.9 and 0.2 per 100,000 population respectively. People born overseas accounted for 83 per cent of the notified cases. TB notification rates remain highest among overseas-born residents from high prevalence countries, and indigenous Australians. The lowest rates of disease are in the non-indigenous, Australian born population and data from the last 7 years indicate that the rate of tuberculosis in this population is continuing to fall.     

2002-2010年霍山县肺结核病人发现与治疗效果分析

目的：评价霍山县肺结核病人发现与治疗效果,为进一步提高结核病防治水平提供科学依据。方法：利用2002-2010年霍山县中国结核病控制工作季报表、月报表及网络专报资料进行分析评价。结果：霍山县2002—2010年共登记治疗管理肺结核患者2368例,其中涂阳肺结核病人所占比例从2002年的42．00％（63／150）上升到2010年的69．23％（144／208）,涂阳新登记率从2002年17．22／10万（63例／365873人）上升到2010年的39．42／10万（144例／365284人）,涂阳病人治愈率从2002年44．44％08／63）提高到2010年85．42％（123／144）,初治涂阳平均治愈率为85．40％007／1062）,复治涂阳平均治愈率为65．09％（179／275）。结论：现代结核病控制策略使结核病患者的发现与治疗管理水平不断提高。     

Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 1998

Since the inception of the National Mycobacterial Surveillance System (NMSS) in 1991, annual crude notification rates for tuberculosis have remained stable at between 5 and 6 per 100,000 population. In 1998, there was a total of 923 TB notifications in Australia of which 884 were new TB cases, and 39 relapsed cases. The corresponding annual crude notification rate for new and relapsed TB was 4.72 and 0.21 per 100,000 respectively. Seventy-seven percent of notifications that had a country of birth reported were overseas born. In keeping with trends observed over recent reporting years, the populations for which notified TB rates are highest include the overseas born from high prevalence countries and Indigenous Australians. The lowest rates of disease have continued to be reported in the non-Indigenous, Australian born population. Surveillance reports over the last seven years indicate that the rate of disease in this population is gradually declining.     

海盐县7年流动人口肺结核病的监测

目的：分析海盐县1996～2002年流动人口肺结核监测结果。方法：对1996～2002年结核病监测年报表资料进行描述性统计分析。结果：7年间，新登记肺结核病人119例，年均新登记率90．46／10万，其中涂阳新登记率34．41／10万；发病数呈逐年上升趋势，从占全县病例数的4．76％上升到16．13％；以15～34岁为主，占75．63%；新发涂阳病人治愈率82．98％。结论：流动人口肺结核发病率高，病情重，对其进行肺结核免费治疗管理，提高发现率和治愈率是控制结核病至关重要工作。     

High prevalence of tuberculosis in previously treated patients, Cape Town, South Africa

The tuberculosis (TB) notification rate is high and increasing in 2 communities in Cape Town, South Africa. In 2002, we conducted a prevalence survey among adults > or = 15 years of age to determine the TB prevalence rate; 15% of households in these communities were randomly sampled. All persons living in sampled households were eligible for chest radiography and sputum examination. Of the 3,483 adults who completed a questionnaire, 2,608 underwent chest radiography and sputum examination. We detected 26 bacteriologically confirmed TB cases and a prevalence of 10.0/1,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2-13.8 per 1,000). We found 18 patients with smear-positive TB, of whom 8 were new patients (3.1/1,000, 95% CI 0.9-5.1/1,000). More than half of patients with smear-positive TB (10, 56%) had previously been treated. Such patients may contribute to transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the high TB prevalence rate. Successful treatment of TB patients must be a priority.     

江华县1993-2008年结核病控制项目实施效果分析

目的评价1993-2008年江华县结核病控制项目实施效果。方法对江华县项目实施期间登记管理的肺结核病例资料进行统计分析。结果 16年来共发现并登记管理活动性肺结核病人4489例。其中涂阳病人2618例,新发涂阴病人1871例。可疑肺结核平均就诊率176.0/10万,新涂阳病人平均登记率31.5/10万;初治涂阳病人平均治愈率97.3%,复治涂阳病人平均治愈率86.9%,新发涂阴病人治疗成功率95.6%。结论现代结核病控制策略的实施,极大地促进并规范了江华县结核病防治工作,实现了结核病人高发现率和高治愈率的目标,取得了显著的社会效益和经济效益。但仍有不少问题存在,结核病控制工作有待进一步加强。     

Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2004

The National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System received 1,076 tuberculosis (TB) notifications in 2004, of which 1,043 were new cases and 33 were relapses. The incidence of TB in Australia has remained at a stable rate since 1985 and was 5.4 cases per 100,000 population in 2004. The high-incidence groups remain people born overseas and Indigenous Australians at 21.7 and 8.1 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. By contrast, the incidence of TB in the non-Indigenous Australian-born population was 1.0 cases per 100,000 population. Comparison of the 2004 TB notification data against the performance indicators set by National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee highlights that enhanced TB control measures should be considered among these high-risk groups.     

Trends in tuberculosis--United States, 1998-2003

During 2003, a total of 14,871 tuberculosis (TB) cases (5.1 cases per 100,000 population) were reported in the United States, representing a 1.4% decrease in cases and a 1.9% decline in the rate from 2002. This decline is the smallest since 1992, when TB incidence peaked after a 7-year resurgence. In addition, the rate remains higher than the national interim goal of 3.5 cases per 100,000 population that was set for 2000. This report summarizes data from the national TB surveillance system for 2003 and describes trends during a 5-year period, with comparison to 1998 and 2002. Despite a decline in TB nationwide, rates have increased in certain states, and elevated TB rates continue to be reported in certain populations (e.g., foreign-born persons and racial/ethnic minorities). Targeted interventions for these at-risk populations, continued collaborative efforts toward the global fight against TB, and adequate local resources are essential to eliminating TB in the United States.     

Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2002.

In 2002, there were 1,028 cases of tuberculosis (TB) reported to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System, of which 997 were new cases, 30 were relapses and 1 unknown. The incidence rate of TB in Australia in 2002 was 5.2 cases per 100,000 population. The highest incidence of TB was reported in people born overseas (20.2 cases per 100,000 population), followed by Indigenous Australians (8.5 cases per 100,000 population). By contrast, the incidence rate of TB in the nonIndigenous Australian-born population was 1.1 cases per 100,000 population. This pattern of TB incidence rates amongst the sub-populations of Australia has been observed for over 10 years. The rates were evaluated against the performance indicators set by the National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee to ensure that Australia's record of TB control is maintained and improved.     

沈阳市2002～2008年肺结核患者发现与转归分析

目的探讨沈阳市肺结核患者发现与治疗转归情况,为结核病控制提供技术政策依据。方法分析2002～2008年沈阳市结核病监测季度和年度报表资料。结果7年来全市共登记新涂阳肺结核患者9 597例,新涂阳登记率从2002年的12.9/10万上升到2008年的25.0/10万,平均治愈率为97.4%。结论2002～2008年沈阳市肺结核患者的发现水平逐年提高,患者的治疗管理保持在较高水平,是全面贯彻结核病控制策略的结果。     

Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 2003.

The National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) received 982 tuberculosis (TB) notifications in 2003, of which 947 were new cases, 33 were relapses and two were cases with unknown history. The incidence of TB in Australia has remained at a stable rate since 1985 and was 4.9 cases per 100,000 population in 2003. The high-incidence groups remain people born overseas and Indigenous Australians at 19.9 and 8.7 cases per 100,000 population, respectively. By contrast the incidence in non-Indigenous Australians was 0.9 per 100,000. Comparison of the 2003 TB notification data against the performance indicators set by National Tuberculosis Advisory Committee highlights that enhanced TB control measures should be considered among these high-risk groups.     

Tuberculosis notifications in Australia, 1997. National TB Advisory Group. Communicable Disease Network Australia and New Zealand

Since the inception of the National Mycobacterial Surveillance System (NMSS) in 1991, annual crude notification rates for tuberculosis (TB) have remained stable at between 5 and 6 per 100,000 population. In 1997, there was a total of 1,001 TB notifications in Australia, of which 954 were new TB cases and 47 relapses. The corresponding annual crude notification rate for new and relapsed TB was 5.15 and 0.25 per 100,000 respectively. Seventy-nine per cent of notifications that had a country of birth reported were overseas born. In keeping with trends observed over recent reporting years, the populations for which notified TB rates were highest include the overseas born from high prevalence countries and indigenous Australians. The lowest rates of disease have continued to be reported in the non-indigenous, Australian born population. Surveillance reports over the last seven years indicate that the rate of disease in this population is gradually declining.     

连云港市实施结核病控制项目效果分析

目的 :评价连云港市结核病控制项目效果。方法 :对连云港市 1995年～ 2 0 0 0年各项目县登记资料、报表进行分析。结果 :6年累计接诊可疑肺结核病人 195 0 3例 ,发现涂阳病人 1893例 ,其中新发涂阳病人 1710例 ,涂阳新登记率为 15 .7/10万 ,初治涂阳新登记率为 14 .1/10万。涂阳病人转归队列分析显示 :初治涂阳病例治愈率为 95 .1% ,复治涂阳为 90 .7%。结论 :项目实施 6年成效显著 ,达到了高治愈率、高发现率的目标 ,促进了本市结核病控制工作的开展     

Decline of Tuberculosis Burden in Vietnam Measured by Consecutive National Surveys, 2007–2017

Vietnam, a high tuberculosis (TB) burden country, conducted national TB prevalence surveys in 2007 and 2017. In both surveys participants were screened by using a questionnaire and chest radiograph; sputum samples were then collected to test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis by smear microscopy and Löwenstein-Jensen culture. Culture-positive, smear-positive, and smear-negative TB cases were defined by laboratory results, and the prevalence of tuberculosis was compared between the 2 surveys. The results showed prevalence of culture-positive TB decreased by 37% (95% CI 11.5%–55.4%), from 199 (95% CI 160–248) cases/100,000 adults in 2007 to 125 (95% CI 98–159) cases/100,000 adults in 2017. Prevalence of smear-positive TB dropped by 53% (95% CI 27.0%–69.7%), from 99 (95% CI 78–125) cases/100,000 adults to 46 (95% CI 32–68) cases/100,000 adults; smear-negative TB showed no substantial decrease. Replacing microscopy with molecular methods for primary diagnostics might enhance diagnosis of pulmonary TB cases and further lower TB burden.     

Tuberculosis situation among tribal population of Car Nicobar, India, 15 years after intensive tuberculosis control project and implementation of a national tuberculosis programme

OBJECTIVE: To assess the tuberculosis (TB) situation in the tribal community of Car Nicobar island 15 years after the national TB programme was implemented in this area after an intensive phase of TB control in 1986. METHODS: The entire population of Car Nicobar was enumerated through a house-to-house survey. Children aged <14 years were tuberculin tested and read for reaction sizes. Individuals aged >15 years were asked about the presence of chest symptoms (cough, chest pain, and unexplained fever for two weeks or longer and haemoptysis), and sputum samples were collected from patients with chest symptoms. Sputum samples were examined for presence of acid-fast bacilli. FINDINGS: Among the 4,543 children enumerated, 4,351 (95.8%) were tuberculin tested and read. Of the 981 children without bacille Calmette-Guerin scars, 161 (16.4%) were infected with TB. A total of 77 cases who were smear-positive for TB were detected from among 10,570 people aged >15 years; the observed smear-positive case prevalence was 728.5 per 100,000. The standardized prevalence of TB infection, annual risk of TB infection, and prevalence of cases smear-positive for TB were 17.0%, 2.5%, and 735.3 per 100,000, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TB infection and smear-positive cases of TB increased significantly between 1986 and 2002. Such escalation took place despite the implementation of the national TB programme on this island, which was preceded by a set of special anti-TB measures that resulted in sputum conversion in a substantially large proportion of the smear-positive cases prevalent in the community. The most likely reason for the increase seems to be the absence of a district TB programme with enough efficiency to sustain the gains made from the one-time initial phase of special anti-TB measures. High risk of transmission of TB infection currently observed on this island calls for a drastic and sustained improvement in TB control measures.     

加强转诊在提高肺结核病人发现中的作用

目的探索加强行政干预等措施对肺结核病人转诊工作的影响。方法对广东省湛江市区等20个县区采取加强病人转诊的干预措施，分析比较干预前后病人登记率、病人转诊到位率和追踪率。选择信宜县等20个县区作为对照组，比较两组肺结核病人发现情况。结果干预后，干预地区新涂阳肺结核登记率为36．6／10万，病人转诊到位率为76．2％，病人追踪率为88．9％，均较干预前有明显提高。干预地区病人追踪到位率为41．5％，高于对照地区的20．9％。结论在病人发现工作开展较好地区，通过加强病人转诊工作仍可在一定程度上提高肺结核病人发现水平。     

东至县肺结核病控制项目实施效果评价

目的评价东至县实施“中国结核病-日本援助项目”效果,探讨山区县结核病控制的可行措施。方法对2002~2004年项目执行资料进行汇总分析。结果3年共接诊可疑肺结核症状者1 920例,发现活动性肺结核病人1 201例,涂阳病人登记率由22.79/10万上升到34.71/10万,初治涂阳病人的治愈率88.51%。结论东至县结核病控制项目取得显著成效。     

湖南省株洲县1994-2009年结核病控制项目效果分析评价

目的对株洲县1994-2009年实施结核病控制项目效果进行分析评价,为该县结核病控制工作可持续发展提供科学依据。方法对该县1994-2009年登记管理的病人,以病人登记本、月报、季报和年报为资料来源,进行患病率、流行特征、DOTS策略执行情况的分析及社会效益和成本效益的评价研究。结果 1994-2009年登记患病率为72.69/10万,涂阳患病率为45.09/10万,其中新涂阳患病率为36.23/10万,治愈率为93.51%,复治涂阳病人治愈率为88.55%,避免了约60 000人感染结核杆菌和3 000人发生结核病,项目期间产生的直接效益是投入病人发现治疗成本的15倍。结论结核病控制项目的实施,促进了结核病控制规划目标的实现,达到了结核病人高发现率和高治愈率目标,取得了显著的社会效益和经济效益,为结核病控制工作的可持续发展提供了科学依据。