非抽搐性癫痫持续状态五例及文献复习

目的 探讨非抽搐性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)患者的临床表现及持续脑电监测的脑电图(EEG)特征.方法 对自2008年11月至2009年12月北京大学人民医院急诊科收治的5例NCSE患者行持续EEG监测检查,观察其EEG特征及临床表现.结果 5例均出现发作性意识障碍,其中4例出现烦躁、易怒或躁狂,3例表现出精神运动迟滞和遗忘,2例出现言语自动症和失认,1例出现定向障碍.所有患者的EEG均出现广泛性但一侧明显的异常放电.静脉注射地两泮后,3例患者临床症状迅速改善.结论 NCSE并非罕见,持续EEG监测能查出本病,早期诊断,及时治疗可改善患者预后,临床应注意与其他引起意识紊乱的疾病相鉴别.     

非惊厥性癫痫持续状态临床及脑电图表现四例

目的由于非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)的临床表现及脑电图的变化在儿童和成人很难被识别,容易被误诊,本研究主要是探讨NCSE的临床特点及脑电图表现。方法收集我院诊治过的4例NCSE患者的临床资料及脑电图资料,分析其特点。结果 4例患者既往均有癫痫发作。例1患者停药后出现NCSE发作,例3、例4患者由于药物控制不佳,例2患者的NCSE均发生在惊厥发作后,每次发作持续时间从0.5h至3d不等。例2、例3及例4患者反复多次出现NCSE。4例患者均表现为行为异常,例1、例2及例4患者发作时不讲话,不能和外界进行交流,例3患者发作时构音不清。随访后发现例2、例3患者记忆力下降,例1、例4患者智能基本正常。从脑电图来看,均表现为持续性棘慢波发放。例1为失神发作癫痫持续状态,例2、例3及例4为部分性发作癫痫持续状态。结论 NCSE在早期易漏诊,反复NCSE可导致患者记忆力下降,如癫痫患者出现持续半小时以上的行为异常等表现,应急行脑电图检查明确是否NCSE,使用苯二氮卓类及抗癫痫药物可终止NCSE。     

成人非惊厥性癫(癎)持续状态的临床及脑电图特点

目的:探讨成人非惊厥性癫癎持续状态(NCSE)的临床及脑电图特点.方法:对7例NCSE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:本组7例NCSE患者中,复杂部分性NCSE6例,全面性NCSE1例.临床表现以不同程度意识障碍为主,伴反应迟钝、定向力障碍、自动症、精神行为异常等.脑电图检查均可见癎性发放,且癫癎波形态与临床表现有关.按癫癎持续状态治疗原则治疗后均明显好转.结论:NCSE患者临床表现复杂多样;脑电图改变明显且与临床症状可能有某些相关性,有助于诊断;及时治疗预后良好.     

儿童非惊厥性持续状态的脑电图五例

目的 总结分析儿童非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)多种脑电图(EEG)异常放电模式。方法 2016年9月至2020年9月首都医科大学宣武医院儿科收治的5例NCSE患儿,分析患儿的发作诱因、临床表现、EEG异常及治疗反应等情况。结果 报道的5例患儿,男童2例,女童3例。发病年龄1～12岁(中位值4岁2月)。5例均有反应迟钝,不同程度的智力倒退,其中例5有性格改变。NCSE诱因分析发现5例中感染引起惊厥持续状态后出现NCSE 1例(例4),抗癫痫药物调整过程中发作1例(例2),癫痫发作控制不佳1例(例5),突然停用所有抗癫痫药物1例(例3),诱因不明1例(例1)。发作期EEG特征多样,包括反复长时间的发作期放电,局部起始伴扩散和演变,左右反复交替出现(例1);全导高波幅慢波及右侧局灶性(Rolandic区)持续放电(例2);全导弥漫性高幅2.5～3Hz左右慢波、棘慢波长程发放(例3);全导持续周期性高幅慢波、尖慢波呈发放(例4)。双侧前头部(额极、额、中央、顶为主导联)5Hz高幅持续性慢波(例5)。所有患儿发作时静脉推注地西泮,临床症状及EEG均有不同程度的改善。结论 NCSE的临床表现和...     

表现为非惊厥性癫痫持续状态的边缘叶脑炎的临床和脑电图特征

目的探讨为非惊厥性癫痫持续状态(NCSE)的边缘叶脑炎(LE)的临床及EEG特征。方法回顾性分析9例表现有NCSE的LE患者的临床资料。结果 4例患者为急性起病,5例为亚急性起病。首发症状为复杂部分性癫痫持续状态(CPSE)7例,轻微发作癫痫持续状态(SSE)1例,简单部分性癫痫持续状态(SPSE)1例。9例患者均有精神症状、记忆障碍及自主神经功能紊乱,肺癌1例。头颅MRI显示脑实质急性炎症,主要集中于边缘系统,呈双侧对称或不对称信号异常改变,T_1WI为略低信号,T_2WI及Flair呈高信号。EEG表现为θ波背景6例,均可见δ波,其中棘慢波或尖慢波4例;α波背景2例,均可见δ波,表现为δ波背景1例。视频脑电图(VEEG)示1例SSE患者呈持续的痫性放电,在病侧蝶骨电极更显著,但无运动性癫痫发作。1例SPSE患者在皮质和颞近中央区有不同频率的局灶性棘波或棘慢综合波持续发放。7例CPSE患者呈颞区为主的各种形式癫痫性电活动广泛持续发放或反复阵发性出现,如节律性的棘波、尖波、δ或/和θ节律,可向邻近区域或对侧半球扩散,或左右交替;在无凝视反应或刻板自动症时呈现扩散至双侧半球的高波幅棘慢综合波或δ节律爆发。结论表现有NCSE的LE的临床和EEG有特征性改变,EEG和VEEG是LE是否存在NCSE的主要诊断依据。左右半球边缘叶病变出现的精神症状并不相同。各型LE对治疗反应不一,非副肿瘤性LE疗效较满意。     

全面惊厥性癫痫持续状态患者初始治疗失败的相关因素分析

目的 分析成人全面惊厥性癫痫持续状态(generalized convulsive status epilepticus,GCSE)患者初始静脉输注抗癫痫药物(antiepileptic drugs,AEDs)治疗失败的临床与持续脑电图(continuous electroencephalography,cEEG)监测数据,以便制订更加合理的GCSE治疗方案.方法 汇总2007-2012年先后2个随机对照试验患者的相关数据.将患者分为完全控制和癫痫复发两组,进行比较.记录GCSE患者初始治疗后6h内癫痫复发率、cEEG模式及AEDs血药浓度.结果 癫痫复发组病因、治疗前GCSE持续时间、cEEG模式均与完全控制组存在差异,进一步将3个因素引入多因素Logistic回归方程:仅发作间期癫痫性放电(interietal epileptiform discharges,IEDs)和周期性放电(periodic epileptic discharges,PEDs)和(或)非惊厥性发作持续状态(non-convulsive status epilepticus,NCSE)模式与癫痫复发独立相关(分别为OR=5.486,95％ CI1.708～ 17.621;OR=21.056,95％ CI 3.653 ～ 121.371,均P＜O.05),而病毒性脑炎(OR=10.433,95％ CI 3.223～ 33.769,P＜0.05)和GCSE持续时间＞4h(OR=5.381,95％ CI1.918 ～ 15.096,P＜0.05)又与IEDs模式和PEDs和(或)NCSE模式独立相关.结论 GCSE患者经静脉输注AEDs后须进行cEEG监测,并应成为临床医生判断癫痫是否完全终止的重要手段.临床医生应根据这些相关因素对抗癫痫治疗方案进行个体化调整,以减少癫痫复发.     

丙戊酸钠脑病1例报告

现报告丙戊酸钠脑病1例如下.1病例男,45岁.因"发作性四肢抽搐40年,加重2d"于2010年6月10日入院.患者5岁始出现发作性四肢抽搐伴意识丧失、尿便失禁,每次发作持续约1 ～3 min,诊断为原发性癫(癎),予口服苯妥英钠治疗;后因控制欠佳逐步调整为苯妥英钠、苯巴比妥及氯硝西泮联合治疗.入院前1个月患者不规则服药,入院前2d患者抽搐伴意识丧失再发,持续30 min未缓解,拟"癫(癎)持续状态"入急诊室治疗,予地西泮、甘露醇等治疗后症状缓解.但此后2d内患者四肢抽搐反复发作而入院.查体:神志清晰,认知功能正常,查体无异常体征.血常规、肝肾功能、血糖、电解质及苯妥英钠与苯巴比妥血药浓度均正常.入院后再次出现抽搐伴意识丧失发作持续15 min未缓解,故予丙戊酸钠400 mg静注,继以1 mg/(kg·h)静滴维持;抽搐控制,意识恢复.次日将丙戊酸钠改为1 g/d口服,此后1周无癫(癎)发作.入院第9d患者出现嗜睡及阵发性右上肢抽动,第10 d表现为昏睡,肢体抽动较前频繁;第11d昏迷并反复出现抽搐.肝功能、肾功能、电解质及血糖均正常,血丙戊酸钠浓度为65.34 mg/L(50～100 mg/L),血氨263μmol/L(18～72 μmol/L).EEG示弥漫性高波幅慢波及中等波幅尖波.头颅MRI示两侧额叶、颞叶、岛叶及基底节区片状T2WI高信号、弥散加权成像(DWI)为高信号病灶,T1WI增强后扫描无强化.     

脑叶出血后非惊厥癫痫持续状态1例报告

正昏迷状态下的非惊厥癫痫持续状态(NCSE)临床少见,现报告1例脑叶出血后NCSE如下。1病例女,83岁,因"右侧肢体活动不灵伴言语笨拙2 d,加重3 h"入院。该患者于入院前2 d小便过程中突然出现右侧肢体活动不灵,摔倒在地,伴有言语笨拙,遂来我院急诊。行头部CT(2015-10-31)示左侧额叶出血破入蛛网膜下腔,给予"甘油果糖、醒脑静"静脉滴注,家属述患者在急诊治疗过     

持续脑电监测在机械通气和镇静状态下蛛网膜下腔出血患者中的应用

目的 评估镇静和机械通气状态下蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者的非惊厥性癫痫发作(NCSZ)和非惊厥性癫痫发作持续状态(NCSE)的频率。方法 对2019-06—2021-06河南省直第三人民医院重症监护中心需机械通气和镇静并接受持续脑电监测的26例蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,格拉斯哥中位评分8分(范围3～14),Hunt-Hess中位评分为4分(范围1～4)。结果 26例患者共记录约2 600 h的连续脑电图波形,持续脑电监测过程中未见明确临床症状的癫痫发作事件,也未观察到类似癫痫样发作的情况。2例(7.69%)患者在脑电监测记录中发现非惊厥性癫痫发作情况,其中1例持续5 min,另1例持续约5 h。结论 持续脑电监测对镇静状态下的蛛网膜下腔出血患者具有重要价值,持续性镇静、不做唤醒试验是降低需机械辅助呼吸的蛛网膜下腔出血患者亚临床癫痫发作的重要因素。     

2例非惊厥癫痫持续状态患者的临床特征及脑电图分析

非惊厥性癫痫持续状态（Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus,NCSE）年发病率为5.6～18.3/10万[1],约占癫痫持续状态的一半,并非罕见,以往由于对其认识不足和诊断标准不一致[2],常被误诊或漏诊,得不到及时有效的治疗.不同类型的NCSE,临床表现和脑电图特点各不相同[3].现将首都医科大学宣武医院神经内科2012年7～10月收治的2例NCSE患者的临床特征及脑电图结果报道如下.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.