炎症性肠病与结直肠癌

炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colonitis,UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn病，CD)，是由环境、基因和免疫因子联合影响，产生免疫反应引起的慢性非特异性炎症，其病因目前尚未完全明了。首例UC并发肠癌报道于1925年。IBD通过多步骤介导肿瘤发生，其中UC并发结     

炎症性肠病135例临床分析

目的探讨溃疡性结肠炎(UC)和克罗恩病(CD)的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1985～2004年的135例符合中华医学会消化病分会制定的炎症性肠病诊断治疗规范标准的病人的临床、肠镜及治疗方法和效果。结果31例CD主要临床症状为糊状腹泻,腹痛多位于脐周或右下腹,内镜下主要表现为节段性、非对称性的黏膜炎症,阿弗他溃疡。104例UC主要表现为反复发作的黏液脓血便,腹痛多位于下腹和左侧,内镜下主要表现为多发性浅表溃疡、弥漫性充血糜烂、假息肉。UC结肠镜确诊率为100%,但CD结肠镜确诊率仅为41.9%。UC内外科治疗完全缓解率33.6%,有效率82.7%;CD完全缓解率为22.6%,有效率为64.5%,UC的治疗有效率明显高于CD(P<0.05)。结论结肠镜是诊断UC的最有效方法,CD的诊断须依靠临床、内镜、X线及手术探查资料进行综合评价。合理的内科治疗和选择性外科治疗可提高IBD治疗效果。     

炎症性肠病152例临床病理分析

为探讨炎症性肠病（IBD）的临床病理特点和治疗方法,回顾性分析152例IBD患者的临床资料,肠镜、病理检查及治疗方法。结果显示,临床主要表现：93例溃疡性结肠炎（UC）以腹泻为主,伴有腹痛和黏液脓血便,腹痛多位于左下腹和左腰腹部;59例克罗恩病（CD）以腹痛为主,伴有腹泻和黏液或水样便,腹痛多位于右下腹和脐周。病变范围：UC以直肠和全结肠为主;CD以末端回肠及其邻近结肠为主。临床类型：UC以初发型及慢性复发型多见;CD以狭窄型为主。内镜及病理大体检查：UC为多发性表浅溃疡、连续性弥漫性黏膜充血糜烂,病理检查镜下隐窝脓肿较多见;CD为节段性、非对称性的黏膜炎症,病理检查镜下黏膜下层见结节样肉芽肿。CD并发症较多,主要为肠梗阻、瘘管及肠穿孔。UC结肠镜病理活检确诊率为96．8％,3．2％的病例是经手术标本病理活检确诊。CD结肠镜病理活检确诊率为59．3％,40．7％的病例是经手术标本病理活检而确诊。结果表明,IBD临床表现多样,CD并发症较UC多见,误诊率较高,结肠镜病理活检是诊断UC和CD的有效方法。合理内科治疗和选择性外科治疗可提高IBD的治疗效果。     

炎症性肠病规范化药物治疗北大核心CSCD

炎症性肠病在我国发病率逐年升高,病人需要长期药物治疗以诱导并维持病情缓解。规范化的药物治疗需要在充分认识各种药物的作用效果和不良反应基础上,结合病人的病变部位、疾病类型、病情严重程度、并发症以及既往治疗史,制定最适宜的规范化治疗方案。     

炎症性肠病的治疗进展

炎症性肠病 (Inflammatory Bowel Disease,IBD)包括克隆氏病 (Crohn' s Disease,CD)和溃疡性结肠炎 (Ulcerative Colitis,UC) ,为一类病类尚未完全明确的肠道非特异性炎症。近年来 ,随着对其病理生理学研究的进一步深入 ,治疗方面也取得了相应的进展 ,兹简要综述如下。1　传统治疗　　 IBD的传统治疗包括应用抗菌药物及激素治疗。前者包括磺胺类药物及抗生素 ,后者包括糖皮质激素和促肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH)。　　磺胺类药物早在 40年代就开始用于 IBD的治疗 ,效果较好的是水杨酸偶氮磺胺吡啶 (SASP) ,用量一般为 2～ 6 g/d,症状…     

加强炎症性肠病外科治疗研究

100年前,人类开始了对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的首例外科治疗;后50年,克罗恩病（CD）亦为病理学家所证实,并由此纳入外科学界的视野。过去的这100年和50年的发展．手术技术的发展、围手术期药物效能的改善和诊断水平的提高始终成为推动炎症性肠病（IBD）学术研究进步的三大重点领域。虽然手术治疗究竟能从多大程度上解决IBD病患问题和选择手术方法的标准仍是不甚明了,     

粪便钙卫蛋白在炎症性肠病和功能性肠病鉴别诊断中的临床应用

目的:探讨粪便钙卫蛋白(CPT)在炎症性肠病(IBD)及功能性肠病鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法:选择2018年5—11月在南京医科大学第一附属医院初诊为IBD的住院患者221例,其中溃疡性结肠炎(UC)57例,克罗恩病(CD)164例;另选同期肠易激综合征(IBS)30例,正常对照120例.收集患者内镜检查前的粪便,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测各组粪便CPT水平.结果:CD与UC患者的粪便CPT水平均显著高于IBS组和对照组(P<0.001),而IBS组和对照组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).IBD患者中,UC组的粪便CPT含量显著高于CD组(P<0.05),且当按UC内镜下严重度指数及CD内镜活动评分分组时,UC轻度者的粪便CPT含量明显高于CD轻度者(P<0.05),UC中、重度者与CD中、重度者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:粪便CPT水平可作为IBD活动性评估以及与IBS鉴别诊断的指标.     

Laparoscopic surgery for inflammatory bowel disease

Laparoscopic surgery has recently been gaining acceptance as an alternative approach for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. There is increasing evidence demonstrating the multiple potential benefits of laparoscopy including faster recovery, reduced costs, and lower morbidity. For patients with acute colitis, a laparoscopic subtotal colectomy and end ileostomy have been shown to be feasible and safe in experienced hands. When indicated, many of these patients may be able to safely undergo a subsequent laparoscopic approach for construction of an ileo-anal pouch. Although still controversial, an elective laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy with ileo-anal pouch anastomosis has also been shown to be feasible with functional outcomes at least similar to those obtained with an open approach. However, larger randomized series of patients are needed with longer follow-up in order to draw definite conclusions. For Crohn's disease, a laparoscopic approach is ideal for stoma creation. In addition, laparoscopic ileo-colectomy is arguably the preferred approach for patients with terminal ileal disease. Some experienced laparoscopic groups have also applied laparoscopic techniques for more complicated cases with recurrent disease or disease-related complications, such as fistulous disease. Other short-term benefits of a laparoscopic approach may include a decreased incidence of ventral hernias, decreased incidence of small bowel obstruction, and faster recovery. These benefits may also have significant economic impact. In contrast to earlier reports, there is reliable evidence that conversion is not associated with a poorer outcome. A policy of starting most suitable cases laparoscopically may offer patients the potential benefits of a laparoscopic approach without increasing morbidity.     

Laparoscopic surgery for inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: Common laparoscopic colorectal procedures in patients with Crohn's disease include ileocolic resection and subtotal colectomy. The aim of this study was to compare and contrast the results of these two procedures. METHODS: Patients who underwent one of these procedures between June 1992 and January 1999 were identified and included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, Student's t-test, or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: In all 109 patients (63 women and 46 men) with an average age of 36.7 years (range, 15-74) underwent ileocolic resection (ICR), while 21 patients (16 women and five men) with an average age of 36.5 years (range, 18-77) underwent subtotal colectomy (STC) (p = NS). There were 14 intraoperative complications, eight (7%) in the ICR group and six (29%) in the STC group (p = 0.01). Total operative time was 167 min (range, 90-285) in the ICR group and 231 min (range, 140-340) in the STC group (p < 0.01). Despite this difference in operating time, the hospital stays were very similar at 8.8 days (range, 3-27) and 8.8 days (range, 3-14) (p = NS). In 19 (17%) of the ICR patients and five (24%) of the STC patients, their procedure was converted to a laparotomy (p = NS). In the ICR group, 20 of the patients (18%) had surgery-related postoperative complications, including five anastomotic leaks. In the STC group, six of the patients (29%) had surgery-related complications, including two anastomotic leaks (p = NS). CONCLUSION: Although STC is a far more extensive procedure than ICR, the overall postoperative complication rate is not significantly different between the two groups; however, we found that there were more intraoperative complications associated with STC.     

炎症性肠病外科治疗的策略和技术

外科治疗是炎症性肠病（IBD）出现肠道并发症或内科治疗失败时的重要手段,而选择合适的手术时机能减少术后并发症,是决定治疗成功与否的关键.过度强调药物治疗、在无效的情况下仍一味延长其疗程,将使患者失去最佳手术时机.同时外科医师需要掌握好IBD急诊手术与择期手术的不同技巧.在多学科合作治疗模式下,各专科医师明确手术的必要性后,应积极调整术前药物治疗、改善患者营养状态,为IBD患者外科治疗争取最佳的生理功能储备,做好围手术期处理.     

努力提高炎症性肠疾病的外科治疗水平

炎症性肠疾病（IBD）包括溃疡性结肠炎（UC）和克罗恩病（CD），未定型结肠炎（indeterminate colitis，IC）则介于两者之间。IBD的发病机制尚未明确。近年来，UC的发病率无显著变化，但CD发病率逐年增加。IBD的治疗包括药物、外科手术、营养支持及干细胞移植治疗，IBD的治疗成功取决于病人、外科医生、胃肠病医生之间的多学科合作。本期专题亦体现出IBD现代治疗的趋势，由多学科专家分别从不同的重点撰文，全面介绍IBD的治疗。虽然UC和CD同属炎症性肠疾病范畴，但其病理、病程演变存在诸多不同。UC通常是连续性病变，为求根治可选择切除结直肠段的全部原发病变，被认为是可以经外科治愈的炎症性肠疾病，约30％～40％的UC病人须手术治疗。CD具有节段性、多部位发生和几乎不可避免术后复发的特点，约70％～80％的CD病人在明确诊断后的某一时期需要手术，手术目的是提高病人的生活质量，只切除病变明显的肠段，尽可能多保留肉眼所见的正常肠段。目前有关IBD的外科治疗还存在不少争议，须加强有关研究以提高IBD的外科治疗水平。     

Acute surgical emergencies in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: Acute surgical emergencies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may carry a substantial morbidity, but fortunately today, a low mortality. The aim of this review is to delineate the treatment of acute surgical emergencies that occur in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. METHODS: Suitable English language reports were identified using PubMed search. RESULTS: Inflammatory bowel disease can present in numerous ways as an acute surgical emergency. These include toxic colitis, hemorrhage, perforation, intra-abdominal masses or abscesses with sepsis, and intestinal obstruction. Toxic colitis and perforation are best managed with intestinal resection and fecal diversion. Hemorrhage in ulcerative colitis initially requires colectomy with rectal preservation and ileostomy. In Crohn's disease hemorrhage is often focal and localization and segmental resection are performed. Intra-abdominal abscesses should initially be attempted by computed tomography-guided percutaneous drainage followed subsequently by definitive resection. Perianal disease requires abscess drainage with minimal tissue trauma. Intestinal obstruction should be initially managed nonoperatively, with surgery reserved for complete obstruction or intractability. CONCLUSIONS: Acute surgical emergencies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are rare and can have a high morbidity. With a multidisciplinary approach, morbidity can be reduced and patients can have a rapid return and improved quality of life.     

BAPS UK inflammatory bowel disease surgical practice survey

Aims

A recent survey of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) identified wide regional variations of care within the UK. The present study was designed to analyse paediatric surgical provision for children with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Methods

All UK paediatric surgical centres were contacted to identify surgeons with a subspecialist interest in IBD. A questionnaire was designed to probe specific areas including team working, caseload, and transitional care. Annual consultant caseload was requested for colonoscopy, J-pouch ileoanal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis, and strictureplasty (Crohn's disease). The questionnaire and the accompanying letter were approved by the BAPS Research and Clinical Effectiveness Committee.

Results

The response rate from individual centres was 86% (25/29). In 11% of centres, care was shared between 2 consultants. A transitional care clinic was provided by 77% of centres. The median experience with IPAA was 0.9 cases per year of consultant practice (range, 0-3.7), and 12.5% of surgeons had limited experience of revision pouch surgery. The majority have arrangements for joint operating with adult surgeons for IPAA. Forty percent of surgeons reported experience with strictureplasty. Surgical preference for recalcitrant left-side Crohn's colitis favoured segmental resection (60%), compared to subtotal/panproctocolectomy.

Conclusions

Paediatric surgeons use a diversity of surgical management options in IBD. Experience with IPAA is limited for most surgeons. Whether children should undergo elective IPAA independent of experienced adult practitioners, who naturally assume responsibility after transition, requires careful debate.     

Nutritional support of surgical patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in need of surgery are often malnourished, which in turn increases the risk for postoperative complications. Malnutrition in IBD patients who must undergo surgery is due to the disordered activity of the diseased intestine, decreased dietary intake, and adverse effects of potent medications. IBD operations predispose patients to both macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies. If the gut can be used safely it is the preferential route for feeding, though preoperative and postoperative parenteral nutrition remains a viable alternative for severely malnourished patients. New nutrient therapies include immunonutrition, fish oils, and probiotics.     

Current status of treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease encompasses a group of diseases with poorly defined etiology that affect the digestive tract. These diseases are characterized by their chronic course and by periods of disease activity, of variable severity, that alternate with periods of clinical remission. In the last few years, inflammatory bowel disease has been the object of intense research, which has increased knowledge of the physiopathogenic mechanisms involved. This has enabled the development of a new generation of biotechnological drugs effective in patients previously considered to be refractory to medical treatment and has allowed the accumulated corticosteroid dose to be reduced and the indications for surgery and hospital admissions to be decreased, thus improving quality of life. In addition, some classical drugs have been demonstrated to be effective in recurrence prevention after surgery for Crohn's disease and in the prevention of dysplasia and colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease.     

Laparoscopic surgery for inflammatory bowel diseases

Since the introduction of laparoscopy into colorectal surgery in the early 1990s, almost every procedure was attempted laparoscopically. Performing laparoscopic colectomies in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) might prove to be extremely challenging due to the inflammatory features of the diseases and the potential complications they may pose; dealing with inflammatory masses, fistulas and abscesses, short and thick mesentery, friable bowel wall, and the need to operate in all the abdominal quadrants, mobilizing long segments of large and small bowel and controlling multiple large blood vessels is not an easy task. Consequently, many very experienced surgical groups conducted numerous trials in an attempt to determine whether laparoscopy in IBD is indeed beneficial or not. The focus of this review is minimally invasive procedures in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD).