龙岩市宾馆的餐厅、客房中女服务员性病艾滋病知识和高危行为调查

目的　调查龙岩市宾馆的餐厅、客房场所中的女服务员性病艾滋病知识掌握情况 ,探讨HIV/AIDS流行趋势 ,为制定适合本地的HIV/AIDS干预措施提供科学依据。方法　分层随机抽取宾馆的餐厅、客房场所的女服务员 44 1名为调查对象 ,采用问卷调查方式进行AIDS有关知识、避孕套使用及高危行为的调查。结果　 48名的女服务员有婚前性行为 ,对经血液、性接触传播途径认识率较高 ,分别为 94 3 %和 87 0 % ,认为母婴和共用注射器可传播艾滋病的比例较低 ,分别占 64 8%和5 5 0 % ,性生活中每次使用避孕套的只占 12 5 % ,认为使用避孕套可预防艾滋病的占 11 0 %。结论　龙岩市宾馆的餐厅、客房服务员提供性服务的比率虽然比较低 ,但她们的AIDS有关知识知晓率也处在一个很低的水平 ,提示在开展高危人群的艾滋病干预工作的同时 ,应在这类场所中的服务员开展HIV/AIDS防治知识和安全性行为的宣传教育工作 ,并实施干预活动 ,从而减少HIV的传播 ,保护人们的身体健康     

宁海县385名洗头按摩女艾滋病／性传播疾病预防知信行调查

目的　了解洗头按摩女人群关于艾滋病 /性传播疾病预防知识、相关态度及行为状况。方法　随机抽样方法对浙江省宁海县的洗头按摩女人群进行问卷调查。结果　 3 85名调查对象中 ,对艾滋病经性、血和母婴 3种传播途径的知晓率分别为 76 1%、 2 3 9%和 8 1%。 3 4 5 %的人担心自己会得艾滋病 /性传播疾病 ,67 8%的人渴望了解艾滋病 /性传播疾病知识。结论　洗头按摩女人群的艾滋病 /性传播疾病预防知识非常欠缺 ,应加强有效的健康教育     

学生、青年工人和服务人员艾滋病知识问卷调查报告

为了解学生和青年人艾滋病知识水平和对艾滋病人及感染者的态度 ,我们于 1999年 3月对本市学生、青年工人和服务人员开展艾滋病知识问卷调查 ,现报告如下。1　对象及方法　　随机抽取本市初中、高中、中专、大学各两个班在校学生5 0 0人、工人 12 0人、宾馆和美容美发店青年服务员 2 5 0人 (其中宾馆服务员 180人、管理人员 3 5人、美容美发店服务员 3 5人 ) ,共 870人为本次调查对象。调查表为自行设计。调查人员到现场组织调查对象以匿名独立填写方式完成并当场收回签卷。调查数据录入本站微机室研制开发的统计软件 ,用 χ2 检验方法作统…     

远洋船员有关艾滋病:知识·态度·行为的调查

〔目的〕　了解远洋船员掌握有关艾滋病知识的程度及对艾滋病的态度和行为的情况以后 ,便有针对性地开展宣传教育工作 ,防止艾滋病传播。〔方法〕　 2 0 0 1年 3月～ 2 0 0 2年 1月对停靠上海龙吴港的 2 5艘远洋船上的船员进行不记名问卷调查。调查表自行设计 ,内容包括年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、避孕套使用、是否吸毒、艾滋病知识、态度和行为等。〔结果〕　 6 7%被调查者知道艾滋病 ,32 .1%的人艾滋病知识题回答全部正确 ,2 1.1%的人认为感染艾滋病后几天就会病倒 ,5 1.5 %的人认为人都会被传染上艾滋病 ,2 2 .7%的人认为艾滋病是不能预防的 ,15 .7%的人认为艾滋病如果及早治疗可以治愈 ;对艾滋病 3大传播途径回答正确率依次为 :性传播 91.1% ;血液传播 89.5 % ;母婴垂直传播82 .2 %。有 2 7.9%的人误认为握手、拥抱、共用马桶等日常生活接触也会传播艾滋病 ;82 .8%的人不知道如何预防艾滋病 ,14 .8%的人认为用水和肥皂洗可以杀灭艾滋病病毒 ;对于艾滋病人的态度 ,76 .4 %的人表示恐惧和害怕 ,36 .5 %的人选择断绝交往 ;行为及行为意向 :4 .2 %的人存在婚前性行为 ,4 7.1%的人性行为时使用避孕套 ,5 2 .9%的人从来不用避孕套 ,90 %以上的人表示为预防艾滋病愿意改变和控制自己的性行为。〔结论〕远洋     

宾馆工作人员艾滋病知识 态度 信念调查分析

目的　了解宾馆工作人员对艾滋病知识的掌握情况以及他们对在宾馆中放置安全套的看法 ,为在宾馆中推广使用安全套预防艾滋病病毒 (HIV)传播提供依据。方法　使用自行设计的调查问卷 ,由调查员现场发放 ,被调查者匿名填写后当场回收 ,调查数据使用EPIinfo软件录入并进行统计分析。结果　在 12所宾馆中共调查 10 4 2人 ,他们对艾滋病三种传播途径的知晓率都在 90 %以上 ;有 80 %的人对安全套可以预防HIV的传播持肯定态度 ,同时相信并愿意帮助宣传 ;2 8.9%的调查对象对宾馆中存在商业性性活动的现象持肯定态度 ;有 6 0 %的人赞成在宾馆客房中放置安全套。结论　在宾馆客房中推广使用安全套预防艾滋病经性传播是现实的也是必要的 ,同时也具有一定的基础和可能 ,但仍需要进一步进行宣传     

个体诊所医护人员艾滋病知识、态度及行为调查

[目的 ]了解个体诊所、门诊部医护人员的艾滋病知识、态度和个人防护知识 ,为HIV/AIDS防治知识的培训工作奠定基础。[方法 ]在接受培训前采用匿名填写问卷的方式进行调查。[结果 ]收集有效问卷 44 5份 ,被调查者了解大部分艾滋病基本知识 ,但HIV存在于精液和阴道分泌物的回答正确率仅 71 7%和 66 5 %。 90 %以上人员熟悉艾滋病 3条传播途径 ,但其中母乳传播的知晓率仅 68 8% ,表明AIDS知识掌握不全面。 3 0 %～ 43 6%的人认为共用马桶、游泳池和蚊虫叮咬能传播HIV ,存在错误认识。 69 0 %的医护人员愿意诊治护理HIV/AIDS患者 ,5 0 4%的人了解普遍性预防原则的主要内容 ,反映对HIV/AIDS的歧视和个人职业防护知识缺乏。[结论 ]有必要对个体医生、基层卫生保健人员强化AIDS知识培训 ,使他们在对普通患者的健康教育中 ,产生良好的社会效果     

娱乐场所女性服务员艾滋病知识及避孕套使用情况的调查

目的了解绍兴市娱乐场所女性服务员艾滋病知识知晓程度，性行为及艾滋病、性病感染情况。方法由经过统一培训的调查员用统一设计的艾滋病性病知识调查表对服务小姐进行不记名方式的面访，对本市市区的302名娱乐场所女性服务员进行匿名问卷调查并进行艾滋病、梅毒、淋病感染情况检测。结果在最近一月与多个性伴发生性关系的共有137人，占被调查者的45．3％；对艾滋病传播途径，全部回答正确的只有9人，占被调查对象的3．0％。掌握最差的是多个性伴可以传播艾滋病，只有8．6％的被调查者认为多个性伴可以传播艾滋病；调查对象艾滋病病毒抗体检测均为阴性，检出梅毒3例。结论娱乐场所女性服务员艾滋病相关危险行为发生率高，应采取有效干预措施，以预防和控制艾滋病病毒经不良性行为传播。     

西安市中学教师预防艾滋病知识与态度调查

目的 了解西安市中学教师预防艾滋病知识及态度,为中学开展预防艾滋病健康教育提供决策依据.方法 采用自行设计的问卷,对西安市6所中学352名教师进行不记名调查.结果 教师对艾滋病三大传播途径知识掌握较好,正确率都在90%以上;但对非传播途径和非预防方法还存在一定误解.91.8%的教师认为不应该嘲笑、歧视艾滋病病人/感染者,但仍有26.1%的人认为艾滋病病人应该被隔离;35.2%的教师表示不愿意跟患有艾滋病的同事或学生一起工作和学习.结论 应加强西安市中学教师艾滋病健康教育培训,尤其是艾滋病非传播途径和非预防方法的相关知识.     

菏泽市牡丹区农村居民艾滋病知识、态度、信念及行为调查

[目的 ]了解农村不同人群艾滋病知识、态度与行为 ,为健康教育提供依据。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 3年 7～ 8月 ,选择菏泽市牡丹区农村部分中学生、农民、有有偿献血史者、就诊性病病人 ,进行现场匿名问卷调查。 [结果 ]调查 80 2人 ,不同人群对艾滋病有关知识有一定了解 ,对艾滋病病毒 (HIV)经性、母婴和共用注射器吸毒 3个传播途径的正确应答率均在5 0 %以上 ,对目前艾滋病可以预防的正确应答率在 46%以上 ,只有极少部分人愿意与HIV感染者来往。 [结论 ]菏泽市农村人群的艾滋病知识、态度与行为不尽如人意 ,应对不同人群采取不同的方式加强艾滋病的健康教育     

流动人口已婚女性STD/AIDS认知调查及分析

目的 了解流动人口已婚女性对性传播疾病(STD)和艾滋病(AIDS)的认知、态度和行为状况,为有关职能部门制定适宜的性传播疾病/艾滋病干预策略提供科学依据.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,应用自制调查问卷,对在广州、重庆、武汉三市主城区抽取1 030名流动人口已婚女性进行调查.结果 在调查对象中了解并知道性传播疾病知识者仅占16.0%,85.9%表示如果患了此类疾病,会选择到省市级大医院就诊.对性传播疾病的了解程度,小学及以下文化程度者低于初中者,初中文化程度者低于高中及以上者(χ2值分别为21.8407、29.1024,均P<0.01).对艾滋病了解并知道的比例仅有10.5%,83.9%的人都不愿意接近艾滋病患者.小学及以下文化程度者对AIDS知识了解程度低于初中和高中及以上文化程度者,经比较差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为69.4359、49.2624,均P<0.01).结论 在流动人口中开展性传播疾病和艾滋病预防及健康促进工作已显得尤为迫切.各职能部门应加强有效的宣传手段,重视并阻断艾滋病从高危人群向一般人群,尤其是流动人口中的扩散,有效地控制性传播疾病/艾滋病在我国的传播.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.