前交叉韧带重建中两种建立股骨隧道方法的比较

[目的]对关节镜下重建前交叉韧带(ACL)手术中,经胫骨隧道与髌下前内侧入路建立股骨隧道的长度、角度进行比较.[方法]在140例ACL移植重建患者中,70例采用经胫骨隧道、70例经前内入路建立股骨隧道,术中记录股骨隧道长度,术后行膝关节前后位及侧位X线检查,测量股骨隧道在冠状面与内外髁连线及矢状面与股骨干轴线夹角,并使用t检验进行统计分析.[结果]经胫骨隧道组及经前内人路组股骨隧道长度分别为(50.67±5.00) mm、(37.97±4.45) mm,后者股骨隧道长度短于前者,差异非常显著(P＜0.01)；冠状面股骨隧道角度两者分别为68.20°±6.92°；矢状面为45.45°±7.47°、32.81°±9.45°,无论在冠状面及矢状面,前内入路组股骨隧道角度均小于胫骨隧道组,差异非常显著(P＜0.01).[结论]在关节镜下ACL移植重建手术中,采用前内入路制备的股骨隧道,长度短、角度小.它可以减小“雨刮效应”和“蹦极效应”发生的可能,最终获得更好的临床效果.     

经胫骨隧道与前内侧入路建立前交叉韧带股骨隧道的比较研究

目的 比较关节镜下前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术中经胫骨隧道与髌下前内侧入路建立股骨隧道的长度和角度。 方法回顾性分析2000年11月至2009年11月收治的102例ACL重建手术患者资料,其中50例采用经胫骨隧道建立股骨隧道（经胫骨隧道组）：男39例,女11例;年龄15～49岁,平均（27.9±7.6）岁。52例采用经前内侧入路建立股骨隧道（前内侧入路组）：男33例,女19例;年龄15～56岁,平均(30.5±10.7)岁。术中记录股骨隧道长度,术后行膝关节前后位及侧位X线片检查,测量股骨隧道在冠状面与内、外髁连线及矢状面与股骨干轴线的夹角,并进行统计学分析。 结果 经胫骨隧道组股骨隧道的平均长度[（50.9±5.0）mm]长于前内侧入路组[(37.8±4. 7)mm],差异有统计学意义(t=15.083,P=0. 000);经胫骨隧道组冠状面股骨隧道角度(68.6°±7.0°)、矢状面股骨隧道角度(45.1°±8.1°)均大于前内侧入路组(49.8°±7.7°)、33.7°±9.7°),差异均有统计学意义(t=12. 874,P=0. 000;t =5. 877,P=0. 000)。 结论关节镜下ACL重建术中,采用前内侧入路制备的股骨隧道长度短、角度小。     

股骨隧道角度对兔前交叉韧带重建术后骨隧道影响的初步探讨

目的探讨不同股骨隧道角度对兔前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)重建术后骨隧道愈合的影响。方法取4~5月龄健康家兔54只(雌雄不限,体重1.8~2.3 kg),随机分为3组(n=18)。3组均取右后肢自体跟腱制备ACL重建模型,重建时股骨隧道分别与股骨干纵轴在冠状位呈30、45、60°角定位;左膝关节作为正常对照。术后1、2、4周检测各组膝关节滑液中TNF-α含量,4、8、12周测量重建韧带最大载荷及骨隧道扩大率。结果与正常膝关节相比,3组术后各时间点膝关节滑液中TNF-α含量均显著增加,重建韧带最大载荷均降低,比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);3组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。3组术后各时间点均出现不同程度的股骨隧道扩大,4周时达最高值,但各时间点3组间股骨隧道扩大率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论兔ACL重建中当股骨隧道与股骨干纵轴在冠状位呈30~60°间变化时,在早期对骨隧道愈合无明显影响。     

改良关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的安全性研究

目的探讨关节镜下经前内侧入路（anteromedial,AM）建立股骨隧道的膝关节前交叉韧带（anterior cruciateligament,ACL）移植重建手术的改良方法的安全性。方法 2010年1～10月采用改良AM方法完成ACL重建20例（实验组）,2009年1～12月采用传统AM方法完成ACL重建20例（对照组）,比较2组股骨隧道的长度,股骨隧道斜度,股骨外髁后壁爆裂和后外侧管神经损伤的情况。结果实验组术中股骨隧道长度为（41.8±4.1）mm,显著长于对照组（37.2±4.4）mm（t=3.421,P=0.002）。实验组股骨隧道冠状角度为51.9°±7.7°,显著大于对照组39.1°±5.8°（t=5.938,P=0.000）。对照组1例出现股骨隧道后壁爆裂,2组其余患者未发现后壁爆裂和后外侧血管神经损伤。结论改良AM方法可以增加ACL重建手术的安全性。     

经胫骨隧道与经附加内侧入路单隧道双束重建前交叉韧带的生物力学比较研究

目的对比研究经胫骨隧道(TT)与经附加内侧入路(AM)钻取单股骨隧道膨胀界面钉内固定双束重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的生物力学。方法将6对新鲜冰冻尸体膝关节随机分为2组,一侧为经胫骨隧道组(TT组),对侧为经附加内侧入路组(AM组)。依次测试ACL完整、断裂及重建后3种状态下的胫前位移及胫骨内旋角度2个参数。结果中立位134 N载荷下胫前位移的比较:膝关节屈曲60°、90°时,AM组胫前位移比TT组小,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中立位5 N.m旋转载荷下胫骨内旋角度的比较:膝关节屈曲60°、90°时,TT组胫骨内旋角度比AM组和ACL完整状态下大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而AM组与ACL完整状态下胫骨内旋角度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论经附加内侧入路单隧道膨胀界钉内固定双束重建前交叉韧带能够更好地恢复膝关节的前后及旋转稳定性。     

前交叉韧带解剖双束重建中股骨隧道建立路径的比较研究

目的前瞻性研究在关节镜下前交叉韧带（ACL）解剖双束重建术中,采用经胫骨隧道与经前内人路定位建立股骨隧道的可行性与准确性。方法在连续30例ACL患者的解剖双束重建术中,首先分别以45°、55°角钻取胫骨隧道,关节内出口分别在ACL胫骨解剖附丽区印记的前内和后外,保留1～2mm间隔骨桥;关节外入口分别位于胫骨结节内侧和内侧副韧带前缘的前方,间隔以两枚Washer不重叠为准,分别用于前内侧束和后外侧束的移植重建。然后分别经两胫骨隧道,将两根球头空心钻的钻杆自胫骨隧道插入关节内,观察两钻头杆能否到达理想的股骨隧道,录像记录并进行统计学分析。结果在本组30例患者中,经胫骨前内侧束隧道插入的钻头杆,在股骨侧的指向全部偏高、偏前,无一例能完全或部分到达股骨侧前内侧或后外侧束隧道口;而经胫骨后外侧束隧道的钻头杆,经屈或伸膝调整角度后,5例（16．7％）可完全到达、8例（26．7％）可部分到达股骨的前内侧束隧道口;有2例（6．7％）可完全到达、6例（20．0％）部分到达股骨的后外侧束隧道口。而经前内入路屈膝120°后,28例（93．3％）定位可达到理想位置。结论在ACL解剖双束移植重建中,经胫骨隧道定位钻取股骨隧道的方法不可靠、准确性差、变异较大、可重复性差;而经前内入路方法可调节性强、准确性好、股骨隧道短、不受胫骨隧道方向、角度和直径的影响、简便易行、重复性好;但应注意要在较大的屈膝角度下定位钻取。     

同种异体骨-髌腱-骨重建前交叉韧带术后骨隧道扩大的分析

目的 探讨同种异体骨-髌腱-骨(B-PT-B)重建前交叉韧带(ACL)术后股骨和胫骨的骨隧道的改变及其对临床疗效的影响.方法 2004年1月～2005年12月对30例ACL断裂患者在关节镜监视下应用同种异体B-PT-B单束重建ACL.术后膝关节功能锻炼采用保守的康复训练方案.分别于术后1周和12个月应用磁共振测量股骨和胫骨骨隧道关节面内口的直径.术后12个月以Lysholm评分观测膝关节功能,应用KT-1000测量膝关节屈30°时的胫骨相对活动度. 结果本组30例ACL重建患者术后33%(10/30)的患者出现股骨和(或)胫骨骨隧道扩大,其中69%(11/16)的骨隧道扩大范围在2～6 mm;骨隧道扩大各级别之间的Lysholn疗效评分、术后KT值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 同种异体B-PT-B移植重建ACL术后骨隧道可有不同程度的扩大;骨隧道扩大小于6 mm时,对膝关节的功能恢复无明显影响.     

前交叉韧带重建术中隧道定位对移植物等距特性影响的研究

目的探讨前交义韧带(ACL)重建术中股骨和胫骨隧道定位变化对移植物等距特性的影响。方法选用10具正常新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节标本,在股骨取3个定位点,第一个定位点位于右膝11点(左膝1点)过顶点前方5～6 mm处,作为前束点；第二点位于前束点前5 mm处,作为误差点；第三点位于屈膝90°时,ACL附着区长轴与经股骨-胫骨接触点的垂直线的交点,作为后束点。在ACL胫骨附着区的前后径上取3个定位点,一个位于原ACL附着区中心,称为中心点；一个位于中心点后5 mm处,称为5 mm后点；一个位于中心点后10 mm处,称为10 mm后点。模拟ACL重建步骤,经各个股骨和胫骨定位点分别钻直径为2 mm的骨隧道,通过测量钢丝和等距测量仪来检测膝关节屈曲过程中各个股骨隧道内口相对于各个胫骨隧道内口的距离变化。结果相对于某一个固定的股骨隧道内口,胫骨隧道内口的前后移位变化对移植物等距特性的影响差异无显著性意义(P＞0．05)；相对于某一个固定的胫骨隧道内口,股骨隧道内口位置的变化对移植物等距特性的影响差异有极显著性意义(P＜0．01)。从膝关节完全伸直到极度屈曲的过程中,如果股骨隧道内口选择在前束点,则两内口间移植物长度变化在生理等距范围内；若选择在误差点,则两内口间移植物长度变化表现为超出生理等距范围的延长；若选择在后束点,则两内口间移植物长度变化表现为超出生理等距范围的短缩。结论ACL重建时,胫骨隧道内口在ACL附着区中心与棘间区后缘之间的前后移位对移植物等距特性无明显影响,股骨隧道内口的移位对移植物的等距特性有明显影响。     

前交叉韧带重建术中髁间窝成型的争议

前交叉韧带(ACL)重建术的成功很大程度上取决于膝关节内骨隧道开口位置的正确选择。从运动学上看ACL重建术中用于移植韧带通过的骨隧道关节内开口应尽量接近原韧带起止点的解剖位置(或等距离点位置)这样方可最大程度地重建和恢复移植韧带对膝关节的稳定作用。以往大量解剖和临床研究显示,在矢状面上,股骨侧骨隧道的理想开口位于股骨髁间后方1/4处,而在冠状面上,开口通常位于左膝的1点至2点位置之间或右膝的10点至11点位置之间。股骨侧骨隧道开口位置若过于正中(12点位置),可导致移植韧带的走向偏垂直后者虽然也可有效地控制前后方稳…     

由外向内与经前内侧入路法重建前交叉韧带股骨隧道的比较

目的：研究由外向内法（OI）与经前内侧入路法（AM）重建前交叉韧带（ACL）股骨侧隧道相关参数及隧道长度与股骨髁部大小的关系,探寻二者区别。方法取15具新鲜解冻膝关节标本,测量股骨髁部左右径及股骨外侧髁前后径大小,采用自行改进的内钩槽游标卡尺,定位ACL股骨侧止点中心,分别模拟采用OI法与AM法定位股骨外侧壁隧道口点。测量隧道长度、隧道口点与股骨外上髁位置关系。正侧位X线位上股骨隧道与膝关节线、股骨纵轴夹角。结果 OI法股骨隧道长度为（36.9±2.5）mm,AM法为（35.0±2.1）mm,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;OI法与AM法股骨外侧壁隧道口点均位于股骨外上髁近前侧。 OI法较AM法偏近心端分布,但AM法更为集中;股骨髁部越大,隧道长度越长。 OI法较AM法隧道更为垂直。结论采用OI法与AM法均可满足ACL重建术对股骨隧道长度及位置的要求。 OI法相比下更随意,不受屈膝角度的影响。     

Bone tunnel enlargement after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus tendon using Endobutton fixation on the femoral side

We evaluated 29 knees with a minimum follow-up of 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using doubled autogenous semitendinosus tendons. On the femoral side, a 5-mm Mersilene tape (Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany) with an Endobutton (Acufex Microsurgical, Mansfield, MA) was used. The tendon was fixed on the tibial side with two staples. Regarding the IKDC score, 66% of the patients were graded as normal or nearly normal. The anterior laxity side-to-side difference (KT 1000, man-max-drawer) was under 3 mm in 55% and under 5 mm in 90%. Radiographs taken in the lateral and anteroposterior projections of the knee showed sclerotic bone tunnel margins. The diameter of the bone tunnels were measured, corrected for magnification, then compared with the original reamed diameter to determine any change in size. Enlargement of at least 2 mm was identified in 72% of the femoral tunnels and 38% of the tibial tunnels. No correlation was found concerning the enlargement of the tunnel and the IKDC score or the residual joint laxity. We conclude that using an Endobutton-Mersilene construct in ACL reconstruction leads to femoral and tibial bone tunnel enlargement at follow-up of 2 years. (Arthroscopy 1998 Nov-Dec;14(8):810-5.)     

前交叉韧带单束重建中股骨椭圆隧道技术与圆隧道技术的比较研究

目的通过与传统圆隧道技术相比,探讨前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)单束重建中采用椭圆隧道技术制备股骨隧道的疗效及优势。方法回顾分析2016年3月-2018年2月125例采用自体肌腱单束解剖重建ACL且符合选择标准的患者临床资料,其中43例术中采用椭圆隧道技术制备股骨隧道(A组),82例采用圆隧道技术(B组)。两组患者年龄、性别、体质量指数、病程、损伤侧别、损伤原因以及术前Lysholm评分、国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分、Tegner评分、KT-1000测量值等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。记录两组患者术后3、6、12、24个月Lysholm评分、IKDC评分和Tegner评分,采用KT-1000评价关节稳定性。术后1d三维CT评估股骨和胫骨隧道位置。术后6、12、24个月MRI检查,测量ACL移植物近、中、远端信号/噪声比(signal/noise quotient,SNQ)。对行二次关节镜检查患者评价移植物完整性、滑膜覆盖以及张力情况。结果两组患者均获随访,随访时间12~26个月,平均23个月。A组2例、B组5例发生切口红肿,B组1例发生胫骨隧道裂纹骨折,A组1例发生膝关节屈曲活动度受限。除术后3个月Tegner评分外,其余各时间点A组Lysholm、IKDC、Tegner评分均明显高于B组(P<0.05)。术后各时间点A组KT-1000测量值亦明显小于B组(P<0.05)。术后1 d三维CT检查示两组股骨及胫骨隧道均位于ACL止点印迹内。MRI复查两组均无移植物断裂及明显松弛发生。术后6个月两组移植物中、远端SNQ差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),近端A组明显低于B组(P<0.05);术后12、24个月A组移植物近、中、远端SNQ均低于B组(P<0.05)。A组21例及B组38例患者进行二次关节镜检查,两组移植物完整性、滑膜覆盖及张力比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与传统圆隧道技术相比,ACL单束重建术中采用椭圆隧道技术制备股骨隧道,术后移植物成熟度更好,患者能获得更好膝关节功能。     

Trans-tibial guide wire placement for femoral tunnel in single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Background:Femoral tunnel location is of critical importance for successful outcome of ACL reconstruction. The aim was to study the femoral tunnel created by placing free hand guide wire through tibial tunnel, using the toggle of the guide wire in the tibial tunnel to improve femoral tunnel location.Results:The mean coronal angle of the femoral tunnel in postoperative radiograph was 47°. In lateral radiograph, the femoral tunnel was found to be >60% posterior on Blumensaat line in 67% cases (n = 20) and in the 33% cases (n = 10) it was anterior. The mean Lysholm score improved from 74.6 preoperative to 93.17 postoperative with no objective evidence of laxity.Conclusion:The free hand trans-tibial creation of the femoral tunnel leads to satisfactory coronal obliquity, but it is difficult to recreate anatomic femoral tunnel by this method as the tunnel is consistently anterior in the sagittal plane.     

移植物不同固定方式对自体腘绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带术后股骨骨道影响的对比研究

[目的]探讨自体腘绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带,移植物不同固定方式对术后股骨隧道的影响,与临床疗效关系。[方法]88例前交叉韧带损伤病例行关节镜下自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带,根据移植物股骨侧固定方式不同,分为三组。A组26例,采用Endobutton固定;B组22例,采用可吸收挤压螺钉固定;C组40例,采用Rigidfix固定。术后平均随访16.5个月,进行MRI检查,测量矢状位骨道开口、开口1 cm、骨道最宽处三点骨道直径,以术后1周对应部位骨道直径为衡量标准,对其差值进行统计学分析。采用Lysholm评分评估各组临床疗效。[结果]3组病例前交叉韧带术后骨道直径均有不同程度增宽。在股骨侧骨道最宽处、开口1 cm处,3组测量结果两两对比有统计学差异(P0.05),B组增宽明显,C组骨道增宽最小;在股骨骨道开口处,C组骨道增宽程度最小(P0.05),A、B组无对比差异(P0.05)。A、C组股骨骨道形态呈线形;B组股骨骨道形态呈锥形。所有病例关节稳定性良好,无1例出现不稳。术后Lysholm评分,A组(94.4±2.9)分,B组(93.4±3.6)分,C组(96.3±2.7)分,三组间比较无显著差异(P0.05)。[结论]移植物固定方式影响前交叉韧带术后骨道扩大,是骨道扩大发生的重要因素;固定方式、骨道扩大程度与术后临床疗效无相关性。     

Interarticular bone tunnel healing

Purpose: To evaluate the healing behavior of an interarticular bone tunnel exposed continuously to a synovial environment. Type of Study: Experimental in vivo animal model. Methods: Twenty-six adult rabbits had 3.2-mm diameter tunnels drilled in the femur and tibia of both hind-limb stifle joints parallel to but without violation of the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The animals were euthanized at 1, 2, 4, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Decalcified sections were made of the bone tunnels and new bone formation was computer quantified using histomorphometric methods at each time interval. Results: In this model, bone tunnel healing velocity was most rapid between 1 and 2 weeks after surgery. Both femoral and tibial interosseous tunnels showed substantial bone ingrowth (71% of bone tunnel volume) by 2 weeks postoperatively. The peripheral tunnel segment, that third of the tunnel furthest from the joint surface, healed rapidly and was 99% occluded with bone (99% confidence interval, 93.7% to 100%) at 2 weeks. Tunnel ingrowth was delayed and incomplete in the articular third of the tunnel, especially the femoral side. At 12 weeks, by volume, only 69.1% (99% confidence interval, 52.3% to 85.7%) of the interarticular third of the femoral tunnel was ingrown with new bone. Peripheral third bone tunnel healing was significantly greater than articular third tunnel healing at all time intervals; P <. 005 for the femoral and P <. 05 for the tibial tunnel. Conclusions: Interarticular bone tunnels heal from the outside in. At 12 weeks, bone healing was slower and incomplete in the articular segment of the tunnel, closest to the joint surface. The same biologic factors that impede intersubstance ACL healing may interfere with bone tunnel healing and be another cause of bone tunnel enlargement after ACL reconstruction.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 2 (February), 2001: pp 189–195     

关节镜下三入路与传统前内侧入路重建前交叉韧带股骨骨道的比较及早期疗效分析

目的:研究三入路和传统前内侧技术确立股骨骨道的位置、长度和冠状面角度以及前交叉韧带重建的早期疗效。方法:2018年12月到2019年6月收集36例诊断为单纯前交叉韧带断裂而且接受手术的患者,患者均有明确膝关节扭伤史,共分为两组,其中16例采用三入路技术钻取股骨骨道重建前交叉韧带,其中男11例,女5例,平均年龄(30.13±6.54)岁,受伤时间7~60(30.19±15.78) d;20例采用传统前内侧入路技术钻取股骨骨道重建前交叉韧带,其中男15例,女5例,平均年龄(30.80±8.60)岁,受伤时间7~60(27.35±15.50) d。通过CT三维重建技术评估钻取的股骨骨道,采用膝关节Lysholm评分评估患者膝关节功能。结果:所有患者手术切口术后都达到Ⅰ期愈合,术中均未出现股骨骨道破裂,血管神经损伤、移植物通过困难及静脉血栓等情况。36例患者获得门诊随访,随访时间9~15(12.00±2.83)个月。采用CT三维重建评估两组患者股骨骨道,股骨骨道位置运用四分法描述为,三入路组:股骨外髁的下(27.83±1.97)%,后(25.57±3.20)%;传统入路组:股骨外髁的下(28.38±3.21)%,后(26.23±3.20)%。骨道长度,三入路组:全长(35.20±5.52) mm,粗骨道长(23.20±2.07) mm;传统入路组:全长(34.60±4.26) mm,粗骨道长(22.56±2.50) mm。冠状面角度,三入路组(47.93±5.98)°;传统入路组(41.78±6.62)°。膝关节Lysholm评分,三入路组:术前57.81±6.23;末次随访97.00±2.48;传统入路组:术前57.15±8.76,末次随访97.30±2.68,手术前后差异有统计学意义,组间差异无统计学意义。结论:两种方式所钻取的股骨骨道的位置均在前交叉韧带的解剖止点范围内,三入路法钻取的股骨骨道相对传统前内侧入路法来说冠状面角度较大,形成的骨道长度、两种手术方式的术后早期疗效、手术时间均无差异,但是三入路法的手术视野更宽阔清晰,而且对于术中钻取股骨骨道时需要的屈膝角度要明显小于传统入路技术,降低了手术的难度。     

Fracture of the femoral tunnel after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Fractures after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructive surgery are rare. Patella fractures can occur as a complication after bone-patellar tendon-bone autografts, and few case reports of tibia fractures have been published. Although reports of femur fractures have been published, the causes are attributed to stress risers other than the femoral tunnel. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a femoral tunnel serving as a stress riser after an ACL reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. The patient’s fracture resulted from minimal trauma and required surgical fixation.     

Double bundle revision of a malplaced single bundle vertical ACL reconstruction: ACL revision surgery using a two femoral tunnel technique

Background  Several factors influence the outcome after ACL reconstruction. One of the most important factors influencing the resulting knee kinematics and subjective instability is femoral tunnel placement. Revision can be necessary if the femoral tunnel is drilled transtibial in the roof of femoral notch (mismatch). Hypothesis  Double bundle reconstruction using two femoral tunnels and one tibial tunnel technique can be used in revision of a primary vertical ACL reconstruction. Study design  Case series (level of evidence III). Methods  ACL revision was performed in five patients complaining instability after primary transtibial ACL reconstruction. Clinical examination, X-ray and CT analysis were performed to evaluate objective knee laxity, tunnel placement and widening. In all patients a technique using two femoral tunnels in a two medial portal technique and one tibial tunnel was used. Patients were reevaluated at a follow up of 24 months. Results  Preoperatively, pivot shift tests were 2+ in three and 1+ in the remaining two patients. Lachman test was found to be positive in all patients (4 patients, 2+ firm endpoint; 1 patient, 2+ soft endpoint). X-rays showed a femoral tunnel position at 11.30 (1 patient) and 12.00 o’clock (4 patients). In one patient significant tibial tunnel enlargement was to be found. At a follow up of 24 months, KT 1000 was <2 mm side to side difference and the pivot shift test was negative in all patients. Conclusion  Revision of a primary vertical ACL reconstruction can be safely performed using a double bundle reconstruction with two femoral tunnels in a two medial portal technique and one tibial tunnel technique. The femoral tunnel need to be located in the anatomic origin of the AM and PL bundle. Clinical relevance  Femoral tunnel placement in the notch of the intercondylar notch should be avoided. In these cases without significant tunnel enlargement, a primary double bundle revision with two femoral and one tibial tunnel can be performed.     

Femoral tunnel enlargement after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Bone-patellar tendon-bone /single rectangular tunnel versus hamstring tendon / double tunnels

Purpose

This study aimed to prospectively compare the femoral tunnel enlargement at the aperture as well as inside the tunnel after anatomic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) graft to that with hamstring tendon (HST) graft.