非酒精性脂肪性肝病发病机制研究

随着生活水平的提高及不良生活习惯的养成,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)的发病率已跃居肝病领域的首位,疾病谱包括NAFLD、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)、肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝癌。虽然目前有许多关于NAFLD的研究,但其发病机制尚不明确,本文就近年NAFLD发病机制方面的研究作一概述,为NAFLD的治疗和预防指引方向。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病动物模型研究进展*

目的 非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)发病率逐年增加,并可能发展成为终末期肝病。目前,仍缺乏针对该病的治疗药物,建立动物模型研究很有必要。尽管已有多种不同种类的疾病模型,但仍没有一种能真正反映人类整个疾病谱的代表性的NAFLD模型。本文对目前应用的NAFLD模型进行了综述,重点介绍动物模型、2D细胞模型和3D肝脏模型及其优缺点。     

基于非酒精性脂肪性肝病机制及治疗的动物模型研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是以过量脂质在肝细胞内堆积为特征的连续疾病谱,可由单纯的肝脂肪变性发展为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎,并可进一步进展为肝纤维化、肝硬化、甚至肝细胞癌。动物模型可模拟不同病因以及NAFLD每个阶段的组织病理学和病理生理学改变,为了解NAFLD发病机制和治疗措施提供关键性的指导。目前尚缺乏能完整模仿疾病谱的理想动物模型,介绍了NAFLD及相关肝癌的最常用和最新的动物模型,并结合动物模型中NAFLD的实验性发病机制总结了可能的治疗靶点,希望能为进一步探讨NAFLD发病机制和治疗提供依据。     

基于膳食结构的非酒精性脂肪性肝病动物模型

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholicfattyliver disease,NAFLD)是一种与胰岛素抵抗和遗传易感密切相关的代谢应激性肝损伤,以肝细胞内脂质大量累积为主要特征,疾病谱包括非酒精性单纯性肝脂肪变、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)、肝硬化和肝细胞癌.随着生活方式及膳食结构的改变,NAFLD患病率显著升高,与肥胖症、2型糖尿病和代谢综合征流行趋势平行.至今尚缺乏特异性的药物推荐用于NASH的常规治疗.因此,建立高质量的模拟人类NAFLD各阶段组织病理学和病理生理学的动物模型,对于探讨NAFLD的发病机制及指导药物干预研究具有重大意义.基于高热量膳食结构与久坐少动的生活方式是NAFLD的主要危险因素,本文将主要对饮食诱导的NAFLD动物模型作一综述.     

瘦素,Ghrelin与非酒精性脂肪肝

非酒精性脂肪肝病（nonalcoholic fatty liver disease，NAFLD）是一种肝组织病理学改变与酒精性肝病相类似但无过量饮酒史的临床综合征。NAFLD疾病谱包括单纯性脂肪肝、脂肪性肝炎、脂肪性肝硬化三种主要类型。随着社会经济的发展，生活水平提高及生活方式的转变，患病率迅猛增高，已成为危害人类健康的三大肝病之一。NAFLD是代谢综合征的一个重要特征，其发病机制与肥胖，脂质代谢，胰岛素抵抗密切相关。     

消化内科医师谈脂肪肝干预:肝功能保护与抗炎治疗

<正>脂肪性肝病(fatty liver disease,FLD)简称脂肪肝,是一组遗传-环境-代谢应激相关的异质性疾病,根据病因分为酒精性肝病(alcoholic liver disease,ALD)、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)以及特殊原因所致脂肪肝。ALD的疾病谱包括酒精性脂肪肝、酒精性肝炎及酒精性肝硬化。NAFLD的疾病谱包括单纯性脂肪肝(simple     

自噬在肝脏脂质代谢中的意义及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是一种与胰岛素抵抗、脂质代谢紊乱、慢性炎症以及遗传易感性强烈关联的获得性代谢应激性肝损伤,疾病谱包括单纯性脂肪肝、脂肪性肝炎及其相关纤维化、肝硬化。由于肥胖症和代谢综合征在全球的流行,近20年亚洲国家和地区NAFLD增长迅速,导致疾病谱变迁,NAFLD现已成为欧美发达国家(流行率17%~33%)以及我国经济较发达地区的第一大慢性肝病。近几年研究发现,自噬作为一种细胞程序,在介导脂质代谢过程中具有非常关键的作用,结合NAFLD的流行病学、发病机制,本文就自噬在肝脏脂质代谢中的作用意义及其与IR的关系研究现状作一综述。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病及其伴随疾病动物模型的建立

非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）是一种包括从单纯性脂肪肝到非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）的临床病理疾病谱。自然史研究显示,NASH 患者具有更高的肝脏病变进展风险。而且,NAFLD 与代谢综合征（MS）、动脉粥样硬化的关联,使其越来越多受到关注。因此,近年来针对 NAFLD／NASH 的转化研究也日益增多［1］。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病分子机制研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是一种以肝细胞脂肪变性和脂质沉积为特征,但无过量饮酒史的临床综合征。NAFLD疾病谱包括非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、NASH相关肝纤维化和肝硬化。NAFLD的发病机制较为复杂,至今尚未完全阐明。本文就近年NAFLD分子机制研究的新进展,包括胰岛素抵抗(IR)、肝脂肪变性、氧化应激等方面作一综述。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD):机遇与挑战

NAFLD的全球化及其相关疾病谱的不断扩大，使其与病毒性肝炎和肝移植一起成为肝病领域的主要亮点。面对医学领域和公众重大健康问题的严峻挑战，相应对策应是积极加强临床实践、提高对新理念认识、开拓新层面的研究，三者不可偏废。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Use of fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies in the therapy of massive digoxin poisoning

A case of massive digoxin ingestion with multiple arrhythmias, consisting of high grade A-V block and ventricular ectopy not responsive to lidocaine, is described. The arrhythmias ceased following administration of digoxin-specific Fab fragments. The patient improved and was transferred to the psychiatric unit.     

Comparison of intravenous and oral routes of theophylline loading in acute asthma

In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 19 patients with an acute exacerbation of asthma were given a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV (n = 10) or oral route (n = 9) of administration following treatment with epinephrine. Plasma concentrations of theophylline were measured prior to giving the loading dose, and one, two, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing spirometric measurements prior to giving the loading dose, and one, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Side effects also were recorded. In the IV group, the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration was 15.1 micrograms/mL one hour after loading, and in the oral group the mean peak serum theophylline concentration was 14.2 micrograms/mL three hours after loading. There was no correlation between theophylline concentrations and normalized change in spirometric values. There was no significant difference in spirometric values between the IV and oral groups. Nausea was slightly more common in the IV group. We conclude that there is no therapeutic advantage to giving a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV route rather than orally in patients with mild-to-moderate exacerbation of asthma initially treated with epinephrine.     

Application of Granular Biocomposites Based on Homogenised Peat for Absorption of Oil Products

Among the various methods for collecting oil spills and oil products, including from the water surface, one of the most effective is the use of sorbents. In this work, three-component bio-based composite granular adsorbents were produced and studied for oil products’ pollution collection. A bio-based binder made of peat, devulcanised crumb rubber from used tyres, and part fly ash as cenospheres were used for absorbent production. The structure, surface morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and sorption kinetics of the obtained samples were studied. Composite hydrophobicity and sorption capacity to oil products, such as diesel fuel (DF) and motor oil (MO), were determined. The obtained pellets are characterised by a sufficiently pronounced ability to absorb oil products such as DF. As the amount of CR in the granules increases, the diesel absorption capacity increases significantly. The case of 30-70-0 is almost three times higher than the granules from homogenised peat. The increase in q is due to two factors: the pronounced surface hydrophobicity of the samples (Θ = 152°) and a heterogeneous porous granule structure. The presence of the cenosphere in the biocomposite reduces its surface hydrophobicity while increasing the diesel absorption capacity. Relatively rapid realisation of the maximum saturation by the MO was noted. In common, the designed absorbent shows up to 0.7 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for MO and up to 1.55 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for diesel. A possible mechanism of DF absorption and the limiting stages of the process approximated for different kinetic models are discussed. The Weber–Morris diffusion model is used to primarily distinguish the limiting effect of the external and internal diffusion of the adsorbate on the absorption process.     

Role of microRNA in regulation of myeloma-related angiogenesis and survival

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease caused by clonal proliferation of plasma cells that result in monoclonal gammopathy and severe end organ damage. Despite the uniform clinical signs, the disease is very diverse in terms of the nature and sequence of the underlying molecular events. Multiple cellular processes are involved in helping the malignant cells to remain viable and maintain proliferative properties in the hypoxic microenvironment of the bone marrow. Specifically, the process of angiogenesis, triggered by the interactions between the malignant MM cells and the stroma cells around them, was found to be critical for MM progression. In this review we highlight the current understanding about the epigenetic regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells and its dependency on angiogenesis in the bone marrow that is carried out by different microRNAs.     

RNA-Seq在老年神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病是老年人最常见的两种神经退行性疾病,但其发病机制及治疗是研究的热点。随着高通量测序技术的进步及成本的下降,RNA-Seq也成为神经退行性疾病机制研究及生物标志物发现的有力手段。RNA-Seq相对于microarray具有高灵敏度、高准确性、高重复性以及噪声低等优势,在阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病研究中有较为广泛的应用,包括检测差异表达基因,可变剪接、新长链非编码RNA预测分析和miRNAs调控等,但是容易受病理复杂性及样本等因素影响。目前阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病转录组研究相比于癌症等还不够深入,在临床诊断及治疗应用还面临较大挑战。但是随着新技术及新方法的发展,RNA-Seq将进一步推动神经退行性相关疾病的研究和临床转化。     

安徽巢湖市丝虫病控制、消除历程和监测报告

【摘要】 目的  回顾并总结巢湖市丝虫病的流行、控制,以及消除丝虫病的历程。 方法  统计分析1970~1989年在该市采取以消灭传染源、切断传播途径为主的防治策略,以及展开大规模防治的各个阶段。 结果  1989年,采用分层整群抽样调查方法调查,微丝蚴率下降至0.032%,以行政村为单位,微丝蚴率已控制在1.0%以下,达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准;1991年,经省级调查考核,认定全市已达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准。1996年,省级审评确认已达到卫生部颁布的消灭丝虫病标准。经过10年的监测和跟踪治疗,到2005年,全市丝虫病病原学监测未查见微丝蚴阳性者,解剖镜检人房内淡色库蚊1 348只,蚊体内均未查见人体幼丝虫。 结论  巢湖市达到了消除丝虫病的标准。     

Advanced Evaluation of the Freeze–Thaw Damage of Concrete Based on the Fracture Tests

This paper presents the results of an experimental program aimed at the assessment of the freeze–thaw (F–T) resistance of concrete based on the evaluation of fracture tests accompanied by acoustic emission measurements. Two concretes of similar mechanical characteristics were manufactured for the experiment. The main difference between the C1 and C2 concrete was in the total number of air voids and in the A300 parameter, where both parameters were higher for C1 by about 35% and 52%, respectively. The evaluation of the fracture characteristics was performed on the basis of experimentally recorded load–deflection and load–crack mouth opening displacement diagrams using two different approaches: linear fracture mechanics completed with the effective crack model and the double-K model. The results show that both approaches gave similar results, especially if the nonlinear behavior before the peak load was considered. According to the results, it can be stated that continuous AE measurement is beneficial for the assessment of the extent of concrete deterioration, and it suitably supplements the fracture test evaluation. A comparison of the results of fracture tests with the resonance method and splitting tensile strength test shows that all testing methods led to the same conclusion, i.e., the C1 concrete was more F–T-resistant than C2. However, the fracture test evaluation provided more detailed information about the internal structure deterioration due to the F–T exposure.     

A new concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation

The role of the external and internal anal sphincters in the mechanism of anal continence is presented. The external sphincter induces continence by 1) preventing internal sphincter relaxation, what I have called the “voluntary inhibition action,” and 2) mechanical compression of the rectal neck and anal canal proper. The mechanism of both actions is described. The internal sphincter plays a significant role not only in involuntary, but also in voluntary, continence. The importance of this role in the correction of anal incontinence is clarified. “Stress defecation,” a condition which follows internal sphincter damage, is discussed. A “single loop continence” theory is presented, based on the fact that each of the three loops of the external sphincter has its own innervation, attachment, and direction of muscle bundles; each loop thus acts as a separate sphincter. The clinical application of this theory is presented.