髂股血管创伤29例分析

目的探讨髂股血管损伤的特点及救治方法。方法回顾性分析2002年5月—2006年11月收治的29例髂股动静脉损伤病例的临床资料。29例中,行血管修复27例,其中动静脉联合人工血管移植端端吻合11例,自体大隐静脉移植端端吻合7例,利用自体大隐静脉行血管缺损修补6例,动脉内膜修复取栓并修补2例,血管端端吻合1例。结果本组29例,27例血管修复成功,随访6～12个月,平均随访时间9个月,肢体血液供应良好,深静脉修复的4例长期站立时有下肢不同程度的肿胀。另2例由于肢体已发生坏死或血管床广泛栓塞而截肢。无死亡病例。结论髂股血管损伤发病凶险,早期表现隐匿。仔细的体格检查和彩色多普勒检查有助于尽早发现,而手术探查仍然是最好的诊断方式。早期诊断及尽早恢复肢体血运是救治成功的关键。     

改形静脉移植修复两端口径悬殊的四肢血管损伤

目的　探讨利用静脉分支成形和双股静脉成形扩大移植静脉吻合口技术,提供两端口径不等的自体静脉移植体,修复两端口径悬珠和大口径的四肢血管缺损。　方法　设计“漏斗样”、“雨披样”和“错位Y形”成形方法,以离体血管完成实验。临床取带分支的自体大隐静脉、小隐静脉及前臂静脉成形移植,用于髂外静脉、股动静脉和动静脉损伤的修复和断指再植,以及口止母趾甲瓣移植,共36例。其中急诊手术35例,择期手术1例。移植血管长度1.0～15 .0 cm。　结果　“漏斗样”成形可使静脉吻合口口径扩大0 .5 0～1.2 5倍;“雨披样”成形可满足四肢各种口径血管的修复需要;“错位Y形”吻合口成形可提供粗大的静脉移植体。移植的36条静脉,通畅35条,肢体血供正常。　结论　利用静脉分支,采用“漏斗样”和“雨披样”成形及扩大移植静脉吻合口和双股静脉“错位Y形”成形,是修复两端口径悬殊的和大口径的四肢主要血管损伤的理想方法。     

手术治疗周围血管损伤例

目的：探讨周围血管损伤的诊断和治疗方法。方法：对42例周围血管损伤患者行清创和探查予单纯结扎1例,血管裂口直接缝合12例,血管裂口补片修补6例,血管完全断裂修剪后直接行端端吻合10例,血管移植13例,其中自体大隐静脉移植10例,人工血管移植3例。结果：42例中痊愈38例,死亡2例,膝下截肢2例。结论：周围血管损伤是血管外科急症之一,早期诊断、及时修复受损的血管、恢复肢体的血液供应,是保全肢体、提高手术成功率的关键。     

血管移植在四肢血管损伤中的应用

目的:探讨血管移植在四肢血管损伤中的作用。方法:44例(52条)四肢血管损伤患者,男35例,女9例,年龄14~58岁,平均27·3岁,分别采用自体血管(42条)和人造血管(10条)移植。结果:截肢3例,人工血管移植物感染行股浅-静脉原位置换2例,肢体缺血挛缩6例,神经功能恢复不完全7例。其余移植血管均通畅,远端肢体血循环良好。结论:血管移植治疗血管损伤保肢成功率高;治疗中须注意早诊断、早修复、严格显微外科原则、积极行骨筋膜室切开减压。     

四肢血管交通损伤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨总结交通伤四肢血管损伤显微外科治疗的临床效果.方法 应用显微外科技术修复交通伤四肢血管损伤68例.手术方法包括动静脉直接吻合33例、自体大隐静脉(长度5～12 cm)移植修复13例、人工血管(长度8～25 cm)移植22例.结果 术后随访6～12个月,损伤肢体存活良好并恢复功能65例,因肢体坏死截肢3例.结论 应用显微外科技术并选择适宜的血管重建方法、尽快恢复肢体血液循环,有助于降低截肢率.     

骨关节部位四肢主干血管损伤的救治

目的:探讨四肢主干血管于骨关节部位的损伤机制及临床表现特点与治疗方法。方法:回顾7年间36例骨关节部位四肢主干血管损伤的临床诊断过程及治疗效果。结果:自体静脉移植15例,人造血管移植1例,血管吻合13例,血管修补2例,死亡2例,截肢3例(1例上肢,2例下肢)。结论:四肢主干血管在关节部位损伤发生率高,后果严重,救治原则是保全生命基础上尽早修复血管恢复肢体功能。     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

胰腺癌根治术联合血管切除中自体血管的采用

胰腺癌血管受累行手术切除时大部分可直接吻合重建。但有时切除段过长仍需血管移植。移植的血管分为自体血管或人造血管。人造血管如Gore-Tex、ePTFE等，可根据情况选用不同长度、口径；但其费用昂贵，且术后需长期抗凝。远期血管通畅率低于自体血管，故使用时应慎重。自体血管有颈内静脉、髂内外静脉、左肾静脉、大隐静脉、卵巢静脉、脾静脉忉、股静脉及股浅静脉等。     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的显微外科修复

目的 总结应用显微外科技术治疗非利器致四肢主要血管损伤的治疗效果.方法 对交通事故、机器绞压等所致的肢体严重损伤合并主要血管损伤的55例,应用显微外科技术修复血管,其中端端吻合32例,自体大隐静脉移植23例,同时妥善处理骨折及软组织损伤.结果 55例中截肢2例,其余伤肢成活,随访12个月～5年,吻合血管通畅,肢体末梢血运良好,功能满意.结论 非利器致四肢主要血管损伤病情复杂,早期诊断,应用显微外科技术尽快重建肢体血运是关键,同时要重视骨支架重建和软组织修复.     

四肢主干血管损伤的处理(附39例报告)

目的　对 39例主干血管损伤进行回顾分析。　方法　本组共 39例 ,急诊病人 31例 (开放损伤 2 7例占87% ) ,晚期损伤 8例 ,采用血管移植、直接吻合等方式处理。　结果　平均随访 2 0 4个月 ,修复血管通畅率为 92 3 % ,2例因术后血运障碍二次手术无效而二期截肢 ,1例因术中过度失血死亡。　结论　强调早期诊断和早期治疗此类损伤是成功的关键 ,对诊断明确或高度怀疑有血管损伤者应立即手术探查 ,血管端端吻合、血管移植是首选的手术方法。对晚期血管损伤应争取修复血管以改善肢体循环     

人工血管移植修复肢体血管缺损及临床观察

目的 总结应用人工血管移植修复技体血管闭塞及缺损的临床效果。方法 1992年6月-2000年12月，采用Gore-Tex膨胀泡沫聚四氟乙烯（ePTEE）人工血管移植修复肢体动脉及静脉缺损，动-静脉造瘘及复合皮瓣移植，神经移植共65例。结果 创伤性下肢肢体人工血管移植有1例行截肢术，桡动脉重建档中有3例闭塞，1例血管旁路重建术后3d并发急性心肌梗死而死亡，其余血管移植后肢体液血循环良好。术后行彩色多普勒检查、螺旋CT及DSA造影显示血管通畅。动-静脉造瘘28例全部成功，全部患者在临床上定期进行血液透析。随访2-5年，血管通畅率为71%。结论 人工血管移植修复肢体血管缺损、血管旁路术及动-静脉造瘘是一种有效的手术方式。既能解决自体血管来源困难的难题，又能保证临床应用的效果。     

隐匿性血管损伤的临床特点与诊疗策略

目的 探讨临床骨科中隐匿性血管损伤的临床特点、诊断与治疗,以期提高对此类损伤的认识和临床诊治效率.方法 2003年3月至2010年10月共收治649例血管损伤患者,其中隐匿性血管损伤50例(7.7%),男42例,女8例;年龄13～66岁,平均34.0岁.血管损伤类型:静脉损伤1例,动脉损伤42例,动、静脉同时损伤7例.根据张英泽等提出的肢体动脉编码和损伤分型:A型14例,B型20例,C型16例.初始损伤至诊断时间平均为43.4 d(2～337 d),表现为肢体缺血、骨筋膜室综合征、血肿或假性动脉瘤、出血、神绛受压等征象.辅助检查包括:彩色多普勒超声17例,CT血管造影7例,X线血管造影25例.手术治疗43例,包括血管修补、直接吻合、自体静脉移植、结扎及截肢,其中2例术后行血液滤过治疗;内科治疗3例;介入栓塞治疗4例.结果 4例患者截肢后伤口愈合良好,无并发症发生;其余46例患者出院时患肢皮肤温度、颜色均恢复正常,远端动脉搏动存在,平均随访6.7个月(1～42个月),患肢血运良好.结论临床工作中的隐匿性血管损伤并非少见,其临床表现具有延迟出现、多种多样及不典型的特点.诊断方法应优先选择血管造影.治疗以手术为主,酌情采用血管内介入治疗和血液滤过治疗.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of insidious vascular injuries in orthopaedic cases. Methods Between March 2003 and October 2010, we treated 649 cases of orthopedic and vascular injuries, 50 (7. 7% ) of which were identified as insidious injuries. They were 42 men and 8 women, aged from 13 to 66 years (average, 34. 0 years). The insidious injury affected the vein in one case, the artery in 42 cases and both in 7 cases. The vascular injuries were categorized as type A (14 cases), type B (20 cases) and type C (16 cases) according to the classification system proposed by Zhang Ying-ze. The diagnoses were made after an average of 43. 4 days from primary injuries, with the assistance of color Doppler ultrasound in 17 cases, CT angiography in 7 and X-ray angiography in 25. Clinical manifestations included limb ischemia, compartment syndrome, hematoma or pseudoaneurysm, hemorrhage and nerve entrapment. Forty-three patients were treated by a variety of surgical options, such as angiorrhaphy, anastomosis, transplantation of autogenous venous graft, ligation and amputation. Among them, hemofiltration was performed in 2 cases as adjuvant therapy. Endovascular embolization was performed in 4 cases and conservative treatment in the other 3. Results Forty-six patients had their limbs salvaged, with normal temperature and color of the skin and existence of distal arterial pulses at discharge from hospital. The other 4 patients had to sustain amputation. An average follow-up of 6. 7 months (from one to 42 months) revealed that all the affected limbs regained normal blood circulation. Conclusions The insidious presentations and atypical clinical manifestations make diagnosis of insidious vascular injury very difficult. We recommend angiography as the first step in diagnosis. Surgical approaches should be considered as the main treatment choice, and hemopurification can be used as adjuvant therapy if necessary. In some cases, endovascular intervention may be faster and safer.     

Major retroperitoneal vascular injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and appendectomy

BACKGROUND: Serious complications may occur during laparoscopic surgery, as in any surgical procedure. Injuries of major retroperitoneal vascular structures are uncommon but important complications of laparoscopy. METHODS: We report on 9 major vascular injuries in 8 patients in the course of 8 laparoscopic procedures between 1994 and 2002. RESULTS: The primary operations were cholecystectomy in 7 patients and appendectomy in one patient. Six vascular injuries occurred during placement of the first umbilical trocar, two in the course of the insertion of a Veress needle, and one during the insertion of the second trocar. A laparotomy was performed immediately in all cases. Left common iliac arteries were injured in two patients, aorta in three patients, right common iliac vein in one patient, both right common iliac artery and vein in one patient, and inferior vena cava in one patient. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft interposition was employed in two common iliac arteries and a tubular PTFE graft in one aortic injury, and Dacron patchplasty in one common iliac artery injury. Two aortic, two common iliac vein, and an inferior vena cava injury were repaired primarily. There were also four visceral organ injuries, which were repaired primarily. The major retroperitoneal vascular complication rate was 0.07%. An average of 3.5 units of whole blood were transfused in each case and the average stay in hospital was 6.8 days. There was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The surgeon's experience and knowledge are the essential factors for prevention of major vascular injuries during laparoscopic procedures. In case of an injury, immediate laparotomy must be performed to achieve hemostasis and a surgeon who is familiar with vascular surgery should employ the definitive treatment.     

Delayed cricoid reconstruction by use of a free graft of autogenous "patient banked" cartilage

Avulsed cartilage may be "banked" or preserved by subcutaneous implantation in the traumatized patient for delayed reconstruction of the defect when immediate reconstruction is contraindicated. The perichondrium of the avulsed cartilage should be preserved if possible. In the reconstructive procedure the cartilage graft must be surrounded by vascularized flaps developed from adjacent neck tissue. These vascularized flaps increase the local vascular supply for revascularization of the free graft. In addition, they allow complete separation of the free graft from the airway to minimize the possibility of secondary infection arising from the airway. Mucosal coverage of the defect does not appear to be necessary as long as well-vascularized soft tissue is available for complete coverage of the defect. The use of this technique may be considered for patients with avulsion of portions of the laryngeal cartilages when immediate reconstruction is contraindicated or when the viability of adjacent soft tissue necessary for reconstruction is uncertain. The success of this procedure may be related to the adequacy of the closure or separation of the airway from the free cartilage graft, and the ability to provide coverage of the graft with vascular tissue to allow graft revascularization. This new technique follows the traditional principles vital for successful management of laryngotracheal injuries. This procedure provides an additional method of therapy for those patients with an avulsion injury of the laryngeal cartilage. Additional surgical procedures must be performed utilizing the indications and principles presented here before this method is universally accepted for the management of severe laryngotracheal injury.     

Repair of bile duct injuries with gore-tex vascular grafts: Experimental study in dogs

Bile duct injury is the most feared complication related to biliary tract operations. The goal of this investigation was to offer an alternative treatment that might prevent this complication. Twelve mongrel dogs, thin-walled FEP-ringed Gore-Tex vascular grafts, and Gore-Tex sutures were used in this study. The dogs were randomized into three groups of four according to the length of time of graft implantation: group 1 = 1 month; group 2 = 2 months; and group 3 = 3 months. During the first part of the study, a biliary injury was induced by ligating the middle choledocus after performing a conventional cholecystectomy. During the second part of the study, biliodigestive and biliobiliary anastomosis were performed using Gore-Tex vascular grafts prior to resection of the stenotic area. Initially, an increase in serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels was noted. Two weeks later, after implantation of the grafts, these values returned to normal. Thin-walled FEP-ringed Gore-Tex vascular grafts were found to be useful in the repair of bile duct injuries, especially in complete transections of the common bile duct. The ductility and flexibility of the material allows any type of anastomosis to be performed, especially when bile duct-gut anastomosis is technically difficult. Presented at the Third Americas Congress of the American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Miami, Fla., Feb. 22–25, 2001.     

Management of infected vascular grafts. Are there any factors predictive of early clinical success?

The aim of the study was to define mortality and limb loss rates and to identify factors predictive of early clinical success in the management of infected vascular grafts. Clinical data of 40 patients were reviewed, evaluating comorbidity factors, laboratory findings, ischaemic symptoms, graft material and time of onset of infections. Diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency were reported in 15% of cases, malignancy in 10%, pathological C-reactive protein in 77.5% and leukocytosis in 60%. 52.5% of the patients presented with a disabling claudication, and 77.5% with an infected alloplastic graft. Early infection had developed in 57.5%. A total graft excision was performed in 72.5% of cases. Early complications were recorded in 32.5% of the patients, with a limb loss rate of 22.5% and a mortality rate of 10%. Total graft excision is the treatment of first choice in patients with an infected vascular graft. Patients presenting with critical ischaemia and early septic complications will experience poor clinical results in terms of limb loss and mortality. Pathological blood levels of C-reactive protein could help in the choice of treatment in unclear cases.     

火器性四肢动脉伤：附50例报告

作者报告５０例５２条四肢火器性动脉伤，其中枪弹伤３７例，弹片伤１３例；急性动脉伤３２例（３３条），晚期动脉伤８例，假性动脉瘤７例，动静脉瘘３例（４条）。平均随访２４．２个月，无一例死亡，修复血管通畅率９３％，截肢率９．８％，肢体缺血性挛缩发生率１０．９％。作者强调，早期诊断、早期正确处理此类动脉伤是成功的关键。应争取在伤后６～１２小时内修复损伤血管。根据临床表现可作出诊断，急性动脉伤一般不做血管造影，对可疑肢体主要动脉伤应积极手术探查。根据伤情采用对端吻合或自体静脉移植修复血管，不主张用人造血管修复，血管部分断裂不宜做侧壁吻合。晚期动脉伤应争取修复血管以改善肢体循环。假性动脉瘤和动静脉瘘宜早期切除修复血管，待伤口愈合、组织柔软后即可手术。     

大隐静脉曲张手术所致严重血管损伤的治疗

目的 总结大隐静脉曲张手术导致严重血管损伤并发症的治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2004年12月至2009年4月收治的4例(5条肢体)大隐静脉曲张手术发生严重血管损伤患者的临床资料.对1条股总动脉末端至胫后动脉上段动脉被剥脱的肢体应用人工血管行动脉重建术,术后肢体坏疽行膝上截肢术;对3条股浅动脉被剥脱10～15 cm的肢体取自体大隐静脉行动脉重建术,术后5 d对1条坏死肢体行膝上截肢术.1条股浅静脉被切除2 cm的肢体取自体大隐静脉行股浅静脉重建术.结果 4例患者中,围手术期无死亡病例,4条动脉损伤肢体中2条肢体(50%)行膝上截肢术;2条肢体(50%)得到保伞,随访12～46个月,平均29个月,血管通畅良好.1例股浅静脉损伤患者恢复良好.结论 提高对医源性血管损伤的认识,术中规范操作,辨明解剖,可以减少和预防严重血管并发症的发生;一旦有血管损伤应早期而有效的处理.     

Polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in the rapid reconstruction of acute contaminated peripheral vascular injuries

Conventional wisdom dictates that autogenous tissue interposition be used in contaminated wounds when direct vascular repair is not feasible. Although there are few reports of successful use of PTFE grafts in grossly contaminated wounds, doubt still exists regarding the use of any prosthetic material in such wounds for reconstruction of vascular injury. Twenty-five vascular reconstructions were performed in 20 patients during a 3.5 year period. These patients had life-threatening multiple trauma and severe local tissue damage along with their arterial and venous injuries in open contaminated wounds after blunt (16 patients) and penetrating (4 patients) trauma. In all patients, 6 mm PTFE was used for interposition bypass for arterial injuries, and in five of these patients, 8 mm PTFE was used for concomitant venous interposition bypass. One patient died and there was one arterial and one venous graft thrombosis in the same patient 3 months after a shotgun blast injury to the groin, but there was no limb loss. All other grafts remained patent without wound infection, sepsis, or anastomatic disruption. Under the circumstances of these peripheral vascular injuries, PTFE was an acceptable choice for primary reconstruction in our patients. Its ready availability in many calibers, sparing of autogenous vein for future use, and its expedience in vascular reconstruction comprise the advantages of using PTFE in multiply traumatized patients without producing the feared evidence of infected prosthetic grafts.