煤矿退养职工中煤工尘肺的X线胸片表现和肺功能关系

目的分析煤矿井下工人煤工尘肺患者X线胸片表现和肺功能的关系。方法选择234例煤工尘肺患者就其肺功能和X线胸片表现关系进行统计分析。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ期煤工尘肺中通气功能以阻塞性和混合性障碍较多，分别占66．49％、84．62％；Ⅲ期1例为混合性障碍。肺功能损伤Ⅰ、Ⅱ期以轻度为主，分别占46．19％、50．00％，Ⅲ期为中度损伤。肺功能损伤程度及肺功能损伤与煤工尘肺X线胸片肺阴影的肺区分布的数量有关。结论随着煤工尘肺阴影分布范围的增加以及期别的增高，肺损伤程度加重，肺功能障碍分型也逐渐由限制性／阻塞性向混合性通气功能障碍转变。     

煤工尘肺和矽肺患者肺功能损伤及其影响因素

目的探讨煤工尘肺、矽肺患者各期肺功能损伤情况,分析尘肺期别、尘肺片小阴影密集度、小阴影分布肺区、阴影类型、吸烟、工龄对2种尘肺病肺功能的影响。方法对煤工尘肺、矽肺病例期别、工龄、是否吸烟进行分组,行统一的尘肺病X线胸片、肺功能测定,运用χ2检验、Spearman等级相关分析、独立样本t检验进行统计学分析。结果 1煤工尘肺、矽肺期别越高,肺功能异常率越高;煤工尘肺、矽肺各期别组间差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。2煤工尘肺、矽肺X线胸片小阴影密集度、小阴影分布肺区与肺功能异常率呈正相关,Spearman等级相关分析rs值分别为0.943、0.986。3煤工尘肺和矽肺有大阴影和小阴影聚集者较仅有小阴影者肺功能异常率高(P0.05)。4随着工龄的增加,肺功能异常率呈增长趋势,但组间未见统计学差异。5吸烟组和戒烟组较不吸烟组肺功能异常率升高(P0.01)。结论尘肺病期别越高,肺功能异常率越高。煤工尘肺、矽肺患者小阴影密集度、小阴影分布肺区与肺功能异常率呈正相关。有大阴影和小阴影聚集者较仅有小阴影者对肺功能影响大。吸烟组和戒烟组的肺功能异常率高于不吸烟组。     

某铅锌矿粉尘作业工人尘肺X线表现和肺功能关系

目的探讨某铅锌矿粉尘作业工人尘肺患者X线胸片表现和肺功能的关系。方法对7 6例铅锌矿粉尘作业工人尘肺患者的胸部X线高千伏片与肺功能检测结果进行统计学分析。结果肺功能通气功能正常占25.00%,限制性通气功能障碍占1 1.8 4%,阻塞性通气功能障碍占6.5 8%,混合性通气功能障碍占5 6.5 8%。肺功能损伤程度和尘肺期别、尘肺小阴影分布范围、小阴影密集度有关,而和尘肺小阴影形态、大小无明显关系。结论铅锌矿粉尘作业工人尘肺随着期别增高、小阴影的分布肺区增多、小阴影密集度增大而肺功能损伤程度更加严重,肺功能损伤以混合性通气功能障碍为主。     

CT和高分辨CT对煤工尘肺小阴影和阴影融合及肺气肿诊断的价值

目的 探讨CT和高分辨CT(HRCT)早期检测煤工尘肺小阴影、阴影融合与肺气肿的敏感性和准确性.方法 77例煤工尘肺患者、36例无尘肺煤工和37例健康非煤工接受多层螺旋CT机无间隔胸部容积扫描及HRCT扫描,对所获得的CT图像进行煤工尘肺小阴影密集度分级、平均肺密度值和肺气肿指数测定,并与其X线胸片诊断结果对照.结果 对77例煤工尘肺患者CT和HRCT诊断的尘肺小阴影密集度分级与X线胸片尘肺分期一致性较好(Kappa=0.771,P＜0.01).CT和HRCT诊断尘肺的敏感性达到98.70％,在X线胸片确诊的77例煤工尘肺患者中,CT和HRCT评估76例为煤工尘肺,可疑1例.CT和HRCT从36例X线胸片无尘肺煤工中检出8例(22.22％)达到小阴影密集度1级;从73例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期煤工尘肺患者中,检出26例(35.62％)阴影密集度≥3级,其中3级密集度阴影20例,4级密集度阴影6例;对4例X线胸片Ⅲ期煤工尘肺患者,CT和HRCT与X线胸片诊断结果相同.从113例煤工中,X线胸片检出肺气肿7例(6.19％),CT检出36例(31.86％).CT尘肺小阴影密集度1～2级组的CT平均肺密度值最高,明显高于健康对照组、无尘肺组和小阴影密集度4级组,差异有统计学意义(F1=-45.73、F2=-23.00和F3=57.72,P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 从多层螺旋CT获得的CT和HRCT影像,与X线胸片比较,对煤工尘肺小阴影、阴影融合与肺气肿识别的敏感性和准确性均较高,可为煤工尘肺及其并发症的早期诊断提供更先进的手段.     

煤工尘肺与矽肺患者肺功能损伤情况及其相关影响因素

目的探析煤工尘肺与矽肺患者肺功能的损伤情况,总结相关影响因素,为临床预防及研究提供参考。方法选取2013年5月-2016年5月该院收治的煤工尘肺与矽肺确诊病例共180例,按照疾病类型分为煤工尘肺组(112例)与矽肺组(68例),选取同期可疑尘肺病患者80例为对照组.。对符合纳入标准的患者统一予以X射线胸片检查、肺功能检测,分析煤工尘肺与矽肺不同期别(壹期、贰期、叁期)小阴影分布肺区情况、阴影的类型、尘肺小阴影密集度等。同时进行χ2检验、独立样本t检验分析以及Spearman相关性分析。结果煤工尘肺和矽肺的期别越高,患者的肺功能异常情况越严重;煤工尘肺和矽肺各期别之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);煤工尘肺和矽肺小阴影分布肺区、X射线胸片检查小阴影密集度与患者肺功能异常率呈明显正相关性(r=0.945、0.987);煤工尘肺、矽肺有小阴影及大阴影聚集者较单纯小阴影患者肺功能的异常率高(P0.05);随着患者工龄的增加、肺功能异常情况也随之严重,但组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);吸烟组、戒烟组与不吸烟组比较,肺功能异常率较高(P0.05)。结论煤工尘肺病期别高,则肺功能异常率也相应升高;煤工尘肺病和矽肺患者的小阴影分布肺区、密集度与肺功能异常率呈现明显正相关;小阴影与大阴影聚集患者较单纯小阴影患者对肺功能的影响更大;吸烟和戒烟者的肺功能异常率要高于不吸烟者。     

肺灌洗结合肺内给药防治煤工尘肺患者肺部炎症初探

目的观察肺灌洗联合肺内应用抗生素和免疫调节剂防治煤工尘肺肺部炎症和感染的效果。方法选择某煤矿接尘工人、煤工尘肺患者,进行肺灌洗治疗,并在灌洗过程中肺内直接给予抗生素以及免疫调节剂。观察肺灌洗液沉渣和灰分,治疗前后肺灌洗液中白蛋白、免疫球蛋白含量、肺通气功能以及X线胸片尘肺影像变化。结果治疗后Ⅱ期煤工尘肺患者呼吸道自觉症状减轻,肺灌洗液白蛋白、IgG明显低于第1次灌洗,肺通气功能改善;煤工尘肺患者X线胸片纹理变清晰、部分患者尘肺小阴影密集度减轻。结论肺灌洗联合肺内抗生素、免疫调节剂应用对防治患者肺部炎症,延缓尘肺病变可能有积极作用。     

自贡市极薄煤层煤矿煤工尘肺X射线影像分析

目的了解极簿煤层煤矿工作场所职业卫生状况并探讨其与煤工尘肺X射线影像特征的关系。方法对15家煤矿井下、地面作业岗位开展职业病危害因素检测,对确诊的672例煤工尘肺病例的X射线胸片进行影像表现的统计分析。结果采煤、掘进、地面卸煤(岩石)岗位游离二氧化硅含量最低5.9%,最高58.4%,平均含量大于10%。极薄煤层煤矿工人工作场所接触的粉尘应为煤矽混合尘,工作场所粉尘浓度最低1.05 mg/m3,最高16.04 mg/m3。所测定的104份煤矿井下、地面工作场所粉尘样品浓度平均值均超过了国家职业卫生标准的限值。672份煤工尘肺X射线胸片表现形态为圆形小阴影的病例占90.18%。以圆形小阴影为主的X线胸片中q型占71.12%,p型25.41%r,型3.47%。Ш期煤工尘肺均表现为大阴影。Ⅰ期煤工尘肺小阴影主要分布于中下肺区的占67.33%;Ⅱ期煤工尘肺小阴影主要分布于上中下肺区的95.80%。Ш期煤工尘肺大阴影主要分布于上肺区和上中肺区。结论自贡市煤矿工人接触的粉尘为煤矽混合尘,煤工尘肺病患者X线影像形态大小以q型为主。     

煤矽肺的X线表现与病理改变的对比研究

本文将我省煤矽肺病人的X线胸片表现与肺检病理标本进行初步对照研究。目的在于提出煤矽肺特征性病理变化在X线胸片上的表现,为煤矽肺的诊断和分期提供科学依据。由于病例较少,此材料仅供参考。材料来源:从我省22例矽肺、煤矽肺及其他尘肺尸检材料中选择有完整病理、X线胸片、临床资料的煤矽肺(间质型单纯性煤工尘肺)4例,进行性片块状纤维化(复杂性煤工尘肺)1例以及炭膏尘肺2例,共计7例,进行对照研究。研究方法:将上述7例的肺首先进行全面的肉眼观察,并作最大正中额切面,结合大切片、小切片的镜下观察,绘制病变分布示意图,然后与X线胸片的五项指标进行逐项对照分析,重点放在结节阴影和网织阴影指标上。为了缩减本文篇幅,关于肺门、肺纹理、肺气肿、胸膜、血管树、支气管树以及淋巴结等的对比描述部分从略,请参阅中     

煤工尘肺肺通气功能损害分析

我国现行尘肺诊断标准，将全肺的X线表现分为类图形小阴影（下称SRO）与不规则形小阴影（下称SIO）两类型。SIO煤工尘肺较少见，随着井下劳动条件的改善，SIO的患者逐渐增多，且呼吸困难等肺功能损伤的症状较明显。本文通过肺通气功能测定，对两类型早期（I）煤工尘肺的肺功能损伤情况进行分析比较。一、对灾与方法1．对象：选择经省、地尘肺诊断小组确诊为I或单纯性煤工尘肺患者70例，按我国现行全肺诊断标准的X线表现分为SRO（40例）和SIO（30例）两组，其平均年龄分别为49．09土3．67岁和49．39士4．83岁．平均工龄分别为17．46…     

煤工尘肺胸片上小阴影聚集或早期大阴影的判定

目的探讨对煤工尘肺胸片上小阴影聚集或早期大阴影的准确判定方法。方法选取具有完整体检资料及动态系列胸片的Ⅱ、Ⅲ期煤工尘肺患者胸片，对经临床及X线动态观察证实的33例胸片上有小阴影聚集或早期大阴影病灶的发生、发展过程，形态，数目，发生部位，X线伴随征象等进行观察、分析。结果33例有小阴影的聚集或早期大阴影改变者，病灶均为多发，双肺野均可出现以右上肺野多见，病灶X线表现呈散在多发的、形态各异的小斑片样阴影，边缘模糊不清，密度较低，多数可隐约见到其中的1～2级密集度的小阴影，早期有12例可见到灶周气肿，所有病例晚期灶周气肿明显，多数病例病变的进展过程呈非典型改变，动态观察，进展缓慢，形态大小改变轻微。上述病例首诊误诊12例。结论采用综合的方法，密切动态观察分析X线胸片上每一处细微变化，可以及时对小阴影聚集或早期大阴影作出准确判定，避免误诊、漏诊。     

工程兵矽肺患者肺功能与X线胸片表现关系分析

目的　探索工程兵矽肺患者肺功能与其胸片X线表现的关系。方法　选择 112例工程兵矽肺患者就其肺功能与胸片X线表现的关系进行统计分析。结果　Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者中通气功能限制性和阻塞性障碍较多 ,分别占 75 %和 5 0 % ,Ⅲ期以混合性障碍为主占 70 % ;肺功能损伤Ⅰ、Ⅱ期以轻度为主 ,分别占 71%和 5 0 % ,Ⅲ期以中、重度为主 ,占 90 % ;肺功能损伤程度及肺功能损伤分型与矽肺阴影的肺区分布的数量有关。结论　随着矽肺阴影分布范围的增加以及期别的增高 ,肺损伤程度加重 ,肺功能障碍分型也逐渐由限制性 /阻塞性向混合性通气功能障碍转变。     

Exposures and Cross-shift Lung Function Declines in Wildland Firefighters

Respiratory problems are common among wildland firefighters. However, there are few studies directly linking occupational exposures to respiratory effects in this population. Our objective was to characterize wildland fire fighting occupational exposures and assess their associations with cross-shift changes in lung function. We studied 17 members of the Alpine Interagency Hotshot Crew with environmental sampling and pulmonary function testing during a large wildfire. We characterized particles by examining size distribution and mass concentration, and conducting elemental and morphological analyses. We examined associations between cross-shift lung function change and various analytes, including levoglucosan, an indicator of wood smoke from burning biomass. The levoglucosan component of the wildfire aerosol showed a predominantly bimodal size distribution: a coarse particle mode with a mass median aerodynamic diameter about 12 μm and a fine particle mode with a mass median aerodynamic diameter < 0.5 μm. Levoglucosan was found mainly in the respirable fraction and its concentration was higher for fire line construction operations than for mop-up operations. Larger cross-shift declines in forced expiratory volume in one second were associated with exposure to higher concentrations of respirable levoglucosan (p < 0.05). Paired analyses of real-time personal air sampling measurements indicated that higher carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were correlated with higher particulate concentrations when examined by mean values, but not by individual data points. However, low CO concentrations did not provide reliable assurance of concomitantly low particulate concentrations. We conclude that inhalation of fine smoke particles is associated with acute lung function decline in some wildland firefighters. Based on short-term findings, it appears important to address possible long-term respiratory health issues for wildland firefighters. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resources: a file containing additional information on historical studies of wildland fire exposures, a file containing the daily-exposure-severity questionnaire completed by wildland firefighter participants at the end of each day, and a file containing additional details of the investigation of correlations between carbon monoxide concentrations and other measured exposure factors in the current study.]     

职业性尘肺病肺部影像表现与肺功能改变关系的研究

  目的  探讨职业性尘肺病患者胸部影像表现与肺功能改变之间的关系。
  方法  选取职业性尘肺病患者130例，每例患者在1 d内接受胸部高千伏摄影（HKV）、胸部螺旋CT和肺功能检查。依据GBZ 70—2015《职业性尘肺病的诊断》，对每位患者的HKV和CT胸部影像表现进行综合集体评判，将不同影像表现与肺功能分级分析比较。
  结果  HKV联合CT对q型小阴影、小阴影聚集、胸膜增厚、淋巴结肿大的检出率高于单独使用HKV（P < 0.05）；影像分级与肺功能分级、肺功能异常率之间呈正相关（G=0.726、r_s=0.640，P < 0.01），尘肺小阴影总体密集度越高，分布肺区越多，患者肺功能障碍情况越严重；尘肺阴影直径（或宽度）越大，肺功能异常率越高（r_s=0.410，P < 0.01），存在小阴影聚集和/或大阴影表现的患者，肺功能分级要高于仅有小阴影的患者（P < 0.05）；不同小阴影形态患者的肺功能差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01），有不规则小阴影的尘肺病患者肺功能受影响更大。
  结论  不同影像表现的职业性尘肺病患者具有不同程度的肺功能障碍，且影像改变越显著，肺功能障碍情况越严重。
     

The Dietary Inflammatory Index and Early COPD: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

We examined 3962 people aged 20 to 49 years who had information on spirometry testing and underwent a 24 h dietary recall interview from the 2007–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII, a pro-inflammatory diet) and early COPD and lung function. The overall prevalence of early COPD was 5.05%. Higher DII was associated with increased odds of early COPD (quartile 4 vs. 1, the OR = 1.657, 95% CI = 1.100–2.496, p = 0.0156). In a full-adjusted model, each unit of increase in DII score was associated with a 90.3% increase in the risk of early COPD. Higher DII is significantly associated with lower FEV₁ and FVC among individuals with early COPD, each unit increment in the DII was significantly associated with 0.43 L–0.58 L decrements in FEV₁ (β = –0.43, 95% CI = −0.74, −0.12) and FVC (β = −0.58, 95% CI = −1.01, −0.16). These findings demonstrate that higher consumption of a pro-inflammatory diet may contribute to an increased risk of early COPD and lower lung function, and further support dietary interventions as part of a healthy lifestyle in order to preserve lung function and prevent or improve COPD.     

急性高原肺水肿患者早期Χ线检查意义分析

目的：探讨急性高原肺水肿X线表现及临床应用价值。方法：对48例临床诊断急性高原肺水肿者行X线胸片检查,对其X线表现进行系统地回顾分析。结果：急性高原肺水肿X线表现多样,其中支气管血管束增粗41例,占85%;散在片状影或云絮状影38例,占79%;肺间蝶状影2例,占4%;小结节影5例,占11%。其中左肺肺病变6例,占13%;右肺病变28例,占58%;双肺病变14例,占29%。右肺病变重于左肺,早期和恢复期以肺间质异常为主,进展期与稳定期病变主要累及肺实质。结论：急性高原肺水肿有特定的X线表现,X线检查安全无创,非常有利于高原肺水肿的早期诊断和防治。     

Lung Function in Gypsies in Greece

The relationship between lung function and smoking and dietary habits was examined in 121 Gypsies (62 males, 59 females) who were 14-70 y of age and who lived in Greece. All were examined clinically, after which they all participated in spirometry tests. Half of the study group had abnormal (< 80% of predicted) forced vital capacity, 36.4% had abnormal (< 80% of predicted) forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, and 5% had serious lung function disturbances (forced vital capacity < 50% of predicted). Approximately 70% of subjects were smokers, and their diets were rich in alcohol and meat; they ate very few salads and oranges. Consequently, decreased lung function might be a major health problem in Gypsies in Greece. Organization of preventive health strategies should improve the overall health of this study group.     

Lung function predicts survival in a cohort of asbestos cement workers

Purpose  To study the predictive power of respiratory screening examinations a cohort of asbestos workers was followed from active work in an asbestos cement plant until death. Methods  From a cohort with data on individual exposure since first employment 309 workers who had a preventive medical examination in 1989/1990 were observed until death or the end of 2006. The impact of asbestos exposure (fibre years) and of smoking history on lung function was examined by linear regression, on specific causes of death and total mortality by Cox regression. The prognostic value of lung function, chest X-ray, and various clinical findings regarding total mortality was also examined by Cox regression. Results  Lung function proved to be the best predictor of survival apart from current smoking. Depending on the lung function variable an impairment by the interquartile range resulted in a hazard ratio of 1.5–1.6 while for current smokers it was 2.3. An increase of 70 fibre years (interquartile range) led to a hazard ratio of only 1.1. Lung function was influenced by asbestos exposure, current (but not former) smoking, and by pathological X-ray findings. The risk for pleural mesothelioma was dominated by time since first exposure to crocydolite in the pipe factory while the risk for bronchial cancer increased with smoking and total fibre years. An unexpected finding was an increase of gastric cancer in asbestos cement workers. Conclusion  Lung function decrease predicts risk of premature death better than exposure history and regular spirometry should therefore be offered as primary screening to all former asbestos workers. In workers with a history of high cumulative exposure or rapid lung function decrease or radiological signs (diffuse pleural thickening or small irregular opacities) more sensitive techniques (high resolution computer tomography) need to be applied. All smokers with a history of asbestos exposure should be given free smoking cessation therapy to prevent premature death and lung cancer in particular.     

Environmental tobacco smoke and lung function in employees who never smoked: the Scottish MONICA study

OBJECTIVES—To investigate the relation between lung function in employees and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at work and elsewhere.
METHODS—Never smokers in employment (301) were identified from the fourth Scottish MONICA survey. They completed a self administered health record, which included details of exposure to ETS, and attended a survey clinic for physical and lung function measurements, and for venepuncture for estimation of serum cotinine. Differences in lung function in groups exposed to ETS were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA), the exposure-response relation by a linear regression model, and a case-control analysis undertaken with a logistic regression model.
RESULTS—Both men and women showed effects on forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV₁) and forced vital capacity (FVC) from exposure to ETS—higher exposure going with poorer lung function. This was found at work, and in total exposure estimated from ETS at work, at home, and at other places. Linear regression showed an exposure-response relation, significant for ETS at work, total exposure, and exposure time/day, but not at home or elsewhere. Compared with those not exposed to ETS at work, those who were exposed a lot had a 254 ml (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 84 to 420) reduction in FEV₁, and a 273 ml (60 to 480) reduction in FVC after adjusting for confounders. Although lung function was not significantly associated with serum cotinine in all the data, a significant inverse relation between cotinine concentration and FVC occurred in men who had had blood collected in the morning. Case-control analysis also showed a significant exposure-response relation between ETS, mainly at work, and lung function. A higher exposure measured both by self report and serum cotinine went with lower lung function.
CONCLUSION—The exposure-response relation shows a reduction in pulmonary function of workers associated with passive smoking, mainly at work. These findings endorse current policies of strictly limiting smoking in shared areas, particularly working environments.


Keywords: passive smoking; working environments; lung function     

Dust exposure and impairment of lung function at a small iron foundry in a rapidly developing country

OBJECTIVES—A cross sectional prospective study was carried out among iron foundry workers (exposed) and soft drink bottling and supply company workers (unexposed) to assess their occupational exposure to ambient respiratory dust in their work environment and its effect on their lung function profile.
PARTICIPANTS—Lung function was measured in 81 exposed and 113 unexposed workers. Personal respirable dust concentrations were measured for all the exposed and the unexposed workers. Information on respiratory signs and symptoms was also collected from the participants.
RESULTS—Among the exposed workers, midexpiratory flow (FEF_25-75), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁), peak expiratory flow (PEF), FEV₁/FVC, and FEV₁/VC ratios were significantly lower whereas the vital capacity (VC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were non-significantly higher. Job at the iron foundry was a significant predictor of lung function. Exposure to high concentration of respirable dust at the iron foundry was also a significant predictor. Workers working in high exposure areas (general works, furnace, continuous casting areas, and fabrication workshop) had lower lung function values than workers in medium and low exposure areas. Smoking did not enhance the effects of exposure to dust on lung function.
CONCLUSIONS—Exposure to respirable dust was higher among the iron foundry workers; and among these, general, furnace, rolling mill, and fabrication workers had higher exposures to dust than did workers in continuous casting, the mechanical workshop, and the bottling plant. Job type and exposure to dust were significant predictors of lung function. Implementation of industrial hygiene and proper and efficient use of personal protection equipment while at work could help to protect the respiratory health of industrial workers.


Keywords: lung function; dust exposure; foundry; smoking; personal protection