血压正常的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 了解血压正常的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）与胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法 对血压正常的３１例Ⅱ型糖尿闰中并微量白蛋白尿（ＭＡＵ）患者与３２例未合并ＭＡＵ患者的血糖，胰岛素、胰岛素敏感性指数（ＩＳＩ）进行比较分析，并对所有患者的ＵＡＥＲ与有关因素进行多因素逐步回归分析。结果 Ⅱ型糖尿病合并ＭＡＵ时ＩＳＩ显著降低，而且ＩＳＩ与ＵＡＥＲ呈独立的相关性「偏回归系数（β）＝－０．３９，Ｐ〈０．０     

Ⅱ型糖尿病合并原发性高血压患者的动态血压与微量白蛋白尿的关系

目的：了解Ⅱ型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）合并原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者的动态血压与微量白蛋白尿（ＭＡＵ）的关系。方法：对２６例伴ＭＡＵ的ＮＩＤＤＭ合并ＥＨ患者与２７例正常白蛋白尿（ＮＡＵ）的ＮＩＤＤＭ合并ＥＨ患者的２４ｈ动态血压、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、体重指数、血脂等的比较分析,并对所有患者的尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）与有关因素进行多因素回归分析。结果：ＭＡＵ组的夜间平均收缩压（ＮＭＳＰ）较ＮＡＵ组显著增高〔（１４１．２０±６．７７）ｍｍＨｇ对（１３０．５３±６．９２）ｍｍＨｇ,Ｐ＜０．００１〕,而且ＮＭＳＰ与ＵＡＥＲ呈独立的相关性〔标准偏回归系数（β）＝０．４５３,Ｐ＝０．０００６〕。结论：在ＮＩＤＤＭ合并ＥＨ患者中,ＮＭＳＰ升高是ＭＡＵ的独立危险因素,而且可能是ＭＡＵ使心血管病死亡率增加的主要原因之一。     

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对早期糖尿病性肾病的防治作用

为探讨血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ＡＣＥＩ）对早期糖尿病性肾病的长期治疗作用，将４６例新诊断的血压正常、２４小时尿白蛋白排泄＜３０ｍｇ的非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者随机分为两组。Ａ组服ＡＣＥＩ培哚普利（ｐｅｒｉｎｄｏｐｒｉｌ），２ｍｇ／ｄ，Ｂ组为对照组。对两组患者的收缩压、舒张压、平均血压、肾小球滤过率、肾有效血浆流量、滤过分数、尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）、胰岛素敏感指数（ＳＩ）及血脂进行为期约２年的观察。结果表明，Ａ组用ＡＣＥＩ治疗２年后，ＮＩＤＤＭ者肾小球高滤过状态得以改善（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＵＡＥＲ明显减少（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＳＩ降低，血压稳定；而非ＡＣＥＩ治疗的Ｂ组，肾功能指标有恶化趋势，并且血压明显增高，ＳＩ改善不明显。两组的血脂在治疗前后变化均不明显（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示小剂量培哚普利长期治疗，对早期糖尿病性肾病具有保护其肾功能的作用，并可改善胰岛素抵抗，减少动脉粥样硬化的危险因素     

血,尿α1—微球蛋白测定对NIDDM肾病变早期诊断的意义

对１１４例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者血、尿α１－微球蛋白（α１－Ｍ）、β２－微球蛋白（β２－Ｍ）及２４小时尿微量白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）进行检测比较研究。结果显示：（１）血、尿α１－Ｍ与ＵＡＥ呈显著相前（Ｐ〈０．０１）。（２）血、尿α１－Ｍ临床糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）组、无ＤＮＡ组与早期ＤＮ组比较均有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５－０．０１），提示可作为早期糖尿病肾病诊断的敏感指标。（３）血、尿β     

血、尿α_1－微球蛋白测定对NIDDM肾病变早期诊断的意义

对１１４例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者血、尿α１－Ｍ、微球蛋白（α１－Ｍ）、β２－微球蛋白（β２－Ｍ）及２４小时尿微量白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）进行检测比较研究。结果显示：①血、尿α１－Ｍ与ＵＡＥＲ比较呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。②血、尿α１－Ｍ临床糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）组、无ＤＮ组与早期ＤＮ组比较均有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５～０．０１），提示可作为早期糖尿病肾病诊断的敏感指标。③血、尿β２－Ｍ对早期糖尿病肾病的诊断无价值。     

2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗与微量白蛋白尿关系

微量白蛋白尿可预示２型糖尿病患者心血管疾病和肾病的发生〔１，２〕。胰岛素抵抗是２型糖尿病患者的特征之一〔３〕。本研究目的是了解胰岛素抵抗性与微量白蛋白尿间的相互关系。一、对象与方法１．病例选择：未经治疗的初诊２型糖尿病患者按尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）分为：正常白蛋白尿组（ＮＡ）（ｎ＝１１，ＵＡＥＲ＜２０μｇ·ｍｉｎ－１）和微量白蛋白尿组（ＭＡ）（ｎ＝１２，ＵＡＥＲ２０～２００μｇ·ｍｉｎ－１）。非糖尿病正常对照８例。所有受试者无其它内分泌和肝、肾疾患，年龄、体重指数（ＢＭＩ）、腰／髋比例均相近，…     

非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病尿α_1-微球蛋白、THP与肾小管功能的研究

为探讨ＮＩＤＤＭ肾病各期肾小管各节段功能变化，用放射免疫分析法（ＲＩＡ）测定２０例健康对照者及６２例非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ），尿α１－微球蛋白（α１－ＭＧ）排泄率（Ｕα１ＥＲ）及尿Ｔａｍｍ－Ｈｏｒｓｆａｌ蛋白（ＴＨＰ）排泄率（ＵＴＨＥＲ）。结果：①Ｕα１ＥＲ均值各组间比较结果：正常白蛋白尿组（ＤＭ－Ⅲ）较健康对照组（Ｃ组）升高无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），但ＤＭ－Ｉ组中，有９例（３５％）Ｕα１１ＥＲ显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；微量白蛋白尿组（ＤＭ－Ⅱ）较ＤＭ－Ｉ组显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。②ＵＴＨＥＲ最大均值位于大量白蛋白尿组（ＤＭ－Ⅲ）组，较Ｃ组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；最小均值位于ＤＭ－Ⅱ组与Ｃ组比较ＵＴＨＥＲ无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：①ＮＩＤＤＭ微量白蛋白尿期即可伴肾小管功能损伤且部分患者Ｕα１ＥＲ、ＵＴＨＥＲ增高先于ＵＡＥＲ的改变而反映肾脏受累。②ＮＩＤＤＭ肾小管功能损伤既有近曲小管重吸收功能障碍，亦存在髓袢合成、分泌功能异常。③联合检测ＵＡＥＲ、ＵＴＨＥＲ、Ｕα１ＥＲ有助于临床早期、全面判断ＮＩＤＤＭ肾脏病变部位及程度。     

老年糖尿病患者血浆纤溶活性与胰岛素抵抗的关系

检测４２例老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者和２６例正常对照者血浆组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（ｔＰＡ）及其抑制物（ＰＡＩ）、α２纤溶酶抑制物（α２ＰＩ）活性、血清纤维蛋白（原）降解产物（ＦＤＰ）、胰岛素水平及胰岛素敏感性指数（ＩＳＩ）的改变。结果表明,糖尿病患者血浆ＰＡＩ和α２ＰＩ活性及血清胰岛素水平高于对照组,而ｔＰＡ活性和ＩＳＩ则降低（Ｐ值均＜０．０１）。ＰＡＩ和α２ＰＩ活性与血清胰岛素水平呈正相关（ｒ值分别为０．５８２７和０．６５１９,Ｐ＜０．０１）,而与ＩＳＩ呈负相关（ｒ值分别为－０．４８１７和－０．５３７８,Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示老年Ⅱ型糖尿病患者血浆纤溶活性明显异常并存在显著的胰岛素抵抗（ＩＲ）和高胰岛素血症（ＨＩＳ）,纤溶活性失调和ＩＲ和ＨＩＳ有关,提示ＨＩＳ可能促使ＰＡＩ和α２ＰＩ合成及分泌增加,减轻和消除ＩＲ有助于避免ＨＩＳ及其引起的血浆纤溶活性异常。     

t-PAA、PAIA活性测定在糖尿病肾病临床中的意义

目的：探讨糖尿病肾病（ＤＮ）临床中尿白蛋白排泄率（ＵＡＥＲ）与组织纤溶酶原激活物（ｔ－ＰＡＡ）、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物（ＰＡＩＡ）的相关性。地７１例糖尿病患者和３０例正常人的ＵＡＥＲ和ｔ－ＰＡＡ、ＰＡＩＡ进行测定,并对其相关性进行统计分析。结果：糖尿病组ｔ－ＰＡＡ随着ＵＡＥＲ的增高而降低,而ＰＡＩＡ则随着ＵＡＥＲ的增高而增高,糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组、临床蛋白尿组ｔ－ＰＡＡ与ＵＡＥＲ呈显著负相关（Ｐ〈０     

解偶联蛋白2基因Ala55Val变异与中国人2型糖尿病患者葡萄糖兴奋后胰岛素分泌功能的关系

目的　解偶联蛋白２（ Ｕ Ｃ Ｐ２） 基因定位于人类１１ｑ 染色体区,该区域与高胰岛素血症及肥胖相关连。本研究拟探讨 Ｕ Ｃ Ｐ２ 基因 Ａｌａ５５ Ｖａｌ（ Ａ／ Ｖ５５） 变异与中国人２ 型糖尿病患者胰岛素分泌／ 敏感性的关系。方法　３５９ 例无亲缘关系的中国人（ 据９７ 年 Ａ Ｄ Ａ 标准分为：糖耐量正常者１９３ 例,２ 型糖尿病１６６ 例） 及６６ 例白种人用 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ Ｒ Ｆ Ｌ Ｐ 检测 Ｕ Ｃ Ｐ２ 基因 Ａ／ Ｖ５５ 变异。结果　中国人（ Ａ Ａ０ ．３１ , Ａ Ｖ０ ．５１ 及 Ｖ Ｖ０ ．１８） 与白种人（ Ａ Ａ０ ．３２ , Ａ Ｖ０ ．５６ 及 Ｖ Ｖ０ ．１２） Ｕ Ｃ Ｐ２ 基因 Ａ／ Ｖ５５ 变异的基因型频率分布无显著差异（ Ｐ＝ ０ ．６１５） ,且该基因变异与中国人２ 型糖尿病发病无相关性（ Ｐ＝ ０ ．５５８） 。在１６６ 例２ 型糖尿病患者中, Ｕ Ｃ Ｐ２ 基因 Ａ／ Ｖ５５ 变异与 糖负荷３ 小时 胰岛素总值（ Ｓ Ｕ Ｍ）（ Ｐ＝０ ．０１０８） ,胰岛素曲线下面积（ Ａ Ｕ Ｃ）（ Ｐ＝ ０ ．０１４９） 以及 Ｈ Ｏ Ｍ Ａβ细胞功能（ Ｐ＝ ０ ．０１７４） 相关。且糖负荷３ 小时 Ｃ 肽总值及 Ｃ 肽曲线下面积变化亦与胰岛素有相同趋势。结论　 Ｕ Ｃ Ｐ     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.