老年人心脏手术的围手术期处理

目的 总结老年患者心脏手术围手术期神经经验，提高老年人心脏手术治疗水平。方法 老年心脏病患者８９例，单纯冠状动脉病变６０全 动脉病变合并瓣膜病变５例，单纯瓣膜病变２３例，左心房粘液瘤１例，６２例行冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ），其中有２例在行ＣＡＢＧ同时行一关瓣置换术，３例同时行主动脉瓣置换术。３例冠心病使用激光打孔行心肌血管重建术；二尖瓣置换１３全主动脉瓣置换３全钍尖瓣合并主动脉瓣置换７８例；粘     

冠心病合并左心功能不全患者冠状动脉旁路移植术效果

总结１５１例左室射血分数（ＬＶＥＦ）＜４５％患者的冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）效果。方法单纯ＣＡＢＧ组６１例，平均ＬＶＥＦ（４０．８±３．７）％，平均塔桥３．６支；ＣＡＢＧ合并其它手术组９０例，平均ＬＶＥＦ（３４．４±７．１）％，平均搭桥１．８支，合并手术包括室壁瘤切除或成形８７例，瓣膜置换３例。结果两组分别死亡２例和６例，心律失常和术后低心排是手术死亡的主要原因。平均随访３４个月，随访率为９２％，两组各死亡２例，其中３例与心脏因素有关。两组ＬＶＥＦ分别为（５５．６±７．３）％和（５０．４±１１．４）％，较术前有明显提高（Ｐ＜０．０１）。术前心绞痛症状基本消失。早晚期病死率没有明显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论ＣＡＢＧ对伴有左心功能不全的冠心病患者是一种安全有效的治疗方法。移植血管应尽可能应用乳内动脉，以提高远期效果。加强围术期的处理，调整心脏的前后负荷，兼顾心肌氧需和氧耗平衡，必要时应用主动脉内球囊反搏或左室辅助（ＬＶＡＤ），以提高手术效果。     

体外循环心内直视术后精神障碍五例(摘要)

１９９３年１月至１９９６年１２月，我院心外科共施行体外循环心内直视手术２１５例，手术后并发精神障碍５例，发生率２．３％。现报告如下。１临床资料患者５例，其中男１例，女４例，年龄１８～５０岁（平均３８岁）；术前心功能（ＮＹＨＡ）Ⅱ级１例，Ⅲ级３例，Ⅳ级...     

冠状动脉重建术后氧输送和氧耗关系的探讨

观察３０例冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）后氧输送指数（ＤＯ２Ｉ）、氧耗指数（ＶＯ２Ｉ）及其关系。其中单纯ＣＡＢＧ１５例，伴左室室壁瘤切除１２例，心脏瓣膜替换３例。全组架１～４支桥者分别是１０、８、８、４例。结果２９例成活，１例死亡。成活组术后即刻至３小时ＤＯ２Ｉ提高１０．６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＶＯ２Ｉ增高１５．８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）．术后１４小时较６小时ＤＯ２Ｉ增加１５．８％（Ｐ＜０．０１），而ＶＯ２Ｉ降低４．４％。死亡例即刻至３小时ＤＯ２Ｉ增加６．０％，ＶＯ２Ｉ却降低２９．１％，死于多器官功能衰竭。资料表明，作为ＣＡＢＧ术后正常恢复经过，早期ＤＯ２Ｉ升高的同时ＶＯ２Ｉ也升高，此时，细胞内氧化磷酸化得到改善，氧债得到清偿。氧输送和氧耗达到平衡后ＶＯ２Ｉ不再增加。可见ＣＡＢＧ术后维持满意ＤＯ２Ｉ非常重要。     

体外循环对血小板膜糖蛋白受体的影响

目的：探讨体外循环（ＣＰＢ）心脏直视手术中血小板主要膜糖蛋白受体ＧＰⅠｂ、ＧＰⅡｂ／Ⅲａ的变化及其临床意义。方法：对１１例择期心脏瓣膜替换术患者血小板膜糖蛋白受体ＧＰⅠｂ、ＧＰⅡｂ／Ⅲａ、聚集功能和计数进行检测。结果：血小板膜糖蛋白受体ＧＰⅠｂ平均荧光强度和聚集功能在ＣＰＢ开始后３０分钟，ＣＰＢ结束及鱼精蛋白中和肝素后２０分钟３个时点与其基础值相比下降显著（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．０５），血小板膜糖蛋白受体ＧＰⅡｂ／Ⅲａ平均荧光强度在各时点与ＣＰＢ前基础值相比明显增强（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：ＣＰＢ中血小板主要膜糖蛋白受体发生了改变。血小板功能异常，是导致ＣＰＢ术后出血的重要原因。     

硝酸甘油在体外循环心内直视手术中的应用体会

我院在１１２例体外循环心内直视手术中常规应用硝酸甘油,取得了满意效果。现报告如下。 临床资料：本组男６２例,女５０例;年龄１．５～６２岁;体重８～７６ｋｇ,心胸比例０．４８～０．８１。先天性心脏病８２例,包括室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ） ３８例,房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ） ２９例,法乐氏四联症（Ｆ４） １２例,其它３例;心功能Ⅰ级１２例,Ⅱ级３１例,Ⅲ级３５例,Ⅳ级４例。后天性心脏病３０例,包括二尖瓣狭窄１２例,主动脉瓣病变７例,联合瓣膜病变１１例;心功能Ⅱ级８例,Ⅲ级１８例,Ⅳ级４例。麻醉方法全部采用芬太尼（１…     

Carpentier环在Ebstein畸形治疗中的应用

介绍用Ｃａｒｐｅｎｔｉｅｒ环纠治Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ畸形的手术效果。１９９７年７月至１９９８年１０月用Ｃａｒｐｅｎｔｉｅｒ环纠治Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ畸形１３例,年龄１２～４７岁,其中心功能Ⅱ级２例,Ⅲ级１１例,３例合并预激综合征（ＷＰＷ）,术前作射频消融术。术中修补ＡＳＤ,房化心室折叠,然后置入Ｃａｒｐｅｎｔｉｅｒ环。结果本组无死亡,术后随访１个月至１年３个月,所有病人心功能都明显改善。心功能Ⅰ级１０例,Ⅱ级３例,４例心前区可闻及Ⅰ～Ⅱ级收缩期杂音,超声心动图显示４例有轻度三尖瓣关闭不全。Ｃａｒｐｅｎｔｉｅｒ环用于矫治Ｅｂｓｔｅｉｎ畸形,临床效果令人满意。     

老年人急性心肌梗死直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术的治疗体会

目的评价老年人急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）直接经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（直接ＰＴＣＡ）的成功率及有效性。方法４２例发病在０．５～１０ｈ的老年ＡＭＩ患者接受了直接ＰＴＣＡ,术后随访半年。结果４０例患者中的４５支梗塞相关血管（ＩＲＡ）获得再通,成功率达９５．２％（４０／４２）,均达到ＴＩＭＩ－３级血流灌注,再通血管残余狭窄０％～２０％。５例合并左心功能不全（Ｋｉｌｉｐ分级Ⅱ～Ⅲ级）及３例合并心源性休克患者术后症状明显改善,住院期间１例死亡（病死率２．５％）。术后随访半年,６例直接ＰＴＣＡ成功患者（１５．０％）心绞痛复发,再次ＰＴＣＡ后血管再通。结论直接ＰＴＣＡ治疗老年人ＡＭＩ成功率高,病死率低,近期预后良好,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

老年人冠状动脉疾病的外科治疗

目的探讨老年人冠状动脉疾病外科治疗的疗效。方法３５例老年患者接受了冠状动脉旁路移植术。按ＮＹＨＡ心功能分级,Ⅲ级１７例,Ⅳ级１８例。其中３支血管病变２４例,左主干病变６例;左室射血分数小于５０％者２５例。结果人均移植血管３．１根,无手术死亡。术后所有患者心绞痛均消失,心功能恢复至Ⅰ级者３３例,Ⅱ级２例。随访３～６４个月,平均３７个月,无死亡。结论对于老年冠状动脉疾病患者,冠状动脉旁路移植术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

术中经食管超声心动图评估主动脉粥样硬化斑块的意义

目的：研究心脏直视手术中经食道超声心动图（ＴＥＥ）检测升部、弓部主动脉粥样硬化斑块的意义。方法：８０例心脏直视手术患者在术中行ＴＥＥ检查，平均年龄６３．６±８．４岁，其中６９（８６．３％）例冠状动脉重建术（ＣＡＢＧ）。当检出有意义斑块时，选择性地行七项相关的修改手术方案。结果：共检出升部、弓部主动脉有意义斑块分别有２例和１９例。根据ＴＥＥ的发现修改手术方案３０次。本研究无一例围术期脑血管意外并发症，仅３例一过性脑缺血发作。结论：在设备条件许可时，６５岁以上心脏直视手术患者尤其是ＣＡＢＧ，术中应行ＴＥＥ检查和监测。当检出有意义斑块时，应及时修改手术方案，可降低围术期脑血管意外并发症。     

冠状动脉搭桥术27例临床分析

目的 报告应用冠状动脉搭桥手术(CABG)治疗冠心病的早期结果及分析。方法 对27例冠心病患者行冠状动脉搭桥术,应用体外循环(CCABG)21例,其中并发室壁瘤2例、瓣膜病1例;非体外循环(OPCAB)6例。结果 全组手术效果良好,27例患者术后心绞痛完全消失,无围手术期心肌梗死,无早期死亡。结论 CABG是治疗冠心病的有效方法,合理选择病例、充分的术前准备、娴熟的手术技术及良好的心肌保护是手术成功的关键,在条件具备时可选择性地进行非体外循环下搭桥术。     

严重左心室功能不全冠心病的外科手术治疗

目的总结严重左心室功能不全（LVEF≤35％）冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）的临床经验。方法回顾性研究分析23例有严重左心室功能不全冠心病患者行CABG的临床资料,其中合并左主干病变18例,合并室壁瘤6例,合并室间隔穿孔1例;16例采取非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术,7例在体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术。结果死亡2例,21例患者治愈出院。随诊6～36个月,无死亡．2例患者有心绞痛发作。结论CABG术对有严重左心室功能不全的冠心病是有效的治疗方法,手术效果取决于存活心肌的多少和可再血管化血管的数量。     

Results of coronary bypass and valve operations for mitral valve regurgitation

Combined coronary bypass grafting and valve procedures for mitral valve regurgitation result in poor outcomes, but the impact of the etiology of valve regurgitation on operative and long-term outcomes is not well defined. A retrospective analysis of 468 patients who had combined coronary bypass grafting and valve operations for mitral regurgitation showed that 78% had valve repairs and 22% had replacements for ischemic (45%) or degenerative (55%) disease. Predictors of operative mortality were ischemic mitral regurgitation, failure to use the internal mammary artery for grafting, severe coronary disease, acute myocardial infarction, low ejection fraction, advanced heart failure, emergency operation, and mitral valve replacement. The 5-year survival rates for propensity-matched patients with ischemic or degenerative disease were similar (66%). Low ejection fraction (< 35%), advanced age (> 67 years), valve replacement surgery, residual mitral regurgitation, and severe coronary artery disease were predictors of poor long-term outcome. Although the operative outcomes of ischemic mitral regurgitation were poor compared to those of degenerative disease, the long-term survival was similar in both groups of propensity-matched patients. Left ventricular remodeling, an optimal valve procedure without residual mitral regurgitation, and left ventricular function are more important determinants of long-term outcome than the etiology of valve regurgitation.     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术在左心室功能低下患者中的应用

目的:分析左心室功能低下(EF<40%)冠心病患者,接受非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植手术(OPCAB)的疗效,改进左心室功能低下冠心病患者的治疗策略。方法:回顾性分析2006年以来我院手术组对37例左心室功能低下的冠心病患者,行OPCAB后手术前后疗效的对比。结果:2例患者死亡,1例死于术后肺部感染,1例死于术后低心排出量综合征(低心排),病死率5%。21例患者使用主动脉内球囊反搏器(IABP),其中7例在术前放置,14例在术中或术后放置。35例患者术后左心室射血分数(EF值)较术前有明显改善(P<0.05);左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末径均较术前下降(P<0.05)。结论:对于左心室功能低下的冠心病患者,OPCAB是一种有效的治疗方法。及时使用主动脉球囊反搏,以及合理应用正性肌力药物对于降低患者病死率,减少患者住院时间具有重要意义。     

心脏瓣膜手术同期冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床探讨

目的 探讨心脏瓣膜手术同期冠状动脉旁路移植术的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年8月新疆医科大学第一附属医院心脏外科心脏瓣膜手术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术45例患者的临床病例资料,对其进行整理统计分析,评价治疗效果.结果 患者术后左心室舒张末径较前明显减小,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;左心室射血分数较术前明显升高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.术后早期（住院期间）死亡3例,其中2例发生低心排综合征、1例室颤均抢救无效死亡.通过电话及门诊复查,随访3～24个月,2例失访,失访率4.44％,无一例死亡.结论 心脏瓣膜手术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术的治疗效果满意.充分的术前准备、合理的手术方案、有效的心肌保护措施、熟练的手术技术及术后的重症监护治疗是手术成功的关键.     

心功能减退患者的非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术82例临床分析

目的:总结分析82例射血分数<40%的冠心病患者进行的非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术。方法:2002年7月至2012年1月进行的选择性OPCAB手术82例,全部经左心室造影测定射血分数在25%～40%之间,平均(35.2±4.8)%。合并心肌梗死史52例,急性心肌梗死后1个月内6例,不稳定心绞痛24例。心功能Ⅱ级18例,Ⅲ级56例,Ⅳ级8例。冠状动脉造影提示2支病变11例,3支病变53例,左主干18例。结果:全部病例均完成OPCAB手术,平均远端吻合口数目为(2.9±0.8)个,使用主动脉内球囊反搏14例,其中7例在手术中安放。死亡3例,均为术后围术期心肌梗死死亡。有6例术后出现急性左心衰,安放主动脉内球囊反搏后保守治疗好转。其中3例心室颤动,均复苏成功。18例行围术期CCO(持续心排血量)监测,术前CO指数在1.8～3.8之间,平均2.4±0.46,术后第1天CO指数在3.6～7.2之间,平均4.8±1.26。结论:严重心功能减退患者实施OPCAB手术有良好的可行性和近期效果,而长期结果仍有待进一步观察。     

电视内镜下大隐静脉采集术在老年冠状动脉搭桥术中的应用

目的介绍老年冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）中应用电视内镜采集大隐静脉血管桥的体会。方法纳入自2005年4月至2010年3月择期行老年CABG患者303例,年龄60～84（68.6±7.3）岁。术中在电视内镜辅助下采集大隐静脉血管桥197例（ESVH组）,采取全程切开采集大隐静脉（OSVH）106例,ESVH组与OSVH组患者在性别、体质量、在室射血分数、每例搭桥数目、伴发高血压、陈旧性心肌梗死、陈旧性脑梗死、糖尿病与慢性肾功能不全等无显著差异。比较两组的手术效果。结果 ESVH组与OSVH组耗时分别是（38.3±8.8）min和（35.5±7.2）min（P〈0.01）,ESVH组与OSVH组分别出现皮下血肿8例（4.1%）和2例（1.9%）,无显著差异（P〉0.05）。ESVH组术后无下肢皮肤感觉异常、脂肪坏死、切口愈合不良并发症,慢性下肢水肿发生率显著低于OSVH组（2.0%vs 19.8%,P〈0.05）;ESVH组术后下肢疼痛较轻,术后住院时间显著低于OSVH组[（8.4±1.8）vs（13.3±2.8）d.P〈0.001]。结论内镜采集大隐静脉桥创伤小,能明显减少老年冠状动脉搭桥术后下肢切口并发症。     

Good outcomes from cardiac surgery in the over 70s

OBJECTIVE: To determine the early mortality and major morbidity associated with cardiac surgery in the elderly. DESIGN: Retrospective case record review study of 575 patients >/= 70 years old who underwent cardiac surgery at the Manchester Heart Centre between January 1990 and December 1996. SETTING: Regional cardiothoracic centre. SUBJECTS: Patients >/= 70 years old who underwent cardiac surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of 30 day mortality and incidence of major morbidity between patients >/= 70 years old and patients < 70 years old. RESULTS: Of 4395 cardiac surgical operations, 575 operations (13.1%) were in patients aged >/= 70 years (mean (SD) 73.1 (3.2) years). The proportion of elderly patients rose progressively from 7.9% in 1990 to 16.5% in 1996. 334 patients (58.1%) had coronary artery bypass grafting alone, 91 patients (15.8%) had valve surgery alone, and 129 patients (22.4%) had combined valve surgery and bypass grafting. For isolated coronary artery bypass grafting, 30 day mortality in patients >/= 70 years was 3.9% compared with 1.3% in patients < 70 years (p < 0.001). 30 day mortality for isolated valve surgery in patients >/= 70 years was 7.7%. Isolated aortic valve replacement was the most common valvar procedure in patients >/= 70 years and carried the lowest mortality (4.3%). Additional coronary artery bypass grafting increased the mortality rate in patients >/= 70 years to 9.3% for all valve surgery and to 8.0% for aortic valve replacement. Major morbidity in patients >/= 70 years was low for all procedure types (stroke 1.9%, acute renal failure requiring dialysis 1.6%, perioperative myocardial infarction 0.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Early mortality and major morbidity is low for cardiac surgery in elderly patients. Concerns over the risk of cardiac surgery in the elderly should not prevent referral, and elderly patients usually do well. However, unconscious rationing of health care may affect referral patterns, and studies that assess the cost effectiveness of cardiac surgery versus conservative management in such patients are lacking.     

CABG in the elderly: the Glasgow experience

One hundred and eleven patients over the age of 65 years who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in Glasgow between 1980 and 1985 were compared with 548 younger patients, who had coronary artery bypass surgery over a similar period of time. The elderly group had a higher prevalence of females, pre-operative unstable angina, left main coronary artery disease and depressed left ventricular function. There were no significant differences between the two groups in operative morbidity or mortality and angina was abolished or improved in 93% of the elderly patients at follow-up. Coronary artery surgery has an important role in the management of angina in elderly patients.     

Should a Regurgitant Mitral Valve Be Replaced Simultaneously with a Stenotic Aortic Valve?

Mitral valve regurgitation frequently accompanies aortic valve stenosis. It has been suggested that mitral regurgitation improves after aortic valve replacement alone and that the mitral valve need not be replaced simultaneously Furthermore, mitral regurgitation associated with coronary artery disease, particularly in patients with poor left ventricular function, shows immediate improvement after coronary artery bypass grafting. We studied 60 consecutive patients with aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation to determine the degree of improvement in mitral regurgitation after aortic valve replacement alone versus aortic valve replacement combined with coronary artery bypass grafting. Thirty-six of the patients had normal coronary arteries (Group 1); the other 24 had symptomatic coronary artery disease requiring bypass surgery (Group 2). Echocardiography was performed preoperatively, 1 week postoperatively, and at follow-up. In Group 1, left ventricular ejection fraction did not improve early or at 2.5 months postoperatively, but mitral regurgitation improved gradually during follow-up. In Group 2, mitral regurgitation showed improvement 1 week postoperatively (p < 0.001), and left ventricular ejection fraction was improved at 2.5 months. We conclude that patients with aortic valve stenosis and mild-to-severe mitral regurgitation, without echocardiographic signs of chordal or papillary muscle rupture and without coronary artery disease, should undergo aortic valve replacement alone. The mitral regurgitation will remain the same or improve. For patients with coexisting coronary artery disease, simultaneous aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting are imperative; however, the mitral valve again requires no intervention, since mitral regurgitation improves significantly after the other 2 procedures.