抑瘤饮增加小鼠S180移植瘤巨噬细胞浸润及TNF-α和iNOS表达

目的动态研究中药复方抑瘤饮对小鼠S180移植瘤内巨噬细胞（Mφ）浸润及TNF-α和iNOS表达的影响，揭示其体内抗瘤免疫机制。方法Balb／c小鼠右腋皮下接种S180肿瘤细胞，24h后，抑瘤饮组小鼠每日灌服抑瘤饮，对照组小鼠每日灌服等量凉开水。分别于第10、加、30天和第40天杀鼠取瘤制成切片，免疫组化染色法检测肿瘤组织内Mφ浸润及TNF-α和iNOS表达，以图像分析系统对染色结果进行测定。结果所有4个时间点抑瘤饮组Mφ浸润均显著高于对照组；第10天时抑瘤饮组TNF-α和iNOS表达与对照组无差异，第20、30天和第40天时高于对照组。结论抑瘤饮体内抗瘤作用可能与增加肿瘤组织中Mφ浸润及TNF-α和iNOS表达有关。     

中药复方抑瘤饮影响荷S180瘤小鼠免疫功能的动态研究

研究荷S180瘤小鼠灌服中药复方抑瘤饮(简称抑瘤饮)不同时间点脾细胞免疫功能的动态变化,揭示其体内抗瘤的免疫机制。于BALB/c小鼠右腋皮下接种S180细胞,24 h后,抑瘤饮组开始每日灌服抑瘤饮,对照组灌服等量凉开水。分别于灌服第0、10、20、30、40天处死动物,称取体重和瘤重;无菌获取脾细胞,MTT法检测NK细胞杀伤活性、ConA诱导转化及IL-2诱生活性,流式细胞仪检测CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞百分率。结果显示,抑瘤饮对小鼠体内S180移植肿瘤的生长,有明显的渐增性抑制作用;抑瘤饮能够明显逆转S180移植肿瘤对小鼠脾细胞的NK细胞杀伤率、转化指数、IL-2诱生活性、CD4+细胞和CD8+细胞百分率的抑制作用,且逆转作用呈时间依赖性增强。表明抑瘤饮体内能够渐增地上调被S180移植肿瘤抑制的免疫功能,从而发挥抗瘤作用。     

抑瘤饮影响S180瘤组织中Bcl2和Bax表达的动态研究

凋亡相关基因Bcl2和Box的表达与肿瘤细胞凋亡与否密切相关。抑瘤饮是依中医抗肿瘤理论组成的中药复方水煎剂，其主要成分为：黄芪、党参、云芝、三七、仙鹤草、墨旱莲、鸡血藤、卷柏、大枣、陈皮等；临床和动物实验显示其在体内确有一定抗肿瘤效果，但尚不知其在体内是否对肿瘤细胞凋亡相关基因表达有影响。为此，本研究以56只BALB／c小鼠于右腋皮下接种S180瘤细胞使成为荷瘤小组。随之分为4组，每组14只，再随机分为抑瘤饮组和对照组各7只。自荷瘤翌日起．抑瘤饮组以抑瘤饮．     

人参皂甙Rh2对小鼠移植瘤血管内皮生长因子C及淋巴管生成的影响

目的 观察人参皂甙Rh2对小鼠移植瘤生长,肿瘤细胞血管内皮生长因子c(VEGF-C)表达和淋巴管密度的影响,探讨其作用机制.方法 用S180瘤株构建55只小鼠移植瘤模型,成瘤后灌服人参皂甙Rh2,观察用药组与对照组移植瘤的生长情况,免疫组织化学染色,比较用药2周、3周后癌细胞VEGF-C的表达及LYVE-1标记的淋巴管密度与对照组的差异.结果接种约第3周开始,对照组移植瘤生长速度明显快于用药组.用药第2周癌细胞VEGF-C表达及淋巴管密度与对照组无差异;第3周VEGF-C表达较对照组弱,淋巴管密度也较对照组低,有差异(P<0.05). 结论 人参皂甙Rh2能抑制肿瘤生长,降低淋巴管密度,其机制可能是通过降低VEGF-C在癌细胞的表达,干扰淋巴管的生成.     

异种抗原瘤内注射对荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制作用

背景:异种抗原的免疫原性比较强,容易引起较强的免疫应答。如果将异种抗原直接引入肿瘤内部,在肿瘤内部引发一系列免疫反应,有可能逆转肿瘤微环境的免疫抑制状态,达到抗肿瘤的目的。目的:评价人红细胞膜抗原瘤内注射对荷S180肉瘤小鼠肿瘤生长的抑制作用。方法:复制昆明小鼠S180肉瘤皮下瘤模型,瘤内注射质量浓度为5g/L的人红细胞膜抗原或生理盐水,连续注射5d,记录注射前及注射第3,7,14天肿瘤体积变化。同时设肿瘤细胞与人红细胞膜抗原同时接种组、免疫后瘤内注射人红细胞膜抗原组、免疫后瘤内注射生理盐水组。另取60只小鼠复制S180肉瘤皮下瘤模型,免疫及瘤内注射人红细胞膜抗原或生理盐水同前。注射第14天每组处死6只小鼠,肿瘤称质量,行病理学分析,每组剩余小鼠继续观察生存情况。结果与结论:各组小鼠肿瘤体积逐渐增大,第14天人红细胞膜抗原与肿瘤细胞同时接种组、免疫后人红细胞膜抗原瘤内注射组、人红细胞膜抗原瘤内注射组肿瘤体积均小于瘤内注射生理盐水组。瘤内注射人红细胞膜抗原可显著降低肿瘤质量。瘤内注射人红细胞膜抗原后镜下可见肿瘤细胞坏死、淋巴细胞等炎症细胞浸润。未观察到各组小鼠生存期有明显差别。结果表明异种红细胞膜抗原瘤内注射可以抑制小鼠S180肉瘤肿瘤生长。     

白术对小鼠S180肉瘤的抑瘤作用及肿瘤凋亡相关基因bcl-2表达的影响

探讨白术对小鼠S180 肉瘤的抑瘤作用及肿瘤凋亡相关基因bcl - 2表达的影响。用病理形态学及荧光免疫组织化学法 ,通过光镜进行形态学观察 ,共聚焦显微镜观察并计数表达bcl- 2基因的瘤细胞数。结果表明 :白术各剂量组对小鼠S180肉瘤组织具有抑制作用 ,细胞形态学观察显示 ,白术可促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡及坏死 ,并引发相应的炎细胞反应。而且 ,白术各剂量组能明显降低小鼠S180 肉瘤凋亡相关基因bcl- 2的表达。白术可能通过调控肿瘤细胞凋亡抑制基因bcl - 2的表达而实现抑瘤作用。     

比较跨膜型和分泌型TNF-α的体内杀瘤效应及其机制

目的比较跨膜型和分泌型TNF-α在体内的抗瘤作用及机制.方法在小鼠接种肿瘤细胞H22第3天,于肿瘤接种部位分别皮下注射插入TNF-α及其突变体基因的质粒DNA(分泌型TNF突变体、跨膜型TNF突变体和野生型TNF-α),观察肿瘤的生长情况,并用TUNEL检测肿瘤细胞是否发生凋亡;用免疫组化检测肿瘤局部淋巴细胞浸润和肿瘤组织表达的Fas和CD44V3.结果TNF-α及其突变体均可被肿瘤细胞有效表达,并都可明显抑制肿瘤的生长(P<0.01),其中跨膜型TNF突变体抑瘤作用最强,可促进肿瘤表达Fas,引起肿瘤细胞发生明显凋亡,同时抑制其表达CD44V3(P<0.01);而分泌型TNF则可诱导肿瘤局部大量淋巴细胞(CD4+、CD8+)浸润(P<0.01),并引起肿瘤组织出血坏死.结论直接注射跨膜型和分泌型TNF-α裸DNA均可在体内有效杀瘤.跨膜型TNF的体内杀瘤机制可能不同于分泌型TNF,前者可直接和通过Fas途径间接诱导瘤细胞凋亡;后者则可能通过募集和激活淋巴细胞发挥抗瘤作用.     

氯喹对S_(180)荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用及其机制

目的探讨氯喹(CQ)对小鼠移植性肉瘤S_(180)的抑瘤作用及其可能机制。方法采用40只S_(180)荷瘤小鼠分为模型组,氯喹低剂量组,氯喹中剂量组,氯喹高剂量组进行体内抑瘤实验,观察不同浓度氯喹对小鼠肉瘤S_(180)的抑制作用;透射电子显微镜观察氯喹作用下荷瘤鼠肿瘤细胞超微结构的变化;流式细胞术检测氯喹诱导荷瘤鼠S_(180)细胞凋亡的情况;免疫组织化学方法检测相关凋亡因子Bcl-2、细胞色素C和Cle-Caspase-3的表达情况;Western blotting检测荷瘤组织Bcl-2和Cle-Caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化以及线粒体和细胞质中细胞色素C蛋白含量的变化。结果与模型组相比较,氯喹处理组小鼠移植肉瘤S_(180)生长速度显著减慢,肿瘤体积和瘤质量明显减小(P0.05);透射电子显微镜观察发现,与模型组比较氯喹处理组肿瘤细胞形态出现明显凋亡损伤改变,凋亡小体形成;各剂量组氯喹均可诱导荷瘤鼠S_(180)细胞凋亡,使抗凋亡因子Bcl-2表达下调,凋亡因子Cle-Caspase-3表达上调(P0.05);并且氯喹能够降低线粒体内细胞色素C蛋白的表达,提高细胞质细胞色素C蛋白的表达(P0.05),促使线粒体内细胞色素C向细胞质内释放。结论氯喹能够抑制小鼠S_(180)肉瘤的生长,可能是通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导细胞凋亡,从而发挥抑瘤的作用。     

右旋柠烯抑制小鼠S-180移植瘤生长的实验观察

目的观察右旋柠烯乳剂(D-limonene)对小鼠移植瘤生长及转移的抑制作用。方法用小鼠S180癌性腹水建立皮下移植瘤模型,随机分为3组,预防组建模当天开始给药;治疗组移植后第5天开始给药;对照组不给药。每3d测量肿瘤大小,20d后取材,观察肿瘤细胞的浸润程度及淋巴结转移。结果对照组肿瘤体积较大,与皮肤及深部组织发生粘连,7只发现颈部或腋下淋巴结肿大。治疗组和预防组移植瘤生长速度明显缓慢,体积小,且瘤体较规则,未发现有淋巴结转移者。结论右旋柠烯有抑制肿瘤生长,减少淋巴结转移的作用,其机制有待进一步探讨。     

复方抗瘤冲剂抑制小鼠S180肉瘤生长的机理研究

目的探讨复方抗瘤冲剂对S180肉瘤的作用及机制。方法通过体内给药,测定抑瘤率及应用流式细胞仪测定S180肉瘤细胞的凋亡率、细胞内Bax及细胞黏附分子CD54的表达量。结果不同剂量复方抗瘤冲剂均有抑瘤作用,抑瘤率分别为19.76％、26.85％和29.94％,抑瘤率与剂量有正相关性,并且对肿瘤细胞有诱导凋亡的作用。Bax的表达水平用药后有明显升高,细胞周期用药前后没有显著改变。复方抗瘤冲剂对CD54表达也有明显的抑制作用。结论复方抗瘤冲剂的抑瘤活性与其诱导细胞凋亡有关,实验结果表明凋亡是通过上调Bax的表达水平来实现的。     

The interrelation of the "local" and the "general" in inflammation

The relationships between the local and the general in inflammation are analysed basing on the literature and original data. Local chemoattraction is postulated to be an underlying factor initiating primary local cooperation of cells relevant to inflammation. Being essential in this cooperation, macrophage seems to warrant both the local developments and triggering of general mechanisms of regulation which are relevant to control over subsequent secondary cell cooperation. The latter is biologically aimed at localization of the inflammation focus and separation of its pathogenic factors from intact internal medium. General mechanisms of inflammation control are provided by neuroendocrine, immune, vascular, coagulative, fibrinolytic and other systems, and operate through the products of the acute phase, by immune defence factors and rearrangement of nervous regulation of homeostasis in intact organs and tissues. The result of the regulation manifests with sequential presentation of the inflammation stages in time, correlation of local and general responses intensity. Eventually, local inflammation and lesion involve stress and intoxication which are not considered direct attributes of inflammation, nevertheless can influence general regulatory systems concerned with the course of local inflammation. It is concluded that inflammation implies dialectic unity of local and systemic responses of the body outlined to resolve inflammation and restore homeostasis.     

Synthesis and separation in the history of "nature" and "nurture"

For much of the 20th century scientific psychology treated the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the development of phenotypes as the result of two quite separate sources of influence. One, nature, was linked to biological perspectives, often manifest as "instinct", while the other, nurture, was taken to reflect psychological influences. We argue that this separation was contingent on historical circumstance. Prior to about 1920, several perspectives in biology and psychology promoted the synthesis of nature and nurture. But between 1930 and 1980 that synthetic consensus was lost in America as numerous influences converged to promote a view that identified psychological and biological aspects of mind and behavior as inherently separate. Around 1960, during the hegemony of behaviorism, Daniel Lehrman, Gilbert Gottlieb, and other pioneers of developmental psychobiology developed probabilistic epigenesis to reject predeterminist notions of instinct and restore a synthesis. We describe the earlier and later periods of synthesis and discuss several influences that led to the separation of nature and nurture in the middle of the 20th century.     

Confirmation of the "protein-traffic-hypothesis" and the "protein-localization-hypothesis" using the diabetes-mellitus-type-1-knock-in and transgenic-murine-models and the trepitope sequences

As possible mechanisms to explain the emergence of autoimmune diseases, the current author has suggested in earlier papers two new pathways: the "protein localization hypothesis" and the "protein traffic hypothesis". The "protein localization hypothesis" states that an autoimmune disease develops if a protein accumulates in a previously unoccupied compartment, that did not previously contain that protein. Similarly, the "protein traffic hypothesis" states that a sudden error within the transport of a certain protein leads to the emergence of an autoimmune disease. The current article discusses the usefulness of the different commercially available transgenic murine models of diabetes mellitus type 1 to confirm the aforementioned hypotheses. This discussion shows that several transgenic murine models of diabetes mellitus type 1 are in-line and confirm the aforementioned hypotheses. Furthermore, these hypotheses are additionally inline with the occurrence of several newly discovered protein sequences, the so-called trepitope sequences. These sequences modulate the immune response to certain proteins. The current study analyzed to what extent the hypotheses are supported by the occurrence of these new sequences. Thereby the occurrence of the trepitope sequences provides additional evidence supporting the aforementioned hypotheses. Both the "protein localization hypothesis" and the "protein traffic hypothesis" have the potential to lead to new causal therapy concepts. The "protein localization hypothesis" and the "protein traffic hypothesis" provide conceptional explanations for the diabetes mouse models as well as for the newly discovered trepitope sequences.     

Comparison of the "mammal machine" and the "reptile machine": energy production

Standard metabolism and body composition were measured in Amphibolurus nuchalis and Mus musculus (a reptile and mammal with the same weight and body temperature). The metabolic capacity for energy production was assessed in liver, heart, brain, and kidney in the lizard and mouse by two methods: measurement of mitochondrial enzyme activity (cytochrome oxidase) and measurement of both mitochondrial volume density and membrane surface area. Both methods gave a three- to sixfold greater capacity for energy production in the mammal compared to the lizard which is less than the eightfold difference in their standard metabolisms. The difference in energy production capacity was not due to any single parameter but was a summation of several smaller differences. The mammal had relatively larger internal organs than the reptile, their organs had a greater proportion of mitochondria, and their mitochondria had a greater relative membrane surface area. These differences, it is suggested, may be due in part to different thyroid function in reptiles and mammals.     

Autoimmunity and the immunotherapy of cancer: targeting the "self" to destroy the "other"

It is increasingly clear that immunity to "self"-antigens may result in tumor destruction in mouse and man. But which antigens should be targeted with therapeutic cancer vaccines? In the case of melanoma, recognition of melanocyte differentiation antigens (MDA) can be associated with autoimmune depigmentation (vitiligo). We propose that intersection of protein transport to melanosomes and endosomes allows for the loading of MDA-derived peptides on MHC class II molecules, resulting in the activation of MDA-specific CD4+ "helper" T cells that aid the induction of melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, the immunogenicity of MDA may be a consequence of their unique cell biology. Studies of MDA-based vaccines can provide new insight into the development of more effective cancer vaccines.     

Opioid peptides in the dynamics of "physiological" and "pathological" stress

Clinical studies showed that short-term "physiological" stress (bicycle ergometry) did not cause increase of the blood plasma enkephalin content. Moderate-term (60-minute) stress, according to O. Desiderato, causes a rise of the blood enkephalin level in rats. It is supposed that such a reaction of the opioid system is characteristic of borderline conditions between normal and pathological states in stress. Severe "pathological" stress (myocardial infarction, experimental coronary occlusion, 6-hour stress after O. Desiderato) in rats led to a decrease of the concentration of enkephalins in the blood and disorders of their secretion and storage in the adrenals. It is suggested that changes of the activity of the opioid system are a predictor of the transition of a "physiological" stress to a "pathological" stress.