Enteral feeding in infants <1250 g starting within 24 h post-partum

Establishing enteral feeding in the very low birth weight infant as soon as possible after birth has been shown to promote growth and reduce the need for intravenous lines. Human milk can be administered either as a continuous infusion or as intermittent boluses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous versus bolus feeding on gastrointestinal tolerance, time to reach 120 ml/kg, 150 ml/kg and full enteral feeding, regain birth weight, duration of intravenous lines, incidence of septicaemia, persistent ductus arteriosus and necrotising enterocolitis. A retrospective analysis of hospital records was performed. Infants with a birth weight < 1250 g born during a 12-month period at Aker and Ullev?l University hospitals in Oslo, who survived the first 21 days, were included in the study. A Total of 49 infants (25 continuous and 24 bolus) fulfilled the entry criteria and data from these infants were analysed. Enteral feeding volumes (120 ml/kg, 150 ml/kg and full) were attained significantly faster with continuous feeding (7 versus 12 days, 8 versus 14 days, 9 versus 12 days). Consequently the bolus group had a significantly longer duration of intravenous lines (14 versus 9 days). There were no differences regarding time to regain birth weight, the incidence of septicaemia, persistent ductus arteriosus or necrotising enterocolitis. Conclusion: infants of birth weight < 1250 g can be fed breast milk already from the 1st day of life and achieve full enteral feeds faster than previously reported even in more mature infants. Full enteral feeds are attained faster with continuous versus bolus feedings and continuous feeding therefore results in shorter need for intravenous fluids.     

极低出生体质量儿应用持续喂养或间断喂养的 meta 分析

目的评价持续喂养及间断弹丸式注射两种喂养方式在极低出生体质量儿的不同影响。方法应用continuous、intermittent bolus、nasogastric、premature、very low birth weight等关键词检索Pubmed、EMBASE、Ovid、the Cochrane Library和中国生物医学文献数据库发表的文章,并同时检索相关的参考文献,对资料进行meta分析。结果不同国家的7项研究被纳入。病例数共434例,其中使用持续鼻胃管喂养者217例,间断鼻胃管注射者217例,分析发现两种喂养方式对极低出生体质量儿的影响差异无统计学意义。结论在热卡足够的前提下,选择何种喂养方式均不会对极低出生体质量儿产生明显的影响。     

极低出生体重儿早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方的临床观察

目的 观察早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方、早产儿配方奶对极低出生体重儿（very low birth weight,VLBW）的胃肠耐受、生长发育的影响,为VLBW的早期胃肠喂养提供科学依据.方法 将出生体重≤l 500g的126例早产儿分成观察组（63例）和对照组（63例）.在常规综合治疗的基础上,观察组早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白配方,对照组早期微量喂养早产儿配方奶,对两组患儿的胃肠耐受、并发症及生长发育进行监测.结果 观察组恢复出生体重日、达全肠道喂养日龄、住院天数、出院时宫外生长发育迟缓发生率、喂养不耐受发生率、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率、喂养消化不良性腹泻发生率分别为12.81 d、25.76 d、37.95 d、23.8％、14.3％、6.3％、3.2％,对照组以上指标分别为16.02 d、27.75 d、45.49 d、42.9％、30.2％、19.0％、12.7％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 积极进行早期微量喂养深度水解蛋白,可以降低极低出生体重儿喂养并发症的发生率,对近期生长发育有良好促进作用,适合临床使用.     

小早产儿肠内喂养方式优缺点的研究进展

早期肠内营养对于小早产儿的胃肠道成熟及其生长、神经发育至关重要,而由于小早产儿的生理特殊性,早期直接经口喂养常难以实现,因此需要借助鼻胃管、十二直肠置管等进行持续或间断肠内喂养.不同的喂养方式各有优缺点,目前国内外关于哪种方式最适合应用于这类早产儿并无统一的结论,需要更大样本、统一标准的多中心研究来进一步明确.     

Early feeding advancement in very low-birth-weight infants with intrauterine growth retardation and increased umbilical artery resistance

BACKGROUND: To investigate whether intrauterine growth retardation (birth weight <10th percentile), increased umbilical artery resistance (resistance index >90th percentile measured by Doppler velocimetry), or brain sparing (increased umbilical artery resistance and decreased middle cerebral artery resistance index <5th percentile) were associated with early feeding intolerance in very low-birth-weight (VLBW, <1,500 g) infants. METHODS: From July 1999 to December 2000, 124 inborn VLBW infants were enrolled in a prospective trial evaluating early enteral nutrition after a standardized feeding protocol (daily feeding advancement, 16 mL/kg birth weight). Feeding tolerance was assessed as the age at which full enteral feeds (150 mL/kg daily) were achieved. Data are shown as median, 25th, and 75th percentiles. RESULTS: Full enteral feeds were achieved at 15 days (range, 12-21 days) of age for all infants. Intrauterine growth retardation (full enteral feeding achieved at 14 days; range, 12-21 days), increased umbilical artery resistance (full enteral feeding achieved at 14 days; range, 11-16 days), and brain sparing (full enteral feeding achieved at 15 days; range, 14-20 days) were not associated with early feeding intolerance. CONCLUSION: Very low-birth-weight infants with intrauterine growth retardation, increased umbilical artery resistance, and brain sparing tolerated enteral feeding as well as appropriate-for-gestational-age VLBW infants.     

深度水解蛋白配方奶喂养对极低/超低出生体重儿生长发育的影响

目的探讨深度水解蛋白配方奶喂养对极低出生体重(VLBW)和超低出生体重(ELBW)婴儿生长发育的影响。方法选取VLBW和ELBW婴儿375例作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法将其分为观察组(n=187)和对照组(n=188)。观察组给予深度水解蛋白配方奶喂养,当喂养达10 mL/次后,改用标准早产儿配方奶喂养。对照组给予标准早产儿配方奶喂养。两组持续喂养4周,比较两组喂养不耐受发生率、达全肠道喂养时间、胎便排净时间、自主排便次数、生长发育情况、喂养后第4天和第10天胃动素水平以及感染发生情况。结果观察组喂养不耐受率低于对照组(P0.05);观察组达全肠道喂养时间和胎便排净时间均短于对照组(P0.05);观察组平均每日自主排便次数多于对照组(P0.05);观察组婴儿体重、头围和身长均大于对照组(分别是1 793±317 g vs 1 621±138 g、30.5±1.1 cm vs 30.0±1.6 cm和43.9±1.2 cm vs 42.1±2.0 cm;均P0.05);观察组婴儿喂养第4天和第10天胃动素水平均高于对照组(P0.05);观察组婴儿感染率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论深度水解蛋白配方奶可提高胃动素水平,增加胃肠道喂养耐受性,促进VLBW和ELBW婴儿早期生长发育,降低感染发生率。     

Availability of donor milk improves enteral feeding but has limited effect on body growth of infants with very‐low birthweight: Data from a historic cohort study

Compare with preterm formula, donor human milk (DM) is associated with a lower risk of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. It is thus deemed superior to preterm formula as the sole diet or supplement to own mother''s milk (OMM) for preterm infants, especially for those with very low birthweight (VLBW). This historic cohort study investigated the relationship between DM availability, and enteral feeding, body growth of VLBW infants by comparing two cohorts before and after the establishment of a human milk bank. A sub‐analysis was also conducted between small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) and non‐SGA infants in our cohorts. Our results showed that DM availability was associated with earlier initiation and faster advancement of enteral feeding, earlier attainment of full enteral feeding, and a higher proportion of OMM in enteral feeding. DM availability was also associated with earlier regain of birthweight, but not with better body growth. SGA and non‐SGA infants responded differently to DM availability with only the non‐SGA group showing improved enteral feeding associated with DM availability. The poor growth of VLBW infants with fortified DM warrants further investigations on better fortification strategies to further improve body growth. Studies are also needed on long‐term effects of DM feeding on the development of VLBW infants.     

Minimal enteral feeding reduces the risk of sepsis in feed-intolerant very low birth weight newborns

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of minimal enteral feeding (MEF) nutritional practice in feed-intolerant very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
Methods: A retrospective design using data reported in the clinical charts of VLBW newborns consecutively observed in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) that presents feed intolerance. During the study period, two feeding strategies were adopted: total parenteral nutrition (PN) (group 1) or PN plus MEF (group 2), for at least 24 h. Primary outcome was the time to reach full enteral feeding; secondary outcomes were the occurrence of sepsis, the time to regain birth weight, the length of hospitalization, the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) Bell stage >II and death.
Results: In total, 102 newborns were evaluated: 51 in group 1, and 51 in group 2. Neonates in group 2 achieved full enteral nutrition earlier (8 days, interquartile range [IQR] 5) compared with subjects receiving total PN (11 days, IQR 5, p < 0.001). A reduction of sepsis episodes was observed in group 2 (15.7%) compared with group 1 (33.3%, p = 0.038). Additionally, subjects in group 2 regained their birth weight and were discharged earlier. The occurrence of NEC and death were similar in the two groups.
Conclusion: Minimal enteral feeding in very low birth weight infants presenting feed intolerance reduces the time to reach full enteral feeding and the risk of sepsis. This feeding practice does not increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and death.     

极低出生体重儿早期喂养的临床观察

目的研究早期微量喂养对极低出生体重儿（VLBWI）的生长发育、胃肠功能成熟及生命体征的影响,为VLBWI的早期微量喂养提供依据。方法将2005年2月至2006年2月北京协和医院NICU住院的符合人选标准的29例VLBWI随机分为早喂组和晚喂组。两组一般情况及合并症差异无统计学意义。对两组的生长发育、胃肠耐受情况、血清胃泌素和胃动素水平、胃肠动力、胃电活动、肠系膜上动脉血流速度、胃食管返流情况进行观察监测。结果研究期间两组生长发育情况、平均肠外营养时间及住院时间差异无统计学意义;喂养耐受性早喂组较晚喂组明显增强（P=0．039）;血清胃动素水平早喂组较晚喂组在第7、14天明显升高;两组血清胃泌素水平差异无统计学意义;第28天时早喂组的胃电图检查更为成熟;早喂组的胎便排完时间更短;卡红胃肠道转运时间第28天早喂组更短;血流动力学参数变化差异无统计学意义。结论早期喂养可以促进VLBWI的胃肠道成熟,改善喂养不耐受,包括减少喂养并发症、促进胃肠激素分泌、促进胃电生理活动成熟、加强胃肠动力。     

Enteral feeding in very-low-birth-weight infants. A comparison of two nasogastric methods

Nutritional benefits and feeding-related complications were prospectively compared in 53 preterm very-low-birth-weight infants receiving isoenergetic feeding by either the continuous nasogastric (n = 30) or intermittent nasogastric (n = 23) route. Stepwise regression techniques were used to develop models relating feeding-associated factors. Feeding method significantly affected weight gain in infants 1000 to 1249 g birth weight with continuous nasogastric feeding associated with an additional weight gain of 3.6 to 6.1 g/kg/d. No effects of feeding method on changes in occipitofrontal circumference, triceps skin-fold thickness, bilirubin values, or total protein values were demonstrable. There were few major differences between feeding groups on measures of feeding complications. Continuous nasogastric feeding was fairly well tolerated and resulted in improved weight gain when compared with intermittent nasogastric feeding in preterm infants 1000 to 1249 g birth weight.     

滴服喂养和胃管喂养在极低出生体重儿中的应用

目的探讨喂养方式对极低出生体重(VLBW)婴儿生长发育及疾病康复的影响。方法将48例VLBW婴儿随机分成观察组和对照组。观察组23例,滴服喂养;对照组25例,胃管喂养。观察开始经奶头喂养时间、达全口喂养时间、胎粪排出时间、不良反应、并发症、光疗情况、奶量增加、体重增长和住院天数。结果与对照组比较,观察组开始经奶头喂养时间、达全口喂养时间、胎粪排出时间、累计光疗时间和住院日短,并发症发生率低,不良反应没有增加,奶量增加和体重增长快。结论滴管喂养适用于有吞咽功能的VLBW婴儿,能够充分满足生长发育所需能量,增强机体抗病力,缩短平均住院日,减少住院并发症,从而减轻患儿家属经济负担。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿营养及胃肠道转运时间的影响

目的　评估非营养性吸吮 (NNS)对早产儿营养、胃肠道转运时间 (WGTT)及喂养相关并发症的影响。方法　将 3 8例需经鼻胃管喂养 (INGF)的健康早产适于胎龄儿 (出生体重 10 5 0～1790g) ,根据是否辅以非营养性吸吮随机分成单纯鼻胃管喂养组和非营养性吸吮组 ,用同一种配方乳喂养。记录喂养 2周的生长发育指标 (体重、身长、头围 )的变化及恢复出生体重的时间 ;入液量、奶量、热能、肠道营养热能达 418 4kJ/(kg·d)的时间、鼻胃管留置时间 ;大便次数、性状 ;喂养相关并发症 ;测定胃肠道转运时间。结果　非营养性吸吮组恢复出生体重时间 [( 8 8± 3 7)d]较单纯鼻胃管喂养组 [( 11 1± 3 0 )d]显著缩短 (P <0 0 5 ) ;喂养前及 2周后体重、身长、头围的变化差异无显著性 (P>0 0 5 )。非营养性吸吮组肠道营养热能达 418 4kJ/(kg·d)的时间 [( 12 3± 5 1)d]较单纯鼻胃管喂养组 [( 15 7± 5 2 )d]明显缩短 (P <0 0 5 ) ;鼻胃管留置时间 [( 13± 10 )d]缩短 4d [( 17± 12 )d],但差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。非营养性吸吮组胃残留的发生率 ( 16 7% )较单纯鼻胃管喂养组 ( 5 0 % )显著减少(P <0 0 5 ) ,两组其他并发症的发生率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;非营养性吸吮组第 2周的全胃肠道转运时间 [( 3 3     

Frühzeitige enterale Ernährung bei sehr kleinen Frühgeborenen ist nicht mit nekrotisierender Enterokolitis assoziiert

Objective is to examine the evidence from randomized and quasi-randomized clinical trials regarding the effect of early enteral feeding advancement in very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Searches were performed from Medline, as well as studies identified from abstracts, conference proceedings and references from relevant publications were retrieved. There was no evidence of an effect of early enteral feeding on the NEC incidence in VLBW infants on full parenteral nutrition. Among infants randomized to more rapid rates of early enteral feeding advancement again there was no effect on NEC. Small sample sizes, methodological limitations, different birth weight ranges, and different rates of early enteral feeding advancement do not allow to recommend one best feeding protocol for VLBW infants. There are suggested advantages of more rapid early enteral feeding advancement (overall reduction in days to achieve full enteral feeding and days to regain birth weight), however, the information regarding safety is limited (broad confidence intervals for the incidence of NEC).     

非营养性吸吮在机械通气治疗早产儿中的应用

目的：探讨非营养性吸吮在需要机械通气辅助治疗的早产儿中的作用。方法：将68例需要机械通气辅助治疗的早产儿随机分为观察组（n=35）和对照组（n=33）。观察组进行非营养性吸吮,对照组不进行非营养性吸吮。比较两组患儿达全胃肠道喂养时间、恢复至出生体重时间、体重增长速度、住院时间、喂养耐受性、机械通气并发症等。结果：与对照组比较,观察组达全胃肠道营养时间及住院时间缩短（P0.05）。结论：在需要机械通气治疗的早产儿中采用非营养性吸吮可加快其生长发育速度、缩短住院时间,并能提高喂养耐受性,而机械通气并发症发生率没有上升。     

Slow versus fast enteral feed advancement in very low birth weight infants: a randomized control trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the tolerance of rapid advancement of enteral feeds in VLBW babies. SETTING: Tertiary teaching hospital. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: All stable neonates with birth weight less than 1250 grams were included in the study. The primary outcome variable was the time taken to achieve full enteral feeds (defined as 180 ml/kg/day). The secondary outcome variables were incidence of Necrotizing enterocolitis (NNEC) and incidence of apnea. At 48 hours, the infants were randomized into the slow advancement group (enteral feeds advanced by increments of 15 ml/kg/day) or fast advancement group (enteral feeds advanced by increments of 30 ml/kg/day). The monitoring during feeding included daily weight record, two hourly abdominal girth charting, gastric aspirates, apnea, time taken to reach full enteral feedings and for NNEC. RESULTS: There were 53 infants who were enrolled for the study (27 in the fast advancement group and 26 in the slow advancement group). In the fast advancement group, 20 percent completed the trial; whereas 14 (53.8 percent;) in the slow advancement group completed the study. The two groups were comparable for birth weights, gestational age, sex, intrauterine growth status, Apgar and CRIB scores. The infants in the fast group reached full enteral intake of 180 ml/kg/day significantly earlier (10 +/- 1.8 days) than in the slow group (14.8 +/- 1.5 days). The two groups were comparable for episodes of feed intolerance, apnea, NNEC. Infants in the fast group regained birth weight significantly earlier (median 18 days) than in the slow advancement group (median 23 days). CONCLUSIONS: Stable VLBW neonates can tolerate rapid advancements of enteral feeding without increased risk of adverse effects.     

早产儿血中胃动素水平对其胃肠道营养影响的研究

目的　探讨早产儿生后血中胃动素水平的变化及其对胃肠道营养的影响。方法　对72例早产儿应用放射免疫法监测其生后 12h内开奶前及第 3、7天空腹血中胃动素浓度 ;并以 16例正常足月新生儿作为对照。结果　 (1)早产儿组生后开奶前及第 3、7天空腹血中胃动素浓度分别为198 65± 5 8 42ng/L、2 48 83± 5 6 0 0ng/L、3 76 77± 13 9 46ng/L ,明显低于足月对照组的 3 0 0 3 3± 67 15ng/L、3 3 4 2 6± 83 81ng/L、5 10 64± 179 85ng/L(P <0 0 0 1及P <0 0 1) ;但随胎龄、日龄、奶量增加而升高 ,呈正相关 ;第 7天时已超过足月对照组生后开奶前水平。 (2 )喂养不耐受组早产儿生后空腹血中胃动素浓度均较喂养正常组低 ,尤以生后第 3天为显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(3 )早期喂养能改善早产儿胃动素水平和胃肠道动力 ,提高肠道喂养的耐受性。结论　早产儿消化道机能能适应胃肠道营养 ,早期喂养 (含微量喂养和非营养性吸吮 )可刺激其胃肠道出现迅速的适应性生长发育     

两种辅助通气方式治疗极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效分析

目的 比较加温湿化经鼻导管高流量通气(HHHFNC)和鼻塞式持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)应用于极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效。方法 选择呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)的极低出生体重患儿66例,接受猪肺表面活性物质及相关常规治疗后随机分为HHHFNC组和NCPAP组,观察两组患儿临床症状改善情况及其各种并发症的发生率。结果 与NCPAP组相比,HHHFN组患儿开奶时间及达到全肠道喂养时间明显提前,氧暴露时间和有创通气时间降低,7 d内重新插管、鼻部损伤、气漏、腹胀的发生率降低。结论 与NCPAP组相比,HHHFNC有相关损伤更小、耐受性更好的特点,是可以首选的一种治疗极低出生体重儿RDS的无创通气模式。     

Spontaneous non-nutritive sucking in continuously fed infants

In order to investigate the effects of a deprivation of the nutritive sucking (NS) on the activity of non-nutritive sucking (NNS), we examined 8 infants (ages 1-13 months) continuously fed by intracaval catheter. They had no NS experience at all from birth. Eight age-matched normally fed infants served as controls. The infants were examined for a full 24-h period by polygraphic recordings and behavioural observation. The amount of NNS was computed for the whole 24-h period and separately for each behavioural state (waking, quiet sleep, paradoxical sleep and ambiguous sleep). All the continuously fed infants showed a typical pattern of NNS. There were no differences in amount of NNS between continuously fed and control infants in any behavioural state. These results suggest that NS does not contribute to the long term maintenance of the NNS activity.     

早产儿生后2周内粪便钙卫蛋白水平检测的临床研究

目的 动态测定早产儿生后2周内粪便钙卫蛋白（fecal calprotectin,FC）水平,分析影响FC分泌的临床因素,探讨其在评价早产儿胃肠功能的价值.方法 2012年5-9月中国医科大学附属盛京医院新生儿科收治的胎龄≤32周或出生体重≤l 200g的早产儿47例,根据生后第7d的喂养情况分成喂养耐受组29例及喂养不耐受组18例.收集生后第1次胎便、第7d及第14 d最后一次粪便（以下依次简称为FC1、FC2和FC3）50-100 mg.用酶联免疫吸附法（ELASA）测定FC水平.结果 47例早产儿FC3水平明显高于FC1和FC2水平（P＜0.05）;FC1与FC2水平差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.母亲分娩前有产前感染的早产儿FC1水平明显高于无产前感染者（P＜0.05）.FC2水平与生后抗生素使用时间（d）呈显著负相关（r =-0.325,P＜0.05）.喂养不耐受组FC2水平明显低于喂养耐受组（P＜0.05）.喂养耐受组FC2、喂养不耐受组FC3水平分别与第7d和第14 d的肠道喂养量呈显著正相关（r =0.433,0.479,P＜0.05）.结论 产前感染及生后肠道喂养可促进早产儿胃肠道分泌FC,生后早期FC水平可反映早产儿早期胃肠道喂养情况,可作为评价早产儿生后早期消化道功能的无创性生物学指标.     

Trophic feeding of the preterm infant

Trophic feeding is the practice of feeding minute volumes of enteral feeds in order to stimulate the development of the immature gastrointestinal tract of the preterm infant This paper reviews the randomized controlled studies that have examined the physiological and clinical responses to trophic feeding of the preterm infant. Trophic feeding alters gastrointestinal disaccharidase activity, hormone release, blood flow, motility and microbial flora. Clinical benefits appear to include improved milk tolerance, greater postnatal growth, reduced systemic sepsis and shorter hospital stay. There is currently no evidence of any adverse effects following trophic feeding.