再次肝移植临床分析

目的总结再次肝移植的病因、预后及手术方式。方法回顾性分析天津市第一中心医院1999年1月至2005年12月实施的101例再次肝移植的病因、术前MELD评分、与首次肝移植的时间间隔、手术术式选择、1年生存率、围手术期死亡的主要原因。结果再次肝移植1年的生存率为71．6％;再次移植的主要原因是胆道并发症（45、5％）;MELD值≤20的病例1年生存率（83．8％）明显高于MELD值为20—30和〉30的病例（57．1％和66．7％）;首次移植术后超过1个月再次移植围手术期生存率（83．8％）明显高于首次移植术后8—30d接受再次移植患者（41．7％）;围手术期死亡的主要原因是感染（54．2％）。结论选择合适的手术时机,根据术中情况决定具体术式,积极有效的抗感染治疗是提高再次肝移植生存率的关键。     

再次肝移植--挽救肝移植失败受体生命唯一的手段(附774例报告)

目的 评估肝移植，尤其是再次肝移植的长期随访结果及影响结果的因素。方法 对1981年2月至1998年4月期间进行的、存活时间大于2年的4000例肝移植进行随访，其中再次肝移植774例。根据首次肝移植的时间，分为A、B、C三期。结果 774例（19．4％）接受第2次肝移植，148例（3．7％）接受第3次肝移植，20例（0．5％）接受第4次肝移植，5例（0．13％）接受第5次及5次以上肝移植。第1次再移植原因主要为移植肝原发性无功能、肝动脉栓塞和排斥反应。C期再次肝移植率（13．4％）明显低于A期（33．4％）和B期（23．7％），P＝0．001。结论 掌握适当的再移植指征、再次手术时机、受体的选择和手术技巧，再次肝移植的长期生存率明显改善。     

再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功能22例报告

目的 总结再次肝移植治疗移植肝失功能的临床经验。方法 回顾分析2004年1月至2006年6月期间中山大学附属第三医院施行22例再次肝移植受者的临床资料，结合文献加以讨论。再次肝移植的原因分别为移植术后胆道并发症（12例）、移植术后肝癌复发（4例）、肝动脉栓塞（2例）、肝动脉狭窄（2例）以及乙肝复发（2例）。再次移植率为3．62％，供肝植入均采用改良背驮式肝移植技术。结果 全组无手术死亡，8例随访至今分别存活21、14、8、3个月各1例，12、1个月各2例；14例存活2周到28个月不等。首次肝移植术后8～30d行再次肝移植病人围手术期病死率最高，为66．7％；1年内死亡10例，主要死亡原因为感染（60％）。结论 再次肝移植是移植肝失功能的惟一有效的治疗方法，正确掌握手术时机及适应证，钻研手术技巧，合理的个体化免疫抑制方案以及围手术期有效的抗感染治疗是提高再次肝移植病人存活率的关键。     

儿童活体肝部分移植术进展

目的：介绍近年来儿童活体肝移植术的进展。方法：以全球活体肝部分移植中心京都大学的资料为重点，综述近年来全球儿童活体肝移值术的现状。结果：活体肝移植仍然是儿童患者的首选术式，其主要适应证是胆汁淤积性肝病（80％），全球最大一组资料（462例）表明，其1、3、5年累计生存率分别为79．8％、77．0％和77．0％，优于同期接受全肝移植的患者（129例，1、3、5年累计生存率分别为76．0％、70．0％和65．0％），且择期手术患者的生存率（85．0％）优于急诊手术者（67．0％）；死亡原因主要是排斥反应和感染。此外，对于儿童患者，还开展了原位辅助性活体肝部分移植和再次活体肝移植术。结论：严格选择手术适应证及手术时机和做好术后1年内的管理是提高远期疗效的关键，儿童活体肝部分移植术疗效明显优于成人，也优于全肝移植术。     

肝癌肝移植围手术期死亡10例分析

目的 分析肝癌肝移植围手术期死亡的原因,总结肝癌切除术后行肝移植的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析2003年10月至2008年10月中山大学附属第三医院肝移植中心81例肝癌肝移植的临床资料,对其中10例围手术期（≤30d）死亡原因进行分析。 结果 肝癌切除术后病人肝移植总病死率为12.3%（10/81）。首次肝切除术后肝移植病死率为12.7%（9/71）;再次肝癌肝移植病死率为10%（1/10）。补救性肝移植病死率为10%（4/40）,超越补救性肝移植病死率16.1%（5/31）。肺部感染（6例）和术中腹腔大出血（5例）是围手术期的主要死亡原因。手术相关死亡5/10,5例术中腹腔出血量均＞10 000 mL。 结论 肝癌肝移植围手术期病死率仍较高;肺部感染和术中腹腔大出血是围手术期的主要死亡原因。     

成人肝移植中的肝动脉搭桥术——澳大利亚 Australia National Liver Transplant Unit的经验

目的 介绍澳大利亚国家肝移植中心在成人肝移植中应用肝动脉搭桥术的经验。方法 对澳大利亚国家肝移植中心（Australia National Liver Transplant Unit，ANLTU）1986—2003年的31例行肝动脉搭桥的成人肝移植结果进行回顾行分析。31例需行肝动脉搭桥的原因有微小受者肝动脉、肝动脉血栓症、肝门严重粘连、肝动脉壁间动脉瘤、真菌性肝动脉瘤及前次植入肝的肝动脉因胆道出血而结扎。18例为首次移植，13例为再次或多次肝移植。结果 术后15例（48．4％）存活，平均存活时间为4．1年，16例（51．6％）死亡，平均存活时间为34．56d。两次和多次肝移植者的死亡率为76．9％，首次肝移植者的死亡率为33．3％（P〈0．05）。因肝动脉血栓症而搭桥者的死亡率最高，其次为肝门严重粘连者。死亡原因依次为败血症、围手术期大出血、颅内出血、肝动脉血栓形成、排斥反应、原发病复发以及心跳骤停。结论 成人肝移植行肝动脉搭桥的适应证主要是各种原因导致的受者肝动脉不适用，或因肝门部严重粘连而无法解剖者；患者术后转归与肝移植的次数及患者的术前状况有关。     

再次肝移植62例临床分析

目的总结再次肝移植的临床经验,以提高治疗效果。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院2003年1月至2012年6月期间行再次肝移植的62例患者的临床资料,计算不同移植间隔时间患者的生存率,并比较围手术期死亡组和围手术期存活组患者的术前检查结果。结果 62例再次肝移植患者的1、2和5年累积生存率分别为67.7%、59.7%及56.4%,其中早期再次肝移植患者为38.5%、38.5%及30.8%,远期再次肝移植患者为75.5%、65.3%及63.3%。术后死亡28例,其中围手术期死亡20例（71.4%）,感染是患者围手术期死亡的主要原因,占65.0%（13/20）;余因多脏器衰竭死亡4例（20.0%）;因肝动脉并发症死亡2例（10.0%）;因门静脉并发症死亡1例（5.0%）。围手术期后死亡8例（28.6%）,均因肿瘤复发而死亡。围手术期死亡组患者的终末期肝病模型（MELD）评分〔（26.95±9.28）分比（14.23±9.06）分〕、血肌酐（Cr）〔（157.3±88.0）μmol/L比（69.8±35.9）μmol/L〕、国际标准化比率（INR）〔1.676±0.744比1.124±0.286〕及总胆红素（TBiL）〔431.8μmol/L比248.2μmol/L〕均高于围手术期存活组（P〈0.05）;前者有12例（60.0%,12/20）患者的Cr值增高,后者有3例（7.1%,3/42）。生存的34例患者均获随访,随访时间3～104个月,平均49个月。随访期间,其生存状况均良好,肝功能正常,无肿瘤复发。结论再次肝移植是治疗移植肝功能衰竭的有效方法,选择合适的手术时机,制定合理的免疫抑制方案以降低围手术期感染率,均有利于提高再次肝移植患者的生存率。     

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目的总结再次肝移植病人围手术期临床特点和管理经验。方法回顾分析中山大学附属第三医院肝移植中心2004年1月至2006年12月期间施行的34例再次肝移植受者临床资料。结果再次肝移植的原因分别为移植术后胆道并发症(18例)、移植术后肝癌复发(6例)、肝炎复发(6例)以及肝动脉并发症(4例)。34例均采用附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式肝移植技术。全组无手术死亡。院内死亡9例(26.5%),明显高于首次肝移植的病死率(6.9%,46/671)(P<0.05)。死亡原因中感染占55.6%(5/9)。再次肝移植组术前感染率为32.4%(11/34),首次肝移植组为10.7%(72/671),两组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。再次肝移植组术后感染率为61.8%(21/34),首次肝移植组为46.3%(311/671),两组相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论感染是再移植的主要死亡原因,围手术期有效的抗感染治疗和针对再次肝移植特点的个体化免疫抑制方案可以提高再次肝移植的成功率。     

肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的再次肝移植治疗

目的 探讨再次肝移植治疗肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的可行性及手术时机.方法 回顾性分析2003年12月至2006年12月收治的13例肝动脉并发症患者再次肝移植的临床资料.结果 再次肝移植的无肝期、手术时间和首次移植比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.291,P=0.312),术中出血量、ICU停留时间和首次移植比较差异有统计学意义[(3.1±1.1)L比(1.5±0.9)L(P=0.005),(4.3±1.8)d比(3.2±2.5)d(P=0.015)].围手术期病死率为38.5%(5/13),其中移植间隔1个月内死亡1例(1/4),超过1个月死亡4例(4/9).死亡原因分别为急性肾功能衰竭2例、严重感染2例、心肌梗死1例.8例存活,随访6～51个月,中位生存时间22.5个月.结论 再次肝移植是治疗肝移植术后肝动脉并发症导致不可逆性肝功能损害时的惟一有效手段.选择适宜的手术时机和手术方式、调整免疫抑制方案、加强围手术期管理是提高再次肝移植疗效的关键.     

再次肝移植32例次的手术技巧

目的 探讨再次肝移植的手术技巧及其临床效果.方法 回顾性分析31例患者接受32次再次肝移植手术的临床资料,手术方式均采用附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式原位肝移植,其中11例采用了股静脉-颈内静脉转流术.肝动脉的重建采用供肝动脉通过供者髂动脉间置搭桥与受者腹主动脉行端侧吻合24例次,采用供肝动脉与受者肝固有动脉行端端吻合8例次.胆道的重建采用胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合28例次,采用胆道端端吻合4例次.术后常规使用抗排斥反应和抗感染治疗,并对患者进行了长期随访.结果 术后死亡17例,死亡时间为术后2周～28个月,死亡原因为术后严重感染8例、多器官功能衰竭和肝癌复发各3例、血管并发症和心肌梗塞以及颅内出血各1例,其中首次肝移植术后8～30 d行再次肝移植者围手术期死亡率最高,为66.7%.其余14例均痊愈出院,随访至今已存活1～29个月,肝功能及生活质量良好.再次肝移植与首次肝移植的手术时间及术中出血量比较,差异无统计学意义.结论 附加腔静脉整形的改良背驮式肝移植是再次肝移植的最佳术式,正确掌握手术时机,并针对患者进行个体化的处理是手术成功的关键.与首次肝移植相比,再次肝移植面临着较高的并发症发牛率和死亡率.     

Pediatric liver retransplantation: indications and outcome

INTRODUCTION: Liver transplantation is the only treatment for end-stage liver disease. Not all patients have a favorable outcome. Graft failure secondary to primary nonfunction, vascular complications, or chronic rejection among other problems may lead to retransplantation. Retransplantation represents 8% to 29% of liver transplantations in the pediatric population. The aim of this study was to present our experience with retransplanted children by analyzing the indications and the results. METHODS: All patients were prospectively included in our database, including 125 children. We included the indications for retransplantation, complications, and mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival analysis. RESULTS: Since 1994, 125 patients were transplanted and 25 were retransplanted (20%), including 5 who received a third graft. Primary nonfunction represented 30% of the indications for retransplantation and hepatic artery thrombosis, 20%. Six of 25 patients who received a first retransplantation and 2 of 5 who received a second retransplantation died. The most frequent cause of death was multiorgans failure. The survivals at 1 and 5 years were 82% and 76% for children receiving a first retransplantation, and 60% at 1 and 5 years for those who received a second retransplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Organ failure after liver transplantation was a common event in pediatric transplantation. Survival was similar between patients transplanted once and those who received one retransplantation. Survival decreased among patients who received a third graft but was maintained at 60%, which is better than most published results for first retransplanted patients. Retransplantation is a valid option with good results for selected pediatric cases.     

Liver Retransplantation in Children: A SPLIT Database Analysis of Outcome and Predictive Factors for Survival

To examine outcomes and identify prognostic factors affecting survival after pediatric liver transplantation, data from 246 children who underwent a second liver transplantation (rLT) between 1996 and 2004 were analyzed from the SPLIT registry, a multi-center database currently comprised of 45 North American pediatric liver transplant programs. The main causes for loss of primary graft necessitating rLT were primary nonfunction, vascular complications, chronic rejection and biliary complications. Three-month, 1- and 2-year patient survival rates were inferior after rLT (74%, 67% and 65%) compared with primary LT (92%, 88% and 85%, respectively). Multivariate analysis of pretransplant variables revealed donor age less than 1 year, use of a technical variant allograft and INR at time of rLT as independent predictive factors for survival after rLT. Survival of patients who underwent early rLT (ErLT, <30 days after LT) was poorer than those who received rLT >30 days after LT (late rLT, LrLT): 3-month, 1- and 2-year patient survival rates 66%, 59%, and 56% versus 80%, 74% and 61%, respectively, log-rank p = 0.0141. Liver retransplantation in children is associated with decreased survival compared with primary LT, particularly, in the clinical settings of those patients requiring ErLT.     

Adults transplanted as children as retransplant candidates: Analysis of outcomes support optimism in a population mislabeled as high risk

Adult liver transplant programs have heretofore been hesitant to perform liver retransplantation in adult patients who underwent primary liver transplantation as a child (P_A). Areas of concern include: (a) potential disruption in care when transferring from a pediatric to an adult transplant center; (b) generally inferior outcomes of retransplantation; (c) reputation of young adults for non-adherence to post-transplant regimen; and (d) potential higher work effort for equivalent outcomes. To examine these concerns, we reviewed data on all US liver adult retransplants from 10/01/1987 to 9/30/2017. We propensity matched the P_A patients to patients who received both primary and retransplantation as adults (A_A), with ≥550 days between transplants. A mixed Cox proportional hazards model with program size and time period of transplantation as random variables revealed that retransplantation of P_A patients produced no significantly different graft survival or patient survival rates than retransplantation of the matched A_A patients. Therefore, inferior rates of liver retransplantation in these patients and concerns about continuity of care in changing transplant programs are not as believed in the wider liver transplant community. In conclusion, liver transplant centers should be optimistic about retransplanting adults who received their primary transplants as children.     

再次同种异体原位肝移植的临床及病理研究

目的 探讨肝移植术后肝脏的病理组织学变化特点及其临床病理意义.方法 回顾性分析2002-2006年期间实施的15例再次肝移植受者的临床资料,对15例再次肝移植切除的全肝标本进行病理组织学观察分析.结果 15例再次肝移植存活者占53.3%,死亡者中严重感染占57.1%.病理组织学变化以慢性排斥反应和胆管、血管狭窄、阻塞为主.慢性排斥反应占20%,胆管病变占46.6%,血管病变占33.3%.结论 再次肝移植存活者较首次肝移植者低,死亡原因主要是严重感染.导致再次肝移植的多种原因中,肝胆管、血管狭窄、阻塞的发生相对较慢性排斥反应高,且移植后肝脏胆管和血管病变常并存.肝胆管、血管狭窄、阻塞是导致再次肝移植的重要原因.早诊断、早治疗是提高再次肝移植成功的关键,应引起高度重视.     

Invasive aspergillosis in the recipients of liver retransplantation.

Retransplantation is a major risk factor for invasive aspergillosis in liver transplant recipients. However, the risk for invasive aspergillosis with time elapsed since retransplantation, clinical characteristics, and outcome of patients who develop this infection after retransplantation of the liver has not been defined. Patients comprised 17 liver retransplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis between 1990 and 2004. Retransplantation was considered early if it was performed within 30 days and late if performed after 30 days of the first or primary transplant. Retransplant recipients comprised 25% of all cases of invasive aspergillosis after liver transplantation. Fifty-three percent of the Aspergillus infections occurred within 30 days, and 76% within 90 days of retransplantation. In all, 53% (9/17) of the patients were late retransplant recipients. Late compared to early retransplant recipients with invasive aspergillosis were more likely to have central nervous system involvement with invasive aspergillosis (56% vs. 0%, P = 0.03). Mortality rate was 100% for late and 63% for early retransplant recipients with Aspergillus infections. In conclusion, time-varying risk for invasive aspergillosis after retransplantation has implications relevant for guiding antifungal prophylaxis. Given a greater risk for disseminated infection and poor outcome in late retransplant recipients with aspergillosis, potent and aggressive antifungal therapy should be considered upfront in these patients.     

An outcome comparison between primary liver transplantation and retransplantation based on the pretransplant MELD score

Survival after liver retransplantation (RLTX) is worse than after primary liver transplantation (LTX). We studied retrospectively the 2-year outcome in 44 patients who received RLTX more than 30 days after the primary transplant and in 669 after LTX performed between December 1993 and October 1999, focusing on the relation between the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score immediately pretransplant and post-transplant survival. A 2-year survival for RLTX was inferior to LTX (65.9% vs. 82.9%, P < or = 0.01). This difference was greatest with MELD scores < 25; survival within 2 years remained 11.3-18.2% less for RLTX than for LTX (6 months, P = 0.002; 12 months, P = 0.029, 24 months, P = 0.123). Mortality was mainly related to early vascular complications and sepsis. Two-year survival after RLTX was 81.8% if RLTX occurred < 2 years after LTX and 50% if the interval between LTX and RLTX was > 2 years (P < 0.05). MELD scores were similar in 2-year survivors and nonsurvivors after late RLTX (P = 0.82). Late RLTX is marked by poor survival regardless of the pretransplant MELD score. The MELD-based allocation system may not benefit patients who undergo retransplantation.     

再次肝移植10例临床分析

目的总结再次肝移植的临床经验。方法回顾性分析我中心自2003年5月至2006年12月间实施的10例再次肝移植患者的临床资料并进行随访，对再次移植的指征、手术时机、手术方式及预后进行讨论。结果在连续实施的315例同种异体原位肝移植中共有10例接受了再次移植．再次移植率为3．17％。再次移植指征分别为胆道并发症4例（40％），原发病复发4例（40％），其中包括肝癌复发2例（20％），乙肝复发1例（10％），肝硬化复发1例（10％），移植肝原发性无功能1例（10％）．肝动脉血栓形成1例（10％）。10例患者中有3例死亡，其中2例死于全身严重的感染伴多器官功能衰竭，1例死于肝癌复发转移。其余7例患者均痊愈出院．随访至今已存活10～28月．肝功能及一般状况良好。结论合理选择再次移植的指征，把握合适的手术时机，建立完善的预后评估模型是提高再次肝移植患者存活率的关键。     

Risk factors for death following liver retransplantation

AIM: Our goal was to retrospectively analyze graft loss and mortality risk factors using multi-centre data on liver retransplantation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1991-1995, 640 patients underwent 718 liver transplants in Barcelona. Mean age of the 74 patients receiving a second transplant was 47.6 years (range 19-65). Causes of retransplantation were immunologic in 26 patients (35.1%), technical in 23 (31.1%), primary dysfunction in 12 (16.2%), recurrent original disease in 7 (9.5%), and other causes in 6 (8.1%). Mean time between first and second transplant was less than 7 days in 20 patients (27%), between 8 and 30 days in 4 (5.4%) and more than 30 days in 50 patients (67.6%). Recipient, donor, and operative variables were analyzed using univariate (Kaplan-Meier curves) and multivariate techniques (Cox regression) to identify risk factors. RESULTS: Retransplant patient survival at 1 and 5 years was 60.8% and 49.5%, respectively, compared to 75.6% and 64.8% in a series of 640 first transplant patients. Mortality risk factors identified by multivariate analysis were bilirubin >12 mg/dL (RR 2.3; P=.010), recipient age (RR increase 0.04 for each additional year; P=.02), cause for retransplant (immunologic RR 4.01, technical RR 2.7 and other causes RR 6.9; compared to primary dysfunction RR 1; P=.020). Urea >54 mg/dL (0.02) and multiple transfusions >15 units red blood cells (0.001) were only significant in the univariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, retransplantation for primary dysfunction is the setting that has the best prognosis. Of the other causes, retransplantation should be performed before the total bilirubin reaches >12 mg/dL or before the appearance of variables indicative of severe renal insufficiency.