垂体后叶面积与年龄变化的MRI研究

目的 研究垂体后叶面积的改变与年龄的变化关系。方法 采用美国GE公司生产的SIGNA1.5T超导磁共振成像系统，于T1W正中矢状位测量垂体后叶的前后径和高径。结果 男性在10岁以内数值最大（17.11mm^2)，女性在10-19岁之间数值最大（20.00mm^2)。60岁以后垂体后叶面积最小，男性为11.93mm^2。女性为9.27mm^2。结论 男、女在40岁以前垂体后叶面积与年龄无明显关系。40岁以后随年龄的增长逐渐减小。     

白内障病人B超探查临床分析

采用B超探查白内障病人500例,结果:眼轴(前后径):男性为24.82±1.99mm,女性为24.84±2.04mm;玻璃体腔轴(前后径):男性为15.21±2.05mm,女性为15.26±2.09mm。眼轴与性别,眼别无差异。眼内容检查中,玻璃体混浊,视网膜脱离及其它疾患108例,占20.1％。     

正常人不同年龄段前列腺及精囊腺的研究

目的分析不同年龄正常男性前列腺大小及前列腺外周带磁共振成像（MRI）信号强度和年龄相关性,以及精囊腺大小和MRI信号强度与年龄的相关性。方法52例正常成人,根据年龄不同分为4组（21-30岁,31—40岁,41—50岁,50岁以上）,测量前列腺外周带和中央腺的前后径、左右径、T2WI信号强度和闭孔内肌信号强度,计算外周带和中央腺与闭孔内肌相比的相对信号强度,并测量精囊腺横径及T2WI信号强度。结果前列腺外周带和中央腺的前后径及左右径、T2WI信号强度,相对信号强度各年龄组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。前列腺外周带前后径、左右径及T2WI信号强度与年龄之间均呈正相关（r=0．543、P〈0．01,r=0．538、P〈0．01）,但外周带他WI信号强度与年龄呈正相关关系（r=0．332,P〈0．05）。而不同年龄组精囊腺横径及T2WI信号强度各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论前列腺大小及佗WI信号强度与年龄相关,并随年龄增长各值逐渐增大。     

胃左静脉内径和门静脉远端径/近端径比值对门静脉高压食管静脉出血的临床价值

门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化常见的并发症之一 ,其与门静脉、胃左静脉关系的研究已有不少报道 [1 - 3 ] ,本文对门静脉远端径、近端径及其比值和胃左静脉内径进行研究 ,探讨门静脉高压食管静脉出血患者上述管道的变化特点。1　资料与方法1.1　研究对象门静脉高压患者 6 9例 ,经胃镜或上消化道造影有食管静脉曲张 ,其中男性 5 5例 ,女性 14例 ,年龄 2 8～ 70岁 ,平均 48岁。按检查时出血否分为食管静脉出血组和未出血组。出血组 :39例 ,男性 30例 ,女性 9例 ,年龄 34～ 6 5岁 ,平均 47岁 ;非出血组 :30例 ,男性 2 5例 ,女性 5例 …     

利巴韦林及聚肌胞分别治疗流行性腮腺炎和水痘

流行性肋腺炎７８例（男性３３例，女性４５例；年龄５．７±ｓ２．５ａ）及水痘２８例（男性１２例，女性１６例；年龄６３±２．２ａ），用利巴韦林５－７．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，ｉｍ，ｂｉｄ，治疗３－６ｄ。结果；肋腺消肿时间４．３±１．９ｄ，水痘结痂时间为３．６±１．６ｄ．另有流行性腺炎３５例（男性１６，女性１９例；年龄５．２±２．３ａ），及水痘２５例（男性１１例，女性１４例；年龄５．７±２．３ａ），用聚肌胞注射液     

全天麻胶囊辅助治疗椎-基底功能供血不足之眩晕症30例的疗效观察

南京医科大学第二附院神经科于1998年5～7月应用复方丹参注射液(华西医科大学制药厂,批号980321)辅以全天麻胶囊(贵州益康制药有限公司,批号971215,主要成分天麻)治疗椎-基底动脉供血不足患者30例,观察眩晕症状消失情况,另30例单独使用复方丹参注射液作对照观察。 1 临床资料 治疗组30例男性12例,女性18例;年龄48～75岁,平均60.43±9.36岁。对照组30例男性16例,女性14例;年龄46～73岁,平均58.19±8.76岁。两组年龄经回归检验,表明具有可比性。 诊断椎-基底动脉供血不足的诊断标准为:(1)年龄45～     

高频超声对正常人眼虹膜冠状平面成像法的初步研究

目的　探讨活体正常虹膜冠状平面成像方法 ,为研究虹膜创伤的超声诊断提供成像依据。方法　用10 .0 MHz高频探头侧重对 84例正常人 (16 8只眼 )虹膜进行冠状平面扫查 ,并测量虹膜平面结构正常值。结果　正常活体虹膜平面形态为中等回声的中空圆盘状结构。瞳孔平均直径 4 .35± 0 .5 0 mm,瞳孔平均面积 13.2 7± 2 .4 9mm2 ,虹膜平均宽度 3.4 7± 0 .30 mm ,虹膜平均面积 88.37± 4 .0 9mm2 。虹膜中段厚径、瞳孔直径、对光反射前瞳孔面积参数随年龄增大有减小趋势 ;虹膜宽径、对光反射前虹膜面积值随年龄增大有增大趋势 ;超声下经睑对光反射后瞳孔面积、虹膜面积变化率随年龄增大而减小。 6 0岁以上年龄组对光反射后瞳孔和虹膜面积变化率较其他年龄组小并有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　虹膜冠状平面成像法能清晰显示活体虹膜平面形态 ,克服了超声传统扫查方法的成像盲区。超声冠状平面扫查不受前房积血、角膜血染或混浊等屈光间质改变的影响 ,为高频超声全面观测虹膜大体形态及虹膜外伤提供了一种新的检测方法。     

三维超声心动图评价冠心病患者的局部容量和收缩功能

目的应用实时三维超声心动图技术评价冠心病患者的左室局部三维容量和局部收缩功能。方法 50例健康志愿者,男性35例,女性15例,年龄30～60岁,平均(49.7±10.5)岁。40例心肌梗死患者,男性29例,女性11例,年龄49～65岁,平均(50.6±16.5)岁。进行心脏三维超声心动图检查,比较两组左室壁16个节段的局部舒张末期容积(REDV)、收缩末期容积(RESV)和局部射血分数(REF)。结果正常组左室壁16个节段局部容积曲线呈规则的抛物线形,且波峰、波谷趋近;与正常人比较,心肌梗死患者梗死区REDV、RESV均增大(P<0.05),局部容积曲线较非梗死区波动幅度小,REF值明显减低(P<0.05)。结论冠心病患者左室梗死节段收缩功能降低,可以通过实时三维超声心动图进行定量研究,从而为冠心病心功能的研究提供了一种新的方法。     

成人腹前正中线上几个数据的观测

本文测量200名(男女各100名)成人的腹前正中线上的各径。腹前壁均无瘢痕和未作过手术的。其结果为:脐胸长:男性18.74±0.3cm、女性18.80±0.26cm。脐耻长;男性14.25±0.13cm、女性14.12±0.12cm。脐口各径:纵径:男性1.56±0.06cm、女性1.57±0.05cm;横径:男性1.24±0.05cm、女性1.26±0.06cm。脐窝深度(男性1.10±0.03cm、女性1.25±0.27cm。脐窝容量:男性1.12±0.06ml、女性1.32±0.08ml。脐口形状:竖卵圆形150人(男72、女78);横卵圆形41人(男24、女17);圆形9人(男4、女5)。此线全长:男性34.55cm、女性34.49cm。     

应用Mimics软件测量髋臼形态的数字解剖学研究

目的髋关节置换的临床效果与假体是否符合髋关节正常解剖密切相关,目前临床使用的人工髋关节更加符合60岁以上的老年人使用,与年纪较轻的青年人和中年人的髋关节解剖结构和生物力学特征不相符合,目前国内尚缺乏不同年龄段正常髋臼形态的解剖学研究。获取不同年龄组正常髋关节形态解剖学数据,比较分析不同年龄段髋关节形态特点。方法 2016年8月至2018年3月采集20～39岁、40～60岁、60岁以上3个年龄段的志愿者双侧髋关节CT扫描数据,每组30例,平均年龄分别为:(31±8)岁,(51±9)岁,(68±8)岁,采用Mimics软件进行三维重建并测量髋臼形态解剖学数据,进行统计分析数据。结果 20～39岁组:髋臼上下径为(53±4)mm,前后径为(51.9±2.0)mm,臼深:(27.2±2.4)mm;40～60岁组:髋臼上下径为(53±5)mm,前后径为(52.5±2.1)mm,臼深:(27.6±2.6)mm,60岁以上组:髋臼上下径为(54±5)mm,前后径为(53.8±2.1)mm,臼深:(28.3±3.0)mm,随着年龄的增加,髋臼的前后径逐渐增大,髋臼的的形状逐渐由椭球体逐渐趋近于球体。结论不同年龄段髋臼数字解剖学特点不同,髋臼的形态逐渐由椭球体趋近于球体,为临床设计开发新型髋臼杯假体提供了理论依据。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.