老年垂体腺瘤的经蝶显微手术治疗

目的：对22例老年人垂体腺瘤的经蝶显微手术治疗,探讨老年性垂体腺瘤的临床特点及治疗原则,方法：本组老年人垂体腺瘤均经血清激素检查,CT或MRI扫描确诊,采用经蝶显微手术治疗,术后治疗特别注意水和电解质的平衡,结果：无分泌功能腺瘤17例,肿瘤全切12例,次全切7例,大部分切除3例,无手术死亡,无并发症死亡。在平均3．1年随访中,20例恢复良好,2例症状复发,结论：老年性垂体腺瘤绝大部分为无功能性,经蝶入路显微手术切除是一种安全,有效的方法,但要注意手术适应症的选择和术后体液,电解质平衡。     

显微手术治疗大及巨大垂体腺瘤的入路选择

56例大及巨大垂体腺瘤，分别采用经蝶入路或经颅入路在显微镜下切除肿瘤。手术均顺利，其中肿瘤全切除44例，次全切除9例，部分切除2例。认为采用显微外科技术，针对肿瘤的特点选择不同的手术入路是提高垂体腺瘤全切率的关键。     

巨大垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗

为提高巨大垂体腺瘤显微手术的疗效 ,回顾性分析 5 6例巨大垂体腺瘤患者的临床资料及治疗方法。依据肿瘤的生长方向及部位将 5 6例分为四型 ,据此分别采用经蝶、经额下、额下经蝶、扩大经蝶、扩大额下硬膜外、额下 -翼点等 10种入路进行显微手术。5 6例巨大垂体腺瘤全切 2 9例 ,近全切 2 0例 ,大部切除 7例。无死亡者。提示依据巨大垂体腺瘤的不同位置及生长方向选择适当的手术入路是提高全切率、降低死亡率及复发率的重要手段     

经蝶手术治疗大型及巨型垂体腺瘤140例临床观察

目的观察经蝶手术治疗大型、巨型垂体腺瘤的临床疗效。方法大型、巨型垂体腺瘤患者140例。采用（左）鼻中隔切口,切开鼻前庭小柱,经鼻中隔—蝶窦中线处凿开鞍底,切除肿瘤。结果 140例肿瘤行包膜内全切除48例,其余行次全切除或大部分切除。术后症状立即改善者122例,并发暂时性尿崩症20例、脑脊液（CSF）鼻漏18例、颅内感染5例、垂体功能低下1例。结论对于大型和巨型垂体腺瘤,经蝶手术治疗可获良好效果。     

经鼻蝶窦入路显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨经鼻蝶窦入路切除垂体腺瘤的显微手术治疗及术后处理.方法 回顾性分析经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除的38例垂体微腺瘤患者的临床资料.38例垂体腺瘤中泌乳素( PRL)腺瘤18例,生长激素(GH)腺瘤12 例,促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)腺瘤5例, 无分泌功能腺瘤3例.结果 肿瘤全切33例, 次全切5例;术后复查激素水平,降至正常26例, 下降大于50%的4例, 8例变化不明显.结论 单鼻孔经蝶入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤是一种安全、有效的方法.     

老年人垂体腺瘤49例术后临床分析

目的 探讨老年人垂体腺瘤的临床特点和治疗效果。方法 回顾分析49例手术及病理证实的老年人垂体腺瘤资料。结果 49例患者平均病程4．4年。视力视野障碍46例（93．8％）,头痛20例（40．8％）,内分泌障碍16例（32．7％）。肿瘤大于3cm25例（51．0％）,大部及部分切除11例（22．4％）,以经碾人路效果为好。术后常规放疗28例,肿瘤控制率93．0％,其中50％发生垂体功能低下。随访7－127个月（平均50．5个月）,视力改善27例（58．7％）,生活理43例（87＝8％）;40例术后3个月－5年复查CT或MRI提示肿瘤消失30例（61．2％）,残瘤静止5例（10．2％）,复发5例（10．2％）。结论 老年人垂体腺瘤以大腺瘤和无功能腺瘤为多;临床以视力视野改变为主;经碟人路显微手术是首选治疗方法;术后辅以放疗可控制或延缓肿瘤复发,但需注意视力损害及垂体功能低下的严重并发症。     

手术治疗121例老年垂体腺瘤临床分析

目的 探讨老年垂体腺瘤的临床特点和手术治疗意义.方法 回顾性分析了121例60岁及以上垂体腺瘤的临床资料.结果 手术主要采用经鼻蝶窦入路,肿瘤全切除及次全切除91例,大部切除25例,部分切除5例.住院期间视力好转80例,占88.9％.随访MRI72例,肿瘤无复发或静止状态67例,复发需再次手术5例.术后生活自理率80％.结论 多数老年垂体腺瘤初期的临床表现隐匿,发现时往往肿瘤大、压迫视神经,尽早鞍区MRI检查可明确诊断.手术切除肿瘤对老年垂体瘤有效、安全,尤其是经鼻蝶入路.     

单鼻孔经蝶入路与经颅入路手术切除垂体腺瘤疗效对比观察

目的对比观察单鼻孔经蝶（鼻蝶）入路与经颅入路手术切除垂体腺瘤的疗效,探讨垂体腺瘤的良好手术入路。方法48例患者分别采用经鼻蝶入路和经颅入路手术切除垂体腺瘤。结果与经颅入路手术者比较,经鼻蝶入路手术者手术时间短、出血量少、住院时间短、肿瘤全切除率高、激素改变明显、术后并发症发生率低（P均〈0．05）。结论经鼻蝶入路是垂体腺瘤切除的良好手术入路。     

垂体腺瘤患者的围手术期垂体激素监测及临床意义

为了对垂体腺瘤患者进行手术前后激素测定、分型、并监测术后垂体功能以及寻求一种判断手术切除程度及术后有无复发的方法，对50例垂体腺瘤手术患者采用放免法测定手术前、后激素水平，对测定值进行回顾性分析，判断检测结果的相互关系并分析其临床意义。结果：泌乳素(PRL)腺瘤及生长激素(GH)腺瘤全切组及末全切组术后激素水平均较术前明显降低(P＜0．05)，全切组术后激素水平与末全切组比较有明显差异(P＜0．05)。认为手术治疗可以明显改善垂体瘤患者术前高激素水平状态，手术治疗有着肯定的治疗价值。其切除程度将决定着术后内分泌的改善水平，应在不损害正常垂体前提下争取全切肿瘤。     

经鼻蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术46例疗效观察

目的观察经鼻蝶窦入路手术治疗垂体腺瘤的效果。方法 46例垂体腺瘤患者均采用单鼻孔经鼻蝶窦入路显微镜下肿瘤切除术。结果肿瘤全切39例,次全切或大部分切除6例,未能切除1例。术后发生脑脊液漏3例,尿崩症19例,视力下降2例。结论经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术是治疗垂体腺瘤安全有效的术式。术前准确评估病情、熟悉解剖和精湛的手术操作是手术成功的保证。     

Surgical Management of Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

The reported cases of hyperthyroidism due to a TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma have steadily increased in previous years; however, information about the results and long term outcome after pituitary surgery is scanty.Twenty-four patients with a TSH-secreting adenoma underwent pituitary surgery at our department in the last 15 years. Hypersecretion of other pituitary hormones was diagnosed in 7 patients. Three patients were euthyroid at the time of surgery because of previous ablative thyroid therapies.The success rate of surgery strictly depends on the criteria used. Normalization of elevated FT₃ and FT₄ levels occurred in 17 of the 21 patients with preoperative hyperthyroidism: however, only those with early postoperative undetectable TSH level (12 cases) had no recurrence of disease during follow-up and no residual tumor tissue on postoperative MRI, whereas recurrence of hyperthyroidism occurred in 3 of the 5 patients without postoperative TSH inhibition. All 3 euthyroid patients had a subtotal removal of the tumor, as judged by postoperative MRI.Surgical removal is the therapy of choice of TSH-secreting adenomas, whereas radiotherapy and medical treatment with somatostatin analogues are usually reserved to patients with incomplete tumor removal. A thorough postoperative evaluation is necessary to discriminate between complete and partial remission of disease.     

Graves' disease with moderate-severe endocrine ophthalmopathy-long term results of a prospective, randomized study of total or subtotal thyroid resection.

The optimal thyroid surgery to be performed in patients with Graves' disease and concomitant endocrine ophthalmopathy is a matter of debate. We randomly assigned 44 patients with moderate-severe eye signs in a trial of treatment with subtotal, leaving a small (approximately 2 g) thyroid remnant, or total thyroidectomy. At inclusion, the patients had been treated with antithyroid drugs, and corticosteroids been given to 12 (27%). All received postoperative thyroxine supplementation and were followed for 3 years at regular examinations. The eye disease improved in all cases, and throughout the study, the two groups did not differ with regard to subjective and objective eye symptoms and laboratory findings. At the study start, motility disturbances were present in 8 and 11 of the cases in the subtotal and total resection group and proptosis in 16 and 17, respectively. After 3 years, the corresponding data were 3 and 6 cases with motility defects and 16 and 15 cases with proptosis. Thyrotropin (TSH)-receptor antibody levels gradually fell and became nondetectable in 21 (49%). The surgical complication rate (permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis and permanent hypoparathyroidism) was significantly higher in the total thyroidectomy group.The data indicate that in patients with Graves' disease and active endocrine ophthalmopathy, subtotal thyroidectomy, leaving a small thyroid remnant, will reduce the risk of surgical complications but not the beneficial effect of surgery.     

Endoscopic endonasal compared with microscopic transsphenoidal and open transcranial resection of giant pituitary adenomas

Giant (>4 cm) pituitary macroadenomas often require surgery to decompress the optic nerves. Compared with traditional open or transsphenoidal microscopic methods, the extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach offers the potential for aggressive resection via a minimal access corridor. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to further our understanding of the role of endoscopy in the management of these challenging lesions. MEDLINE search of the modern literature (1995-2010) to identify surgical series for pediatric and adult pituitary adenomas >4 cm in maximal diameter. Patient and tumor characteristics, resection, morbidity and visual outcome were compared by approach. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests with post-hoc Bonferroni analysis were used for statistical analyses. Sixteen studies (478 patients) were included. Compared with the open cohort, the endoscopic cohort had higher rates of gross total resection (47.2% vs. 9.6%; P < 0.003) and improved visual outcome (91.1% vs. 45.7%; P < 0.003). The microscopic transsphenoidal cohort had lower rate of total resection and worse visual outcomes than the endoscopic group. There were no instances of postoperative CSF leak reported in the endoscopic group. The transcranial group had a higher rate perioperative mortality compared to the transsphenoidal group (P = 0.004). In select cases, the endoscopic endonasal approach is safe and effective for the treatment of giant pituitary adenomas, with the potential for gross total resection and improved visual outcome. CSF leak, which is a major limitation of the endonasal approach, may be avoided using meticulous multi-layer closure and vascularised nasoseptal flaps.     

External pituitary irradiation as a cause of TRH deficiency in patients with pituitary adenomas

The influence of external pituitary irradiation (XRT) on thyrotroph function and PRL secretion was studied in twenty-five patients with pituitary adenomas, of whom eight had acromegaly. Twenty-one patients had undergone subtotal operative removal of their adenomas 8-190 weeks (median 12 weeks) before XRT. Following irradiation there was a significant reduction in peak serum TSH levels in response to i.v. TRH (P less than 0.05, compared with before XRT). Peak TSH levels returned to normal at 3 months. Similarly a transient reduction in TRH-stimulated beta-TSH release was observed. Serum T3 and T4 concentrations also fell after XRT, the levels at 3 months being significantly lower than control values (P less than 0.02), though no difference was seen at 6 and 12 months. A delayed (hypothalamic) serum TSH response to TRH (60 greater than 20-min level) developed at 6 months. In contrast, PRL concentrations (basal and TRH stimulated) were not altered during the 12 months following XRT. These findings demonstrate that thyrotroph function can be transiently impaired following external pituitary irradiation. None of the patients studied required T4 replacement therapy. The development of a delayed TSH response to i.v. TRH may indicate endogenous TRH deficiency. It was not associated with supra-sellar tumour enlargement in our patients and may be due to hypothalamic damage by irradiation.     

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: endocrinological and clinical outcome after transsphenoidal and transcranial surgery.

AIM: To study improvement of anterior pituitary function after transsphenoidal and transcranial surgery of non-functioning (NF) pituitary macro- and microadenomas. METHODS: We retrospectively examined 155 patients with NF adenomas preoperatively and 3 months, 1 year and 2 years postoperatively. 130 patients harboured a macroadenoma, 109 underwent transsphenoidal (group one), 21 transcranial surgery (group two). 25 patients presented a microadenoma (transsphenoidal surgery, group three). Endocrine studies included basal serum levels and dynamic testing of anterior pituitary partial function. Clinical symptoms and hormone replacement therapy were documented. RESULTS: Preoperatively, in group one, two and three, somatotropic function was impaired in 85, 90 and 80 %, gonadotropic in 61, 57 and 24 %, corticotropic in 31, 38 and 28 %, thyreotropic in 32, 38 and 12 % and lactotropic in 22, 38 and 32 % cases, respectively. Pituitary functions did not improve significantly after transsphenoidal or transcranial surgery. Presurgically, 63, 62 and 0 % patients complained about visual impairments, 60, 48 and 40 % about headache, 53, 24 and 36 % about fatigue and 28, 33 and 20 % about disturbance of cycle or potency. After transsphenoidal surgery, impaired vision, headache and fatigue improved within 3 months; after transcranial surgery, only headache improved. Preoperatively, pituitary malfunctions were treated adequately. Postsurgically, more patients received adrenal and thyroid hormone substitution, less patients received sex hormones than examinations proved necessary. CONCLUSION: Anterior pituitary function of NF adenoma patients did not improve significantly after transsphenoidal or transcranial surgery. After transsphenoidal surgery, most clinical symptoms normalised within 3 months. In some of the patients, substitution was not optimally adjusted to hormonal impairments.     

垂体肿瘤239例临床特征分析

目的 探讨垂体瘤的临床特征及治疗方案.方法 回顾性分析福建省立医院自1994年1月至2007年6月间收住的239例垂体瘤患者的临床资料.结果 239例垂体腺瘤中,男性93例(38.9%),女性146例(61.1%).诊断时的平均年龄为(43.8±14.9)岁(范围为3.9～77岁).依据临床表现、影像学及内分泌检查、免疫组织化学染色所示,催乳素瘤为最常见的肿瘤(26.8%).手术治疗179例(74.9%),其中经蝶入路108例(60.3%),经额入路71例(39.7%),非手术治疗及随访者60例(25.1%).结论 垂体瘤可表现为内分泌异常、神经系统症状或其他原因行MRI意外发现;催乳素瘤为最常见的肿瘤.