白细胞相关免疫球蛋白样受体-1在宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者外周血T细胞的表达及意义

目的 研究白细胞相关免疫球蛋白样受体(LAIR-1)在宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者外周血T细胞的表达情况,并与子宫肌瘤、子宫癌前病变患者相比较,探讨LAIR-1表达与肿瘤免疫的相关性.方法 密度梯度离心法分离外周血单个核细胞,流式细胞术检测LAIR-1在196例肿瘤患者外周血T细胞的表达水平.结果 流式细胞术检测结果显示,宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者外周血CD3+CD4+T细胞LAIR-1阳性率均高于子宫肌瘤(P＜0.001;P＜0.05)和癌前病变患者(P ＜0.001;P ＜0.01).平均荧光强度分析结果显示,宫颈癌患者外周血CD3+CD4+T细胞LAIR-1表达水平显著高于癌前病变患者(P＜0.01),CD3+CD8+T细胞LAIR-1表达水平显著高于子宫肌瘤患者(P＜0.05)和癌前病变患者(P＜0.001).子宫内膜癌患者外周血CD3+CD4+T细胞LAIR-1表达水平明显高于子宫肌瘤患者(P＜0.05)和癌前病变患者(P＜0.01),CD3+CD8+T细胞LAIR-1表达水平高于癌前病变患者(P＜0.05).结论 LAIR-1在宫颈癌和子宫内膜癌患者外周血T细胞表达上调,提示LAIR-1可能与肿瘤免疫逃逸存在相关性.     

可溶性MICA在乳腺癌免疫逃逸中的作用

目的: 观察乳腺癌患者血清中可溶性MICA(sMICA)表达情况, 探讨sMICA在乳腺癌免疫逃逸中的作用.方法: ELISA方法检测乳腺肿瘤患者外周血sMICA的分泌.流式细胞术(FCM)检测sMICA及白细胞介素15(IL-15)对NK细胞表面NKG2D表达的影响.MTT法检测NK细胞对乳腺癌细胞的杀伤活性.结果: ELISA结果显示, 血清sMICA含量在健康成年人血清中为阴性, 在乳腺良性肿瘤患者血清中含量为(76.8±22.3)ng/L, 在恶性肿瘤患者血清中含量为(205.36±71.27)ng/L, 乳腺癌患者中血清sMICA含量高低与TNM分期呈正相关.应用含sMICA的血清与NK细胞共培养可明显下调NK细胞的杀瘤活性[(76.2±6.7)% vs (48.4±4.1)%], NK细胞表面NKG2D表达和上清中IFN-λ分泌量也下降.IL-15明显上调NK细胞表面NKG2D表达, 增加培养上清IFN-λ分泌量和增强NK对MCF-7的杀瘤活性.结论: sMICA表达与乳腺癌TNM分期正相关, sMICA通过下调NK细胞NKG2D表达水平而降低NK细胞杀瘤活性, 在肿瘤免疫逃逸中起重要作用.IL-15可以上调NK细胞NKG2D的表达并增强NK细胞杀瘤活性.     

艾滋病患者经HAART治疗前后免疫状态比较分析

目的:检测艾滋病患者经高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(Highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART)前后外周血CD4、CD8、CD3、NK、B细胞的表达情况,比较分析艾滋病患者治疗前后免疫状态。方法:采用流式细胞分析方法检测艾滋病患者CD4、CD8、CD3、NK、B细胞的表达情况,所得数据采用SPSS13.0统计软件处理。结果:在艾滋病患者外周血中,CD4+细胞比例、B细胞比例、CD4+/CD8+比值明显低于正常人(P0.01),CD8+细胞比例、CD3+细胞比例明显高于正常人(P0.05),NK细胞比例与正常人无显著性差异。治疗后CD4、CD8、CD3绝对计数也较治疗前明显升高(P0.05),治疗前后NK、CD4/CD8变化不明显,治疗后的B细胞百分比明显低于治疗前(P0.05)。结论:艾滋病患者的免疫力明显低于正常人,经HAART治疗后免疫力有所升高,但仍处于较低的水平。     

肺癌患者血管内皮生长因子和T细胞亚群表达的变化

测定和比较83例肺癌患者与60名正常人血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和T细胞亚群(CD3 、CD4 、CD8 、CD8 CD28 )和NK细胞的表达水平,探讨其临床意义,VEGF采用ELISA法,T细胞亚群的表达采用流式细胞仪法。结果表明:肺癌患者VEGF水平明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。CD4 细胞、CD8 CD28 细胞和NK细胞明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。CD8 细胞则明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。提示肺癌患者血清VEGF增高和细胞免疫功能紊乱,有一定的临床意义。     

晚期肺癌患者血CD4+CD25+调节T细胞水平的变化

为探讨晚期肺癌患者CD 4CD 25去调节T细胞水平的变化及其与其它T细胞亚群和NK细胞的相互关系,对86例肺癌组患者和64名对照组测定和比较CD 4CD 25调节T细胞、T细胞亚群(CD 3、CD 4、CD 8、CD 8CD 28)和NK细胞的水平,探讨其临床意义.CD 4CD 25细胞和T细胞亚群均用流式细胞仪检测.结果表明,晚期肺癌患者血CD 4CD 25细胞明显高于对照组(18.4%±6.2%vs7.1%±0.4%,P<0.01),CD 4细胞、CD 8CD 28细胞和NK细胞明显低于对照组(32.4%±8.7%vs44.9%±8.4%,P<0.01;7.4%±3.5%vs16.5%±2.7%,P<0.01;10.2%±4.1%vs18.5%±7.2%,P<0.01),CD 8细胞明显高于对照组(36.7%±7.5%vs31.8%±5.1%,P<0.01).CD 4CD 25细胞与CD 8CD 28细胞、NK细胞呈明显负相关.表明CD 4CD 25细胞增多是晚期肺癌患者免疫功能紊乱的一个证据.     

抑制性受体LAIR家族的研究新进展

白细胞相关免疫球蛋白样受体(Ieukocyte-associated immunoglobulin like-receptor,LAIR-1)家族是近年来发现的发挥免疫负调节作用的免疫球蛋白超家族成员,包括膜型LAIR-1和分泌型LAIR-2两个分子.其基凶定位与其他已知的免疫抑制性受体一致且在体内免疫系统广泛表达.胶原为LAIR-1和LAIR-2的高亲和力配体,膜型LAIR-1与配体之间的相互作用受到可溶型LAIR-1(sLAIR-1)和分泌型LAIR-2的竞争性调节.LAIR-1结合配体或用相应抗体交联后使其胞质区ITIMs模体发生磷酸化,募集SHP-1和/或SHP-2磷酸酶,进而发挥调节免疫应答的作用.     

肿瘤患者胸/腹水和外周血中TCR Vβ亚家族表达及调节性T细胞亚群的研究

目的:探讨肿瘤患者胸/腹水中肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TIL)和外周血T细胞中T细胞受体(TCR)Vβ亚家族的表达变化情况、CD4/CD8细胞比例变化和Treg细胞的分布情况,分析肿瘤患者的免疫状态。方法:分离11例肿瘤患者胸/腹水和外周血以及4例健康人外周血的T细胞,采用流式方法检测Vβ24个亚家族及CD3、CD4、CD8、CD25、CD127的表达情况,统计分析T细胞中Vβ24个亚家族、Treg细胞的特点。结果:TCR Vβ亚家族的表达在肿瘤患者胸/腹水TIL中与血液淋巴细胞中存在着显著差异,其中肺癌患者(4/5)TIL中TCR Vβ8,结肠癌患者(3/4)TIL中TCR Vβ2等亚家族显著高表达;11例肿瘤患者胸/腹水样本中Treg的比例均比外周血高(P<0.05),其中5例肺癌患者胸腹水中CD8+T细胞比例降低。结论:肿瘤患者胸/腹水中的淋巴细胞TCR Vβ亚家族表达与外周血存在差异,表明肿瘤患者体内淋巴细胞发生了明显的优势取用和定向趋化。此外肿瘤微环境可能影响了TIL中CD4+细胞的分化导致胸腹水中Treg细胞的比例升高,同时伴随着CD8+T比例的下降,并可能因此影响到TIL中TCR Vβ亚家族的优势取用情况,且导致免疫耐受。     

恶性葡萄胎患者化疗前后血清IL-2、SIL-2R和外周血B细胞和T淋巴细胞亚群检测的临床意义

目的:探讨了恶性葡萄胎患者化疗前后血清IL-2、SIL-2R和外周血B细胞及T淋巴细胞亚群水平及临床意义.方法:分别应用放射免疫分析、ELISA法和单克隆抗体法对32例恶性葡萄胎患者进行了血清IL-2、SIL-2R和外周血B细胞及T淋巴细胞亚群进行了检测,并与35名正常健康人作比较.结果:恶性葡萄胎患者在化疗前血清SIL-2R和B细胞数均非常显著地高于正常人(P＜0.01),而IL-2、CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8比值则显著地低于正常人组(P＜0.01),经化疗后6个月,与正常人比较仍有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:恶性葡萄胎患者是一种自身调节免疫异常的疾病.     

尖锐湿疣患者外周血T淋巴细胞上活化抗原的表达

目的 :探讨尖锐湿疣 (CA)患者外周血CD6 9和HLA DR分子在T淋巴细胞上表达的变化及其意义。方法 :采用免疫荧光三标记流式细胞术检测 30例CA患者外周血T细胞CD6 9和HLA DR抗原的表达 ,并以 31例正常人作为对照。结果 :CA患者外周血CD3 T细胞CD6 9的表达 (6 6 3%± 3 13% )与正常人对照组 (5 12 %± 1 6 4 % )相比 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ,CD4 T细胞CD6 9的表达与正常人对照组相比 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,CD8 T细胞表达CD6 9水平 (4 6 1%± 3 0 9% )明显高于对照组 (2 6 7%± 1 31% ,P <0 0 1) ;患者组CD3 T细胞中HLA DR 细胞 (2 1 6 5 %± 8 84 % )比对照组 (13 5 6 %± 5 15 % )显著增高 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论 :CA患者外周血T淋巴细胞的激活以CD8 T细胞为主 ,其免疫激活状态在抗病毒感染中起着重要作用。     

肝硬化患者血清CA199、外周血T细胞亚群和B细胞数检测的临床意义

目的:探讨肝硬化患者血清CAl99和外用血T细胞亚群和B细胞数.方法:分别应用RIA和单克隆技术测定61例肝硬化患者血清C199含量和外周血T细胞亚群和B细胞数,并与35名正常人作比较.结果:肝硬化患者血清CA199含量和外周血B细胞数显著高于正常组(P<0.01),而CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8水平则显著地低于正常组(P<0.01).结论:检测肝硬化患者血清CA199和外周血T细胞亚群及B细胞水平的变化可作为病情及预后评估的重要指标.     

Establishment of an ELISA system for determining soluble LAIR-1 levels in sera of patients with HFRS and kidney transplant

LAIR-1, the leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1, is a trans-membrane molecule that functions as an inhibitory receptor on natural killer cells, T lymphocytes and monocytes. It has been well known that many trans-membrane receptors can shed from the cell surface and be released into the circulation in soluble form when lymphocytes, endothelials and other immune cells are activated. In many cases, the levels of soluble receptors in the circulation can be used as markers of lymphocyte activation in transplant patients and virus infection patients. To investigate whether LAIR-1 is able to be released into the sera, we developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system based on two anti-LAIR-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) with different epitope specificities. Using this ELISA, we found that sLAIR-1 existed in the supernatants collected from PMA, PHA or CD3 MAb-stimulated lymphocytes cultures in vitro for the first time. Moreover, we found that LAIR-1 level in serum samples from healthy individuals was 6.2 +/- 3.3 ng/ml, whereas the levels in sera of patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and patients 3-7 days after kidney transplant increased to 47.2 +/- 35.9 and 24.4 +/- 16.0 ng/ml, respectively. Furthermore, HFRS patients in oliguric phase showed higher serum sLAIR-1 levels than those in other phases, and transplant patients with rejection showed higher serum sLAIR-1 level than those without rejection. These findings demonstrated that LAIR-1 can be released when lymphocytes are activated, suggesting sLAIR-1 may be used as a predictor for monitoring immune reaction in some virus infections and organ transplants which may be useful in clinical treatment of these diseases.     

Regulated expression of the inhibitory receptor LAIR-1 on human peripheral T cells during T cell activation and differentiation

The leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) is capable of inhibiting immune cell function through interaction with collagens. LAIR is expressed on the majority of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The abundant expression of both receptor and ligand calls for regulatory mechanisms to relieve the continuous interaction between collagens and LAIR-1. This regulation may occur at the expression level of the receptor. Here, we report that LAIR-1 is indeed differentially expressed during human T cell differentiation. Naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as CD8(+) T cells of the effector phenotype express higher levels of LAIR-1 compared to memory T cells. In vitro stimulation revealed a decrease in LAIR-1 expression upon activation, and the lower LAIR-1 expression on CD127(-) T cells suggests that activation-induced down-modulation of LAIR-1 may also occur in vivo. Furthermore, crosslinking of LAIR-1 on primary T cells results in an inhibition of T cell function. Our data suggest that regulated expression of LAIR-1 and the subsequent change in the threshold for activation may be a mechanism to modulate inhibition of the immune system.     

Inhibitory receptor expression on neonatal immune cells

Neonates are born with quantitative and qualitative defects in both adaptive and innate immune responses. The immune system is regulated by several mechanisms, including the signalling of inhibitory receptors. Increased expression of inhibitory receptors may result in a higher threshold for activation and suppressed function of neonatal cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of seven inhibitory receptors is increased on neonatal immune cells compared to adult immune cells. In a healthy birth cohort, we examined the expression of seven inhibitory immune receptors on neonatal neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+)T cells. The expression of leucocyte-associated immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1), signal inhibitory receptor on leucocytes-1 (SIRL-1), CD31, signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), Siglec-9, CD200R, immune receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (IREM-1) and the membrane-bound ligand CD200 was studied by flow cytometry on leucocytes in cord blood (n = 14), neonatal venous blood (n = 24) and adult venous blood (n = 22). Expression of LAIR-1, CD31 and CD200 was increased consistently across all neonatal T cell subsets. Neonatal monocytes exhibited decreased expression of LAIR-1 and IREM-1 compared to adults. Furthermore, cord blood and neonatal venous blood samples contained a distinct LAIR-1-positive neutrophil population, which was not detected in adult blood. We demonstrated distinct expression of inhibitory receptors on neonatal peripheral blood immune cells in a healthy birth cohort. This is the first evidence that inhibitory receptors play a role in regulation of the neonatal immune system. Consistently increased inhibitory receptor expression on T cells may be an important mechanism in preventing the development of allergy and autoimmunity.     

Surface density expression of the leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 is directly related to inhibition of human T-cell functions

The relevance of inhibitory receptors that downregulate T-cell functions, such as CD152 (CTLA-4) and CD85j, have been extensively analyzed. This study will show that leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1) acts as an inhibitory receptor for antigen-specific human effector T cells. To this end 28 CD8(+) and 22 CD4(+) T-cell clones were analyzed. LAIR-1 activity appears to be clonally distributed among T-cell clones and inhibition of T lymphocyte functions ranges from 4% to 49% in a redirected killing assay. This inhibitory function, although less efficient than that exerted by other inhibitory receptors expressed by T cells (i.e., CD152 and CD85j), downregulates the cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) T lymphocytes, both in a CD3-mediated and in an antigen-specific system. Furthermore, LAIR-1 inhibits the proliferative response of CD4(+) T lymphocytes to recall antigens and in CD3 stimulation. LAIR-1 also modulates cytokine production, downregulating IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. In contrast, LAIR-1 crosslinking induces secretion of transforming growth factor beta. This study will also demonstrate that a direct relationship exists between surface density expression of LAIR-1 molecules and their ability to modulate CD3-mediated activation of both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell clones.     

Elevated rate of Thelper1 (T(H)1) lymphocytes and serum IFN-gamma levels in psoriatic patients

Several disorders are known to be associated with altered Thelper1/Thelper2 (T(H)1/T(H)2) cytokine balance. Psoriasis is characterized by increased systemic and local production of T(H)1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore recent data indicate the dominant presence of T(H)1 lymphocytes in the circulation and T(H)1 and Tcytotoxic1 (T(C)1) cells in lesional skin of psoriatic patients. In order to assess the systemic T(H)1/T(H)2 imbalance in psoriasis most of the studies so far tested isolated peripheral mononuclear cells. As a new approach we applied a whole blood flow cytometric assay to determine the rate of circulating T(H)1/T(H)2 and T(C)1/Tcytotoxic2 (T(C)2) lymphocytes based on their intracellular IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10 expression. Besides, serum levels of these cytokines were determined in healthy controls and psoriatic patients by commercial ELISAs. In psoriatic patients we found significantly (P<0.02) increased rates of CD4(+)/IFN-gamma(+) lymphocytes (30.3+/-8.8%) while the percent of CD4(+)/IL-4(+) cells (0.37+/-0.31%) were significantly (P<0.03) lower compared to healthy controls (CD4(+)/IFN-gamma(+): 20.1+/-7.3% and CD4(+)/IL-4(+): 0.78+/-0.44%). The IL-10-positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells also had higher rate in psoriasis, but the difference between patients and controls was not significant, similarly to the rate of CD8(+)/IFN-gamma(+) and CD8(+)/IL-4(+) lymphocytes. Beside cellular expression, serum IFN-gamma levels were also significantly higher (control: 4.9+/-6.4 pg/ml; psoriatic patients: 35.9+/-47.0 pg/ml; P<0.05). Our results provide further evidence for an altered T(H)1/T(H)2 balance in psoriasis measured in non-separated whole blood T cells.     

新辅助化疗对局部进展期乳腺癌患者T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨局部进展期乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗前、后T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞免疫功能的变化。方法:采用流式细胞术检测54例局部进展期乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗前后的静脉血T淋巴细胞亚群及NK细胞免疫功能。美国癌症联合会(American Joint Commitree on Cancer,AJCC)肿瘤分期为Ⅱb期(仅T3N0M0)和Ⅲ期(不包括N3),静脉血于第1周期新辅助化疗治疗前及第3周期化疗后21日抽取,淋巴细胞亚群检测包括:T(CD3+,CD4+,CD8+),NK(CD56+,CD16+),经过3周期新辅助化疗CEF方案(表柔比星、环磷酰胺和5-氟尿嘧啶),根据新辅助化疗临床效果评价分为2组,化疗有效组38例(CR和PR),化疗无效组16例(SD和PD),并与正常体检健康者(40例)作比较。结果:乳腺癌患者治疗前CD4+、CD4+/CD8+明显低于对照组(P<0.01),NK细胞明显低于对照组(P<0.05),新辅助化疗后,有效组总CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+、NK细胞较治疗前均显著升高(P<0.05),CD8+降低(P<0.05);无效组CD3+、CD4+/CD8+及NK细胞较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),而CD8+升高(P<0.05)。结论:局部进展期乳腺癌患者免疫功能低下,有效的辅助化疗能提高患者的免疫功能,定期监测免疫功能对指导临床治疗有意义。     

Expression and function of NKG2D in CD4+ T cells specific for human cytomegalovirus

The human NKG2D killer lectin-like receptor (KLR) is coupled by the DAP10 adapter to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K) and specifically interacts with different stress-inducible molecules (i.e. MICA, MICB, ULBP) displayed by some tumour and virus-infected cells. This KLR is commonly expressed by human NK cells as well as TCRgammadelta(+) and TCRalphabeta(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes, but it has been also detected in CD4(+) T cells from rheumatoid arthritis and cancer patients. In the present study, we analysed NKG2D expression in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy seropositive individuals with HCMV promoted variable expansion of CD4(+)NKG2D(+) T lymphocytes that coexpressed perforin. NKG2D was detected in CD28(-) and CD28(dull )subsets and was not systematically associated with the expression of other NK cell receptors (i.e. KIR, CD94/NKG2 and ILT2). Engagement of NKG2D with specific mAb synergized with TCR-dependent activation of CD4(+) T cells, triggering proliferation and cytokine production (i.e. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha). Altogether, the data support the notion that NKG2D functions as a prototypic costimulatory receptor in a subset of HCMV-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes and thus may have a role in the response against infected HLA class II(+) cells displaying NKG2D ligands.     

Lack of anti-tumour reactivity despite enhanced numbers of circulating natural killer T cells in two patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Natural killer T (NK T) cells play a central role as intermediates between innate and adaptive immune responses important to induce anti-tumour reactivity in cancer patients. In two of 14 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients, treated with interferon (IFN)-α, we detected significantly enhanced numbers of circulating NK T cells which were typed phenotypically and analysed for anti-tumour reactivity. These NK T cells were T cell receptor (TCR) Vα24/Vβ11(+), 6B11(+) and bound CD1d tetramers. No correlation was observed between NK T frequencies and regulatory T cells (T(regs)), which were also enhanced. NK T cells expressed CD56, CD161, CD45RO and CD69 and were predominantly CD8(+), in contrast to the circulating T cell pool that contained both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as is found in healthy individuals. It is unlikely that IFN-α triggered the high NK T frequency, as all other patients expressed low to normal NK T numbers. A parallel was observed in IFN-α-related increase in activation of NK T cells with that in conventional T and non-T cells. Normal interleukin (IL)-7, IL-12 and IL-15 plasma levels were found. In one of the patients sporadic NK T cells were detected at the tumour site. α-Galactosylceramide (αGalCer) stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells or isolated NK T cell lines from both patients induced IFN-γ, but no IL-4 and no response towards autologous tumour cells or lysates. The clinical course of disease in both patients was not exceptional with regard to histological subtype and extent of metastatic disease. Therefore, despite a constitutive high peripheral frequency and in vitroαGalCer responsiveness, the NK T cells in the two RCC patients did not show anti-tumour responsiveness.