血管母细胞瘤的CT、MRI表现

目的:探讨血管母细胞瘤的CT和MRI影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析37例血管母细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现,25例行CT平扫和增强扫描,其中2例行CTA三维重建。14例行MRI检查,其中2例作MRI平扫,12例作MRI平扫加增强,其中1例3D TOF MRA检查。结果:37例共43个病灶。35例单发病灶中,发生于小脑半球者23例,小脑蚓部9例,第四脑室1例,延髓背侧1例,左桥小脑角区1例。其中囊结节型29例,实质型3例,囊实型2例,单纯囊性1例。2例为多发病灶,均位于后颅窝,其中1例有6处病灶,实质型和囊结节型混合存在。CT平扫囊结节型肿瘤壁结节显示率仅为54.6%。增强扫描壁结节及实质型、囊实型肿瘤均明显均匀或不均匀强化;23.1%显示肿瘤周围有增粗迂曲的血管。CTA示肿瘤为富血管的团块。MRI平扫肿瘤壁结节显示率100%。肿瘤周围流空血管显示率达57.9%。与CT比较此两项指标差异有统计学意义。增强扫描示壁结节及实质型、囊实型肿瘤明显均匀或不均匀强化。MRA显示肿瘤区域丰富的紊乱血管。结论:CT、MRI可作为血管母细胞瘤的首选检查方法。     

小脑髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的：探讨小脑半球髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现,提高对髓母细胞瘤的认识。方法：8例经手术病理证实的小脑半球髓母细胞瘤患者,男5例,女3例,年龄1～33岁,所有病例均行MRI平扫及增强扫描,其中2例行CT平扫,回顾性分析其临床及影像学表现。结果：肿瘤位于小脑半球深部4例,小脑半球表面且突向桥小脑角区2例,双侧小脑半球及小脑蚓部多发病灶2例。肿瘤内发生囊变5例,囊变区大小不一,3例位于肿瘤周边,2例位于中央,其内壁光滑。MRI平扫肿瘤实性部分T1W1呈稍低信号,T2WI呈等信号或稍高信号,且信号不均匀,5例肿瘤周围有轻度水肿。增强扫描3例肿瘤有轻度强化,5例中度强化,其中1例有脑回状强化。2例CT平扫示肿瘤呈稍高密度。结论小脑半球髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现具有一定特征性,MRI检查对诊断本病有重要价值。     

MRI在小脑半球血管母细胞瘤中的应用价值

目的探讨MRI在小脑半球血管母细胞瘤中的应用价值。方法对小脑半球的血管母细胞瘤46例患者采用MRI进行平扫及增强扫描,分析其MRI表现。结果 46例小脑半球的血管母细胞瘤患者中位于右侧小脑半球27例,占58.70%,位于左侧小脑半球19例,占41.30%。形态:其中呈类圆形38例,占82.61%,呈圆形6例,占13.04%,呈不规则形2例,占4.35%。肿瘤大小:直径最小20mm,最大65mm,平均直径(45.02±10.23)mm。按照小脑半球的血管母细胞瘤患者的MRI表现将其分为三种类型:1)大囊小结节型,共计36例,占78.26%;肿瘤形状呈现类圆形,囊腔张力高,边缘光整,可以与正常脑实质分界清楚,平扫T_1WI显示囊液为均匀低信号,囊壁呈现等信号,而瘤结节呈现等或稍低于脑组织的不均匀信号。平扫T_2WI囊液呈现均匀高信号,囊壁呈等信号,瘤结节呈现不均匀明显高信号;2)实质型,共计9例,占19.57%;肿瘤呈现不规则形实性占位病变,边缘不规则,可以与正常的脑实质边界分界清楚,平扫T_1WI显示肿瘤为不均匀等或稍低信号;平扫T_2WI显示肿瘤呈现不均匀高信号;3)单纯囊型,共计1例,占2.17%;该类型肿瘤除了无壁结节外,大体上与大囊小结节型肿瘤信号相仿。结论 MRI具有典型的MRI表现,在疾病定性诊断中具有较高的应用价值。     

非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的：探讨非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤的CT和MRI征象,提高对髓母细胞瘤的诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析57例经手术病理证实的非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤术前CT及MRI资料。结果：57例髓母细胞瘤中,8例病灶位于桥小脑角区,病灶位于左、右、双侧小脑半球分别为23例、19例、7例。CT平扫肿瘤呈等密度或稍高密度,MRI上肿瘤呈稍长T1稍长T2信号。肿瘤内部囊变坏死者46例,且囊变内壁多较光滑;病灶圆形或椭圆形45例;边界不清、较清、清晰各18例、12例、27例;肿瘤周围有不同程度水肿,发生梗阻性脑积水32例。33例有增强图像,其中9例呈轻度片状强化,18例中度块状、片状强化,6例块状不均匀明显强化。结论：MRI对非小脑蚓部髓母细胞瘤的显像较CT更有优势,其诊断价值较大。     

成人小脑中线区髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现

目的 :回顾性分析成人小脑中线区髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现,以提高术前诊断准确性。方法 :经手术病理证实的成人小脑中线区髓母细胞瘤11例,均行MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果:(1)本组11例MRI表现为小脑中线区不规则形肿块,病灶内均见坏死囊变、信号混杂。9例增强扫描呈轻中度强化,2例呈明显不均匀强化。3例病灶内可见出血信号,11例均无钙化灶形成;(2)MRI示肿瘤位于小脑蚓部5例,第四脑室6例;2例侵犯桥脑,1例伴小脑半球转移病灶。结论:成人小脑中线区髓母细胞瘤的MRI表现具有一定特征性,结合发病年龄、肿瘤部位等,可提高术前诊断准确性。     

小脑半球肿瘤性病变的MRI、CT诊断

目的探讨发生于小脑半球肿瘤性病变的MRI和CT表现,以提高诊断水平。资料与方法对39例经临床手术病理证实的小脑半球各类肿瘤性病变的影像学资料进行回顾性分析,所有病例均进行MRI平扫及增强扫描,10例行CT扫描。结果39例均单发于一侧小脑半球,其中,血管母细胞瘤15例,毛细胞型星形细胞瘤6例,转移瘤5例,髓母细胞瘤3例,室管膜瘤2例,神经节细胞胶质瘤1例,其他胶质瘤3例,淋巴瘤1例,血管畸形3例;各种病变均有一定的临床及影像表现特点,部分肿瘤表现相似需加以鉴别,部分少见肿瘤的定性诊断有难度。结论发病年龄及MRI、CT特征性表现对于小脑半球肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

血管网状细胞瘤的CT、MRI诊断(附75例分析)

为了提高血管网状细胞瘤的CT及MRI诊断水平，作者回顾性分析了75例经CT(69例)和MRI(19例)检查的结果。结果显示，肿瘤位于小脑67例，额叶2例，颞叶l例，小脑累及延髓、枕大孔、椎管、脊髓和桥脑小脑角各l例。CT见囊性低密度伴瘤壁结节(囊中瘤)35例，囊性低密度18例，环形囊壁11例，实质性高密度4例，混合密度6例。12例MRI呈长T1、长T2信号伴瘤壁结节。手术病理，47例囊性肿瘤伴瘤壁结节0．1—3cm；单发者7l例，多发者3例，l例颞叶多形性胶质母细胞瘤合并多发性血管网状细胞的混合瘤。分析结果表明，CT及MRI对位于小脑半球或蚓部向邻近延伸生长，无“囊中瘤”特点或实质性肿瘤，结合肿瘤增强显著或瘤内有顺磁性血管流空表现，病人为中青年，病程特点，应考虑本肿瘤诊断。     

幕上血管母细胞瘤的影像诊断

目的探讨幕上血管母细胞瘤的影像特征,提高对其诊断准确率。资料与方法回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的幕上血管母细胞瘤患者的影像资料。男5例,女3例,年龄15～53岁,平均26.2岁。8例均行CT平扫,其中7例行MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果单发肿瘤7例,另1例有2个瘤灶。肿瘤分型:大囊小结节型5例,单纯囊型2例,实质型1例。肿瘤囊腔:CT平扫低密度6例,高密度1例;6例MR平扫T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号。肿瘤壁结节:CT均呈等密度,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)呈高信号;在增强MRI上,壁结节及实质性肿块均呈明显均匀强化,囊壁强化3例,可见印戒征。3例肿瘤周围可见流空血管,MRA显示瘤周增多、增粗、迂曲的动脉血管。结论幕上血管母细胞瘤的CT、MRI表现有一定特征性。     

小脑血管母细胞瘤CT、MR影像诊断

目的探讨小脑血管母细胞瘤CT、MR影像特点,提高其影像诊断率。方法对本院2001—2007年间经手术病理证实的小脑血管母细胞瘤7例的CT、MR资料进行回顾分析。结果7例患者中男4例、女3例,均为单发、位于小脑半球,6例呈类圆形大囊小结节型,1例呈不规则形实质型(1年后实质型发展为大囊小结节型),6例CT或MRI平扫发现囊性区均呈略高于脑脊液样密度或信号,CT、MR增强边缘结节呈明显强化,1例CT等低混杂密度、MRI呈略长T1、长T2信号内有更长T1、T2信号区。3例发现流空血管影。结论小脑血管母细胞瘤多数呈大囊小结节样改变,壁结节呈血管样明显强化及MR上发现血管流空影对诊断有一定的特异性,所以典型者诊断不难。     

儿童幕下髓母细胞瘤的MRI诊断

目的 :分析儿童幕下髓母细胞瘤MRI常规及DWI表现,掌握髓母细胞瘤常见影像学特征,并了解其不常见影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析23例经病理确诊为幕下髓母细胞瘤的MRI资料,扫描图像包括T1WI、T2WI、DWI及增强扫描。由2名放射科医师采用单盲法分析MRI图像。结果:23例中,常见表现为肿块位于小脑蚓部18例,实性为主、散在小囊变15例;16例T1WI呈等、低信号,T2WI呈高、稍高信号,DWI呈高信号,ADC值为(0.68±0.16)×10-3mm2/s,增强扫描病灶中度或明显强化16例。不常见表现为肿瘤位于小脑半球(2例),第四脑室(2例),桥小脑角(1例),大囊变(1例在小脑半球,2例在蚓部),T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号,DWI呈稍高信号(7例),ADC值为(0.73±0.18)×10-3mm2/s,轻度强化5例,结节样强化1例,环形强化1例。结论:发生于小脑蚓部、实性为主、小囊变、DWI高信号是儿童幕下髓母细胞瘤的MRI常见表现,诊断不难。髓母细胞瘤不常见表现多样,结合病灶DWI信号特点,可与幕下其他肿瘤相鉴别,提高诊断水平。     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.