经骶尾部入路的肛门直肠手术(附31例报告)

目的 介绍和评价经骶尾部入路的肛门直肠手术（Kraske手术）。方法 总结1995－2001年收治的31例经骶尾入路手术治疗的直肠良恶性疾病病例，并从术前准备、手术过程、并发症防治等方面进行分析。结果 良性病变9例，恶性肿瘤22例。手术过程顺利，切口均1期愈合，无肛门失禁病例。肿瘤病人随访1－6年，无死亡。结论 Kraske手术是处理肛门直肠疾病的一种显露良好、创伤合理、并发症相对较少的手术方法。     

直肠绒毛状腺瘤手术方式的探讨

目的 探讨直肠绒毛状腺瘤手术方式的合理选择。方法 对70例手术治疗的直肠绒毛状腺瘤病例进行回顾性研究及随访。经肛门括约肌径路切除(Mason术)29例，直肠前切除术(Dixon术)16例，经肛门局部切除(transanal excision，TE)11例，经骶部切除(Kraske术)5例，其他手术9例。结果 25例(35．7％)直肠绒毛状腺瘤已发生癌变。70例患术后并发症发生率为15．7％，术后复发率为14．3％。Mason术后并发症发生率和复发率分别为6．9％和0。结论 选择直肠绒毛状腺瘤的手术方式应综合考虑腺瘤的具体部位、大小以及术前活检的病理结果，对于腺瘤癌变的病例还应考虑肿瘤浸润肠壁的深度。Mason术是治疗直肠中下段绒毛状腺瘤的理想术式。     

Kraske后入路直肠腺瘤切除术

目的　探讨Kraske后入路局部切除中低位直肠腺瘤的适应证及优缺点。方法　回顾分析 8例距肛门 5～ 10cm直肠腺瘤的手术治疗及术后随访结果 :结果　 8例腺瘤切除彻底 ,近期无局部复发征象。 3例 (37.5 % )术后并发粪瘘 ,1～ 3月后痊愈。结论　Kraske后入路局部切除中低位直肠腺瘤具有损伤小、显露良好、操作简便、病灶清除彻底的优点 ,值得临床推广运用。     

腹腔镜辅助下直肠外翻拖出式手术治疗直肠癌的临床效果分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助下直肠外翻拖出式手术治疗直肠癌的疗效与安全性。方法:回顾性分析2010年12月—2012年6月接受腹腔镜辅助下直肠外翻拖出式手术的40位直肠癌患者(实验组)的病例资料,同时抽取同期接受腹腔镜辅助下直肠前切除术的40例直肠癌患者作为对照(对照组)。观察2组手术的并发症、术后肛门功能和短期局部复发率的情况。结果:2组各1例出现吻合口瘘,对照组有1例吻合口出血,无手术死亡。2组肛门均保存了控制排便功能,实验组在恢复进食的2周后每天排便次数多于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.025)。随访0.5~2年,实验组1例复发,对照组2例复发,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:腹腔镜辅助下直肠外翻拖出式手术操作简洁方便、安全可靠、疗效明显,提高了患者的生存质量,值得推广运用。     

肛瘘手术对直肠肛门反射影响的动力学研究

目的:研究直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后直肠肛门反射的变化。方法:用直肠肛管测压法检测30例正常人和37例直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后直肠肛门反射曲线的肛门外括约肌收缩压(EASCP),肛门内括约肌舒张压(IASDP),肛门外括约肌收缩压与肛门内括约肌舒张压的压力差(PD),直肠肛门反射时间(RART)包括直肠肛门收缩反射时间(RACRT)和直肠肛门抑制反射时间(RAIRT)。结果:30例正常人均能导引直肠肛门反射,37例直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后的肛门外括约肌收缩压(EASCP),肛门内括约肌舒张压(IASDP),肛门外括约肌收缩压与肛门内括约肌舒张压的压力差(PD),直肠肛门收缩反射时间(RACRT),直肠肛门抑制反射时间(RAIRT),直肠肛门反射时间(RART)除肛门内括约肌舒张压和直肠肛门抑制反射时间外均明显小于正常组,两组间有极显著的差异(P<0.05～0.0001);直肠肛门反射、直肠肛门收缩反射的等级比例正常人与肛瘘患者手术前后对比有显著性差异(P<0.05～0.005)。结论:直肠肛门瘘患者手术前后的直肠肛门反射、直肠肛门收缩反射、直肠肛门抑制反射均比正常人明显减弱,尤其是术后患者。从直肠肛门反射及反射时间和直肠肛门反射定性的等级比例等指标说明肛瘘患者病变时与肛管括约肌功能障碍及术后括约肌损伤高度相关,亦可能是肛瘘患者术后引起排便障碍而致气体或液体,甚至是固体失禁的原因之一。     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗直肠肿瘤

目的:比较相同适应证下经肛门内镜微创手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)和传统手术治疗直肠肿瘤的效果。方法:回顾分析63例直肠原发距肛缘4cm以上的良性肿瘤和T2期前恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。2005年3月至2007年3月为34例患者行传统手术,包括经肛门局部切除术、Kraske术、Dixon术;2007年3月至2009年3月为29例患者行TEM手术。结果:两组患者年龄、性别、疾病种类和肿瘤分期具有可比性,TEM组和传统手术组肿瘤直径(2.4cm vs.2.35cm,P=0.983)和肿瘤距肛门距离(8.0cm vs.7.0cm,P=0.296)差异无统计学意义。TEM组手术时间(58min vs.77.5min,P=0.044)、出血量(10ml vs.80ml,P0.001)、术后进食时间(1d vs.2d,P0.001)、术后住院时间(3d vs.5d,P0.001)和应用止痛药(0mg vs.10mg,P0.001)等方面优于传统手术组。两组短期并发症(2 vs.7,P=0.235)差异无统计学意义;TEM组在17个月的中位随访过程中未发现肿瘤复发,传统手术组中位随访40个月,2例(5.9%)复发。两组均无肿瘤相关死亡病例。结论:在把握适应证的前提下,TEM是治疗直肠肿瘤的有效方法。同传统手术相比,TEM具有患者创伤轻、住院时间短和并发症少等优点。     

经肛门内镜显微手术切除直肠肿瘤

目的评价经肛门内镜显微手术(TEM)切除直肠绒毛状腺瘤和早期直肠癌的应用效果。方法分析我院总结1995年11月至2001年12月27例TEM手术的临床资料。结果本组患者肿瘤直径中位值2.5cm,肿瘤下缘与齿状线距离(8.9±3.4)cm,肿瘤侵犯直肠周径范围(35.7±17.5)%。平均手术时间(109±46)min。平均住院日4.5d。无围手术期死亡。手术并发症有尿潴留、暂时性大便失禁和慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)复发。术中2例切穿至腹腔,即刻内镜下修补成功。切缘100%瘤细胞阴性。病理示直肠绒毛状腺瘤14例、直肠腺癌13例,后者包括pTis2例,pT16例和pT25例。直肠癌腔内超声肿瘤T分期符合率为84.6%。5例pT2中2例中转前切除术,1例接受术后放疗,2例无附加任何治疗。平均随访18个月,所有病例无局部复发。死亡2例,但无复发迹象。结论TEM易行且安全,是直肠绒毛状腺瘤和部分T1直肠癌的治愈性手术,也可作为T2直肠癌的姑息性治疗手段。     

直肠脱垂腹腔镜手术与开腹手术的比较

腹腔镜直肠固定术于 1992年初次提出 ,由于其损伤小、手术简便而逐渐广泛采用。本研究目的在于评价腹腔镜直肠脱垂修补术的安全性和有效性。　　方法 :采用病例对照研究 ,每组 5 3例 ,两组病人的年龄、性别和手术类型匹配。腹腔镜组 1993～ 2 0 0 0年行腹腔镜缝合直肠固定术 (laparoscopicsuturerectopexy ,LRP) 2 6例 ,腹腔镜辅助切除直肠固定术 (laparoscopic -assistedre sectionrectopexy ,LRRP) 2 7例。对照组 1987～ 1999年行开腹直肠固定乙状结肠切除术 (openrectopexywithsigmoidresection ,ORRP) 2 7例 ,开腹缝合直肠固定术 (…     

小剂量骶麻用于肛门直肠手术初探

目的 :探讨小剂量骶麻用于肛门直肠手术的可行性和优越性。方法 :两个阶段肛门直肠手术分别采用常规骶麻方法2 %利多卡因 1 5 2 0mL ,和小剂量骶麻 2 %利多卡因 5 1 0mL。观察麻醉中和术后恢复期并发症。结果 :两组患者均顺利完成手术。小剂量组一过性神经症状 (TNS)发生率为 4 9% ,较常规剂量组 1 6 7%明显降低 (P <0 0 5 )。术后卧床时间小剂量组为 2h ,常规剂量组为 4 6h。尿潴留发生率小剂量组为 7 3% ,常规剂量组为 1 4 4 % (P <0 0 5 )。而术后疼痛无明显差异。结论 :小剂量骶麻用于肛门直肠手术安全、有效 ,简便易行     

腹腔镜结直肠手术的学习曲线

目的 :评估腹腔镜结直肠手术不同阶段的手术效果 ,探讨腹腔镜结直肠手术学习曲线问题。方法 :回顾性分析我院微创外科中心 1993年 6月至 2 0 0 2年 3月 10 0例腹腔镜结直肠手术病例 ,主刀医师为第一作者。以每 2 5例手术病人为一手术的学习曲线阶段 ,比较 4阶段手术时间、术中术后并发症发生率、中转开腹率、术后住院时间等 ,分析不同阶段的手术效果。结果 :4阶段手术病例在年龄、性别、既往腹部手术史、手术方式等方面无明显差别。早期2 5例手术平均时间为 180 (180± 2 3.3)min ,1例输尿管损伤 ,住院时间 15 .3d ,中转开腹率 16 %。后期 75例手术平均时间为 12 5 (12 5± 16 .5 )min(P <0 .0 0 1) ,无术中及术后严重并发症。住院时间 14.5d(P <0 .0 5 ) ,中转开腹率4.0 % (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :腹腔镜结直肠手术的学习曲线大约为 2 5例腹腔镜结直肠手术     

两种术式治疗先天性马蹄内翻足的效果比较

目的应用Diméglio足评分方法,评价肌力平衡术和Mckay术治疗先天性马蹄内翻足（congenital clubfoot,CCF）的远期效果,以指导根据Diméglio分型合理地选择术式。方法1980年1月～2000年1月,收治CCF患儿37例54足,男27例38足,女10例16足;术时年龄5个月～3.5岁,平均1.2岁。左侧7例,右侧13例,双侧17例。按Diméglio足评分法分型,Ⅱ型（6～10分）3足,Ⅲ型（11～15分）26足,Ⅳ型（16～20分）25足。术前将所有足按畸形程度分为2组,A组（Ⅱ、Ⅲ型,29足）,B组（Ⅳ型足,25足）。按手术方式分组,肌力平衡术组31足,Mckay术组23足。术前Diméglio评分：A组12.55±1.84分,B组17.20±1.08分;肌力平衡术组14.16±2.83分,Mckay术组15.43±2.63分。结果所有患者获随访5年～10年6个月,平均8.2年。按Diméglio分型,Ⅰ型32足,Ⅱ型22足。2例行Mckay术后切口坏死感染,经多次换药愈合。术后Diméglio评分：A组4.07±1.25分,B组6.52±1.74分;肌力平衡术组5.29±1.97分,Mckay术组5.09±1.91分;与术前比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两种术式对A组足的畸形矫正程度比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;B组足的畸形矫正程度则有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。从对不同平面畸形的矫正程度看,对踝关节马蹄的矫正两术式比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而对足内翻、前足内旋及内收畸形的矫正能力Mckay术明显强于肌力平衡术（P〈0.05）,其中Mckay术对前足内收畸形的矫正能力最强。结论DiméglioⅢ型以下的CCF,一期行肌力平衡术可取得良好效果,而对于Ⅳ型足则应采用Mckay术;但无论行何种术式,提倡同时切除外展肌,以防止前足内收矫正不良或复发。     

SURGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE HARTMANN'S PROCEDURE

Background: The present study examines the surgical outcome of the Hartmann's and Hartmann-type procedures, the problems with the remnant rectal stump and the issues related to the colorectal anastomosis as well as the differences in patient outcome. Methods: One hundred and five consecutive patients (mean age 66) were evaluated. Surgical morbidity and mortality were analysed with regard to the colorectal pathology and the type of rectal stump remnant. The surviving patients were reviewed according to whether they had second-stage anastomosis. Results: In 65% of cases there were obstructed or perforated malignancies and in 16% complicated diverticular diseases. The peri-operative mortality and morbidity were 11.4% and 24%. respectively. Seventy-two patients had intraperitoneal rectal stumps and stump blowout occurred in three intraperitoneal and one extraperitoneal remnant stumps. Local tumour recurrence (four) and diversion proctitis (three) were diagnosed in the rectal stump among asymptomatic patients. When the second-stage reversal of Hartmann's procedure was considered (35 cases), twice as many were performed for diverticular and other benign conditions as for tumour cases. Conclusions: Although there is a good anatomical basis for advocating extraperitoneal rather than intraperitoneal stumps, in practice the stump blowout rate is not statistically significant (3%vs 4.1%). However, the chances of regaining normal rectal function are much better for benign disease (68%vs 32%—Fisher's exact test, P= 0.004). Complications from second-stage re-anastomosis are not determined by timing of the closure, provided the septic episode has subsided.     

应用Roux-en-Y术式治疗十二指肠疾病

作者等采用Roux-en-Y吻合术治疗十二指肠疾病18例，其中十二指肠严重损伤5例．结肠肝曲癌侵犯十二指肠5例．十二指肠肿瘤3例，P-j综合征2例．十二指肠淤滞症2例，十二指脖梗阻坏死1例。死亡率和瘘发生率均为5．6％。作者认为本术式适应于十二指肠肠壁缺损性病变和十二指肠肠腔梗阻性病变的治疗。其优点主要是对十二指肠肠壁缺损修补同时形成有效的十二指肠腔内减压，手术损伤小．操作简单．并发症和死亡率低。     

EARLY EXPERIENCE WITH THE LAPAROSCOPIC ACE PROCEDURE

Background : In 1990 Malone et al. introduced the reversed appendicocaecostomy as a technique to enable an antegrade continence enema (ACE) to be administered. The aim is to achieve colonic emptying and thus prevent soiling in children with faecal incontinence. The procedure has been modified by suturing the opened appendix directly to the skin as a stoma, and can now also be performed laparoscopically. Methods : All children undergoing laparoscopic ACE procedures at Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand and Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Australia, were reviewed. Intra-operative and postoperative problems were identified retrospectively and questionnaires were completed by the children’s caregivers detailing their experience with managing their children following the ACE procedure. Results : Thirty children have had a laparoscopic ACE procedure performed since 1994. Two required conversion to an open procedure because of difficulty locating the appendix. Twenty-nine children are currently using the stoma for regular antegrade colonic washouts. Improvement in continence was seen in 27 children, 15 of whom have been completely continent. Stenosis of the stoma occurred in eight children, two of whom required operative revision of the stoma; the others have been managed by daily dilatation, either with the irrigation catheter or a small perspex dilator. More recently, spatulating the appendix tip has reduced the incidence of stenosis. Two children have had troublesome leaks. Conclusions : The laparoscopic approach to the ACE procedure results in an improved level of continence in this difficult group of children with faecal incontinence. It is a simpler alternative to previously described methods and causes minimal morbidity. Results to date suggest a satisfactory outcome for both the children and their families.     

WHIPPLE'S PROCEDURE: IS IT JUSTIFIED?

Debate continues as to the appropriateness of the Whipple procedure. This retrospective review confirms that it is a worthwhile operation when done by experienced surgeons on suitable patients. Meticulous intra-operative technique must be followed by judicious postoperative care. in this series of 27 Whipple operations major morbidity occurred in 26% of cases. Leakage from the pancreatic anastomosis was infrequent (11%). Various anastomotic techniques were used, depending on the findings at operation. There were no peri-operative deaths and five-year actuarial survival is 63%.     

IMMEDIATE SALVAGE PROCEDURE FOR INFECTED PENILE PROSTHESIS

Purpose

The most devastating complication after the insertion of a penile prosthesis is the development of infection. The standard approach involves removing the entire device, treating intensively with antibiotics and attempting to reinsert a prosthesis at a later date, often with a suboptimal result. Based on the encouraging results of others, during the last 24 months we have used in 2 separate private urological practices a salvage procedure for treatment of infected inflatable penile prostheses.

Materials and Methods

The protocol used in 7 men with an infected inflatable penile prosthesis included removal of all device components, a 7-step vigorous intraoperative irrigation with 4 different solutions, including vancomycin, immediate reimplantation of a new inflatable penile prosthesis and postoperative outpatient antibiotics with oral ciprofloxacin or intravenous vancomycin or cefazolin.

Results

Of the 7 men 6 have experienced excellent results with no infection, minimal morbidity and preservation of penile length. The only failure occurred in a poorly controlled diabetic who required multiple revisions and may have had latent infection for months before it became apparent.

Conclusions

We believe that an immediate salvage procedure for an infected inflatable penile prosthesis is an effective treatment for this difficult complication.     

THE MITROFANOFF PROCEDURE IN PAEDIATRIC URINARY TRACT RECONSTRUCTION

Methods : Between 1991 and 1996, 23 children underwent urinary tract reconstruction of varying complexity together with a continent diversion according to the Mitrofanoff principle. The appendix was used in 14 patients and the ureter in seven. Two patients had previously had an appendicectomy and the ureters were not suitable. One had a catheterizable channel made from an isolated segment of colon and the other had a detrusor tube constructed. Background : Urinary tract reconstruction is required in many congenital and some acquired urological conditions in childhood. The majority are managed by clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), for which purpose the appendix or other tubular structure may be used to provide a continent catheterizable abdominal stoma. Results : Twelve patients with an appendix conduit, six with a ureteric conduit, and one with a colonic tube are continent, although the latter has had some problems with stomal stenosis. All manage CIC with comfort, the older children doing the procedure themselves. One appendix conduit has stomal incontinence and another was inadvertently divided during renal transplantation. The detrusor tube strictured and was removed. Conclusions : A continent abdominal stoma using the Mitrofanoff principle gives reliable results in children and is well tolerated. It should be considered in the management of children undergoing urinary tract reconstruction when CIC is necessary. The appendix is eminently suitable for this purpose but the ureter provides a satisfactory alternative in selected cases. When neither is available, alternative techniques for constructing a catheterizable continent channel may be considered.