儿童鼻后滴漏综合征诊治分析

目的探讨儿童鼻后滴漏综合征致慢性咳嗽的临床特点和治疗方法。方法90例患儿,通过症状、体征分析及相关检查而确诊病因,分别予以抗炎、抗变态反应及局部治疗,部分患儿并行鼻内镜手术。结果90例患儿中确诊为变应性鼻炎44例（49%）,变应性鼻炎合并鼻窦炎混合感染6例（7%）,慢性鼻窦炎30例（33%）,慢性鼻炎4例（4%）,腺样体肥大4例（4%）,腺样体肥大合并鼻窦炎2例（2%）。所有患儿均以咳嗽为主诉,仅6例年长患儿表述自觉鼻后滴漏感;所有患儿咽后壁可见黏性或脓性分泌物。疗后随诊6个月以上,76例患儿咳嗽症状消失,咽后壁未见明显分泌物;14例咳嗽症状明显减轻,咽后壁黏性分泌物减少。结论儿童鼻后滴漏综合征病因复杂,多以慢性咳嗽为主要临床特点,病因治疗可获较理想疗效。     

儿童上气道咳嗽综合征误诊140例

目的 探讨上气道咳嗽综合征（UACS）的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析UACS患者140例病历资料,诊断过程中曾误诊为慢性支气管炎102例、咳嗽变异性哮喘25例、抽动症13例,确诊后对所有患者按照鼻部疾病进行治疗。结果 经治疗14d后咳嗽消失或好转的有129例,总缓解率92.1%（129/140）。结论 UACS容易误诊,鼻咽内窥镜检查（鼻内镜或电子鼻咽镜）是诊断UACS的有力工具。明确诊断后对因治疗,UACS预后良好。     

儿童变应性鼻炎鼻分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞的临床研究

目的了解变应性鼻炎儿童患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞分布情况以及季节对嗜酸性粒细胞分布情况影响。方法对417例变应性鼻炎儿童患者及98例非变应性鼻炎儿童的鼻腔分泌物薄层涂片,经瑞-姬染色后观察嗜酸性粒细胞的数量及分布程度,417例变应性鼻炎患儿根据4个季节分为4个亚组,比较各季度亚组之间嗜酸性粒细胞的数量。结果变应性鼻炎患儿鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞阳性人数显著高于非变应性鼻炎患儿人数(P<0.001),变应性鼻炎儿童患者鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞数量显著高于非变应性鼻炎患者(P<0.001),变应性鼻炎患儿在春夏秋冬不同季节鼻腔分泌物中嗜酸性粒细胞数量差异明显(P<0.01),其中夏季高于冬季(P<0.01),其他各个季节之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论嗜酸性粒细胞在儿童变应性鼻炎的发病过程中具有十分重要的作用,变应性鼻炎患儿鼻腔分泌物嗜酸性粒细胞明显上升,同时随着季节变化,嗜酸性粒细胞数量也变化明显,对儿童变应性鼻炎的诊断有重要参考价值。     

变应性鼻炎患者一氧化氮检测与分析

目的 检测变应性鼻炎患者鼻分泌物中一氧化氮(NO)的含量，并分别与慢性鼻炎患者和正常对照者鼻分泌物中NO水平进行比较。方法 测定了50例变应性鼻炎患者和40例慢性鼻炎患者及40例正常对照组鼻分泌物NO水平。结果 变应性鼻炎患者体内NO合成较正常对照组及慢性鼻炎患者高。结论 NO参与了变应性鼻炎的发病过程，对其机理的研究有利于变应性鼻炎的治疗。     

儿童变应性鼻炎伴发上气道咳嗽综合征的治疗

上气道咳嗽综合征(upper airway cough syndrome,UACS)是指与各种鼻炎(变应性及非变应性)、鼻窦炎、慢性咽炎、慢性扁桃体炎、鼻息肉、腺样体肥大等上气道疾病相关的慢性咳嗽,既往曾诊断为鼻后滴漏(流)综合征(postnasal drainage syndrome,PNDS)[1].2006年美国胸科医师协会(American College of Chest Physicians,ACCP)修订咳嗽指南时提出,以UACS取代PNDS [2].国内外资料表明,变应性鼻炎是儿童期UACS最主要的相关疾病之一[1].     

纤维鼻咽喉镜检查在儿童慢性咳嗽的临床意义

目的探讨纤维鼻咽喉镜检查在儿童慢性咳嗽相关性疾病的诊断价值。方法对咳嗽时间1个月以上的104例7～14岁儿童作临床观察，其中有鼻部症状者34例和经以上检查病因不明者16例加鼻窦CT检查和纤维鼻咽喉镜检查。结果诊断单纯性鼻咽炎3例，鼻炎鼻咽炎5例，鼻窦炎鼻咽炎11例，鼻窦炎鼻咽炎合并咳嗽变异性哮喘（CVA）28例，CVA或哮喘24例，支原体肺炎14例，其他（支气管炎、肺炎及咽喉炎）16例，病因不明3例。慢性咳嗽儿童中45．2％（47／104）有慢性鼻窦炎和（或）鼻咽炎。纤维鼻咽喉镜检查50例中除3例正常外，鼻腔鼻咽部黏膜均有不同程度炎性水肿、息肉样改变或息肉增生、或有黏脓痰液。结论对儿童慢性咳嗽应注意鼻窦炎鼻咽炎的伴发。有鼻部症状者和病因不明者应进—步行纤维鼻咽喉镜检查和鼻窦CT检查。     

儿童腺样体肥大和变应性鼻炎关系的临床研究

目的探讨儿童腺样体肥大与合并变应性鼻炎的相关性。方法抽选2017年10月至2018年10月间收治的60例儿童腺样体肥大患者,均对患儿进行鼻咽侧位像DR扫描,测定腺样体/鼻咽腔比率(A/N比值)来评定腺样体的大小,采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)供患者对疾病程度和生活质量所受的影响程度进行自我评估,依据症状发作的频度,持续时间,对睡眠、学习及工作的影响程度评分。应用Spearman秩相关对二者相关性进行分析。结果60例腺样体肥大患儿中,合并变应性鼻炎20例,占33.3%。腺样体肥大1级患儿4例,视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分为1-4分;2级6例,视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分2-7分;3级10例,视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分4-10分。腺样体肥大等级越高,视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分也越高。腺样体肥大与合并变应性鼻炎呈正相关。结论儿童腺样体肥大和变应性鼻炎具有显著相关性,腺样体肥大也是造成变应性鼻炎患病的因素之一。儿童变应性鼻炎的临床治疗,明确主要病因与腺样体肥大有关时,可采用对腺样体肥大的专业治疗,可有效消除变应性鼻炎的病源,改善患儿变应性鼻炎的症状,提升患儿的生活质量。     

变应性鼻炎儿童鼻呼出气一氧化氮浓度测定方法初探

目的 探讨变应性鼻炎儿童鼻呼出气一氧化氮浓度测定的方法及临床意义。 方法 选择2013年9月至2014年8月无鼻部不适症状的健康儿童受试者50例(100侧鼻腔)设为对照组,将周期收治的有鼻塞、喷嚏、流涕和头痛等鼻部不适症状,经鼻腔检查及过敏原检查确诊为变应性鼻炎的58例患儿(116侧鼻腔)设为变应性鼻炎组。使用Sunvou呼出气NO测定系统,采用鼻被动呼气+静音技术检测,分别测定对照组及变应性鼻炎组儿童鼻呼出气NO含量。 结果 对照组儿童鼻呼出气NO浓度为(266±84)ppb,变应性鼻炎组鼻呼出气NO浓度为(426±151)ppb,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。同组不同性别儿童鼻呼出气NO浓度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 鼻呼出气NO浓度可受到受试者年龄、配合程度等多因素影响,正常值范围波动较大。但采用鼻被动呼气+静音的技术检测,操作简便、安全无创、无侵袭性,可迅速对鼻部过敏情况做出初步判断,对诊断变应性鼻炎有一定的临床意义。     

颈部淋巴结内注射变应原特异性免疫治疗儿童变应性鼻炎的临床研究

目的 探究颈部淋巴结内注射变应原特异性免疫治疗(ICLIT)儿童变应性鼻炎(AR)的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性研究24例儿童AR行ICLIT治疗的临床资料,观察患儿基线水平及治疗后1年鼻部症状评分、眼部症状评分、药物评分以及治疗过程中发生不良反应情况,探讨其疗效及安全性.结果 24例AR患儿基线水平鼻部总症状评分为(6...     

儿童腺样体肥大和腺样体炎所致上气道咳嗽综合征的临床特点探讨

目的 了解儿童腺样体肥大和腺样体炎所致上气道咳嗽综合征(UACS)的临床特点和诊断要点.方法 从哮喘中心转到耳鼻咽喉科会诊的慢性咳嗽患儿中,对确诊为UACS的患儿进行研究,分析UACS患儿中腺样体肥大和腺样体炎的临床特点.结果 238例患儿中,诊断为UACS患儿有149例,其中88例(59.1％)患儿伴有腺样体肥大或炎...     

Rhinobronchial syndrome: pathogenesis and correlation with allergic rhinitis in children

AIM: In the rhinobronchial syndrome a direct causal relationship exists between local nasal irritation and bronchopulmonary disease. Although allergic rhinitis has often been associated with lower airway hyperresponsiveness, no direct relationship between the two has been shown to date. The aim of this study was to determine the role of allergic rhinitis in the pathogenesis of the rhinobronchial syndrome in children by evaluating the effect of topical nasal treatment on lower airway hyperresponsiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 168 children presenting with aeroallergy and nasal disease associated with bronchopulmonary disease (asthma, chronic cough, bronchopulmonary infection) were evaluated at baseline and at 1 year of follow-up. Nearly half (83) were noted to have signs of allergic rhinitis and were treated with topical nasal medications (cortisones and antihistamines). Changes in upper and lower airway diseases were evaluated and potential causal relationships established. RESULTS: Allergic rhinitis treatment improved nasal disease symptoms in 67 (80.7%) patients; partial remission or lower healing rates were found in those with asthma (16.4%) and chronic cough (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Although often associated with lower airway hyperresponsiveness, allergic rhinitis in children does not appear to be a pathogenetic factor, as confirmed by the scarce effect the nasal treatment had on the bronchopulmonary disease. Instead, the frequent co-existence of nasal and bronchial symptoms may come under the concept of global allergy of the airways.     

变应性因素及变应性鼻炎与慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉的相关性探讨

目的：探讨变应性因素及变应性鼻炎（AR）与慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉的临床相关性。方法：将200例研究对象分为A、B组,A组诊断为AR（110例）,B组诊断为慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉（90例）,通过欧蒙印迹法定量检测血清sIgE浓度并观察慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉手术治疗后的复发率、AR并发慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉的发生率。结果：A组sIgE总阳性率为89.09%,B组sIgE总阳性率为74.44%。B组中sIgE阳性者术后复发率为58.21%,sIgE阴性者术后复发率为8.70%。A组41例（37.27%）并发慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉,血清sIgE阳性率为97.56%;69例（62.73%）未并发慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉,血清sIgE阳性率为79.71%;组内slgE阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.96,P〈0.01）。结论：变应性因素及AR与慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉的发生有一定的相关性,提示避免接触变应原、合理治疗AR能够有效控制慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉的复发率。     

儿童鼻腔异物与过敏性鼻炎关系的初步研究

目的 探讨儿童鼻腔异物与过敏性鼻炎的关系。 方法 选择资料完整的161例鼻腔异物患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果 161例鼻腔异物患儿中,3~5岁为高发人群,占81.4%。137例(85.1%)患儿平时有鼻痒、打喷嚏、流清涕等鼻部症状,其中112例(69.6%)特异性IgE检测阳性,并确诊为过敏性鼻炎。鼻腔异物患儿中过敏性鼻炎的患病率为69.6%,明显高于普通人群的7.83%和20.42%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。 结论 鼻腔异物与过敏性鼻炎关系密切。对鼻腔异物的患儿,应关注是否有过敏性鼻炎,并予以规范化诊疗。     

Upper airway cough syndrome in children and two inflammatory factors: TRPV1 and TGF-β2

Objectives

The aim of the study was to investigate upper airway cough syndrome (UACS) in children and to determine alternative methods to explore the relationships among TRPV1, TGF-β2, and UACS.

Methods

In 2012, 104 children with adenoid hypertrophy aged 2–13 years who were admitted to the otolaryngology department, Capital Institute of Pediatrics-affiliated children's hospital, were included in this study. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies for TRPV1 and TGF-β2 were performed to understand the relationship between the two inflammatory factors, and the correlations among the indices and UACS. The research was divided into three stages. In stage 1, 72 children (24 UACS and 48 controls) were enrolled in the study, and ELISAs for TRPV1 and TGF-β2 were performed. In stage 2, 32 children (16 UACS and 16 controls) were enrolled in the study and both ELISA and IHC for TRPV1 and TGF-β2 were performed. In stage 3, 41 children were enrolled in this research who had thick mucus secretions in the posterior nasal apertures in stage 1 and 2 (23 cases with chief complaint (or history) of chronic cough and 18 cases without). The difference between the TRPV1 and TGF-β2 serum values and the clinical factors was determined.

Results

The levels of TRPV1 and TGF-β2 were significantly increased in the UACS cases. OSAHS and thick mucus secretions correlated with a diagnosis of UACS. A history of asthma and thick mucus secretions correlated with elevation of the two inflammatory factors. There was no statistical correlation between ELISA and IHC testing. Among the children with thick mucus secretions, some had a higher possibility of chronic coughing including those who had higher levels of the two indices, larger tonsils and a history of chronic tonsillitis.

Conclusion

The detections of TRPV1 and TGF-β2 from serum and adenoid body specimens are valuable for UACS auxiliary diagnosis. Tonsil hypertrophy and chronic tonsillitis history are independent risk factors of UACS.     

鼻后滴漏综合征与儿童慢性咳嗽的关系

目的：探讨儿童慢性咳嗽与鼻后滴漏综合征（postnasal drip syndrome,PNDS）的关系。方法:回顾性分析 2002 年6月至2005年6月我院收治的75例以鼻后滴漏为主要临床特点并发慢性咳嗽的鼻-鼻窦疾病患儿的诊治过程。结果:本组均以慢性咳嗽为主诉,而慢性鼻炎、鼻窦炎、变应性鼻炎、腺样体炎是PNDS引起慢性咳嗽的常见原因。本组误诊为反复呼吸道感染、气管炎、变异性哮喘、异物、肺炎等30例,漏诊13例,误、漏诊率为56.7%。结论:鼻、鼻窦疾病所致鼻后滴漏可以并发慢性咳嗽,而不表现出典型、明确的鼻-鼻窦疾病症状。临床工作中应积极治疗鼻、鼻窦疾病,避免误、漏诊。     

Vascular endothelial growth factor produced in nasal glands of perennial allergic rhinitis

BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pleiotropic polypeptide that mediates endothelial cell-specific responses such as induction of angiogenesis and vascular leakage, is hyperproduced in a variety of inflammatory disorders. In asthma, VEGF hyperproduction promotes mucosal edema by enhancing vascular leakage. However, in allergic rhinitis, details of the pathophysiological importance remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate and discuss the pathophysiological significance of VEGF in nasal secretions from perennial allergic rhinitis sufferers. METHODS: Seven allergic rhinitis patients sensitized with house-dust mites and 12 chronic rhinosinusitis patients were enrolled. Nasal secretion VEGF was quantified and compared between groups. In allergic rhinitis cases, nasal lavage VEGF was estimated before and after the antigen provocation. Nasal gland VEGF was immunohistochemically investigated. VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in serous and mucous acini were analyzed by laser microdissection and light cycler-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: VEGF levels in nasal secretions and nasal lavage from allergic rhinitis were higher than in nonallergic rhinosinusitis, after rather than before antigen provocation. VEGF mRNA expression was higher in serous versus mucous acini. These results are consistent with the immunohistochemistry results. CONCLUSION: In allergic rhinitis, there was significant VEGF production in serous acini, which was hypersecreted after antigen provocation. VEGF may play an important role in pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis.     

A characteristic protein in nasal discharge differentiating non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis from allergic rhinitis

To differentiate non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis (vasomotor rhinitis) from allergic rhinitis, a characteristic protein in the nasal discharge was studied. The subjects consisted of 10 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis to house dust, 10 patients without perennial rhinitis without antigen (clinically defined as non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis) and 5 normal volunteers without nasal disease as a control group. The total protein in the nasal discharge was determined by Lowry's method and analysis of the protein components was made by SDS-PAGE. It was found that the nasal discharge obtained from the case with perennial allergic rhinitis contained a high concentration of albumin (25.9 micrograms/ml) and a characteristic protein band with an estimated molecular weight of 26 kilo-Daltons (kD) on a SDS-PAGE, in a concentration of 15.8 micrograms/ml. In contrast, the nasal discharge from non-allergic chronic rhinosonusitis patients contained a lower concentration of albumin (12.9 micrograms/ml) than that of the allergic rhinitis patients, and the concentration of the characteristic protein 26 kD was only 2.3 micrograms/ml. The 26 kD protein was considered to originate from the nasal glands, since its secretion could be provoked by stimulation of the nasal glands of the normal volunteers with a 1% pilocarpine spray. The low concentration of albumin and the characteristic protein 26 kD in the nasal discharge thus appeared to differentiate patients with non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis from those with perennial allergic rhinitis.     

Clinicocytological correlation in establishing the aetiology of chronic rhinitis

Two hundred patients clinically diagnosed as having chronic rhinitis were provisionally grouped into allergic and non-allergic types of rhinitis on the basis of history, clinical examination, X-ray of the paranasal sinuses using the occipitomental view and other relevant investigations like differential and total leucocyte count. Whereas 158 cases were categorized into allergic rhinitis, 13 were diagnosed as suffering from vasomotor rhinitis, 25 from infective rhinitis and 4 patients from atrophic rhinitis. A nasal cytogram performed in all these cases showed allergic rhinitis in 107 cases, vasomotor rhinitis in 30 cases, infective on top of allergic rhinitis in 32 cases, common cold over allergic rhinitis in 3 cases, infective rhinitis in 20 cases, a non-infective non-allergic type in 4 cases and atrophic rhinitis in 4 cases. There was a good clinicocytological correlation; however, 30 patients clinically suspected to be having allergic rhinitis had an infective episode alone or on top of allergic rhinitis. Nasal cytology was thus found useful in modifying the treatment. It is a simple, easy and reliable investigation that can be done routinely in the out-patient department.