妊娠合并糖尿病患者无症状菌尿的研究

目的针对妊娠合并糖尿病人群无症状菌尿的检出率、发生时期、主要病原菌、对妊娠结局的影响以及治疗的必要性等方面进行的前瞻性的相关性研究.方法选取2002年10月～2003年5月于北京大学第一医院产前保健并分娩的孕妇,分为病例组(67例)和对照组(21例),在其孕中期诊断入院时和孕晚期行清洁中段尿培养.对其尿培养结果结合临床资料进行统计学处理和分析.结果妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、妊娠期糖耐量受损(GIGT)和糖尿病合并妊娠患者无症状菌尿的检出率分别为10.5%(4/38)、8.7%(2/23)和16.6%(1/6).在GDM孕中期的尿培养病原菌为表皮葡萄球菌和奇异变形杆菌;孕晚期为鲁氏不动杆菌和粪肠球菌.在GIGT孕中期的尿培养病原菌为草绿色链球菌和大肠杆菌.在糖尿病合并妊娠孕晚期的尿培养病原菌为粪肠球菌.病例组无症状菌尿的检出率分别与对照组比较,在统计学上差异无显著性,病例组之间亦无统计学差异.在孕中期发现的4例尿培养阳性患者给予相应的抗生素治疗后,在孕晚期的尿培养均为阴性;在孕晚期发现的3例尿培养阳性患者,其在孕中期的尿培养结果为阴性.病例组中已追踪到妊娠结局的43例患者中,只有1例妊娠期糖尿病患者早产;其余均足月分娩,新生儿结局良好.结论无症状菌尿在妊娠合并糖尿病的孕妇中有一定的检出率,可发生在妊娠的不同时期.本研究显示无症状菌尿的致病菌种较分散,针对抗生素敏感试验的临床治疗有效,说明对妊娠合并糖尿病的孕妇有筛查无症状菌尿的必要性.     

妊娠期糖尿病合并妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症母儿结局探讨

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病合并妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症对孕产妇和国产儿结局的影响。方法:分析17例GDM合并ICP患者和85例单纯GDM患者的临床资料。结果:两组间孕妇分娩孕周差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组先兆早产、早产、酮症、胎膜早破、羊水过多、胎盘早剥、剖宫产、产后出血、宫内生长受限、胎儿宫内窘迫、巨大儿、新生儿低血糖、新生儿窒息和呼吸窘迫综合征、胎儿畸形、死胎、死产发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对妊娠期糖尿病合并妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症患者早诊早治,有效控制血糖及胆汁酸,适时终止妊娠可改善围产儿结局。     

Macrophage migration-inhibitory factor is elevated in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: In reports, abnormal macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) production has been associated with several diseases. Furthermore, despite scarce data, increasing evidence suggest that MIF plays a central role in glucose homeostasis and in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, serum MIF levels in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have not yet been investigated. To address this question, we performed a prospective study between a group of pregnant women with GDM and healthy pregnant controls. Materials and methods: GDM group consisted of 43 pregnant women, whereas the control group consisted of 40 healthy pregnant women. In the morning after an overnight fast, venous blood was sampled for the measurement of serum concentrations of insulin and MIF. Serum was separated by centrifugation and immediately stored at ?80°C until the assay. Results: There was no significant difference between the groups for maternal characteristics. Women with GDM had significantly higher levels of serum insulin (14.37?±?9.92 µU/ml vs. 8.78?±?4.35 µU/ml; p?=?0.001) and serum MIF concentrations (11.31?±?4.92?ng/ml vs. 5.31?±?4.07?ng/ml; p?<?0.001) when compared with healthy pregnant control group. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that serum levels of MIF are significantly elevated in patients with GDM. Our findings indicate that MIF might have a role in GDM; however, there is a need for further investigation.     

Twin pregnancy outcomes for women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with glucose tolerant women

OBJECTIVE: To examine pregnancy outcomes for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and a twin pregnancy compared with glucose tolerant women with a twin pregnancy. DESIGN: Comparison of selected pregnancy outcomes. SETTING: Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. POPULATION: Women with GDM seen over a 10-year period by an endocrinologist, and women from a selected year of an obstetric database including Wollongong and Shellharbour Hospitals. METHODS: Examination of pregnancy outcome data from the two sources. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fetal birthweights and method of delivery. RESULTS: There were 28 GDM women with a twin pregnancy from 1229 consecutive referrals (2.3%) of women with GDM for medical management. For comparison there were 29 glucose tolerant women with twin pregnancies evaluable who had delivered over a 1-year period. For the women with GDM and a twin pregnancy there were no significant differences in demographics or outcomes except for a higher rate of elective Caesarean section. CONCLUSION: The higher rate of Caesarean section appeared to be related to the combination of a twin pregnancy and GDM rather than the twin pregnancy or the GDM independently.     

妊娠合并先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压79例妊娠结局分析

目的分析妊娠合并先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高乐患者的妊娠结局。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2013年6月北京安贞医院妇产科收治的79例妊娠合并先天性心脏病伴肺动脉高压患者的临床资料,根据肺动脉压力将其分为轻度组、中度组、重度组。分析各组先天性心脏病种类、心功能级别、终止妊娠的方式以及母婴结局。结果先心病类型以房间隔缺损（房缺）和室间隔缺损（室缺）为主,肺动脉高压轻度组心功能以Ⅰ～Ⅱ级为主,重度组心功能以Ⅲ～Ⅳ级为主。79例患者中,行医源性流产者16例（20．8％）,经阴道分娩5例（6．5％）,剖宫产56例（72．7％）。重度组医源性流产率高于其他组,足月分娩率低于其他组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。新生儿早产20例（32．8％）,足月产41例（67．2％）,死产1例,随着肺动脉压力的增加,早产的发生率增加,三组之间相互比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论肺动脉高压患者应在妇产科及心脏科医师指导下妊娠,不宜妊娠者应及早终止妊娠。孕产妇终止妊娠方式以剖宫产为主,麻醉方式以硬膜外麻醉为宜。     

Regional population-based study on pregnancy outcomes in women with diabetes mellitus in Japan

AIM: We compared pregnancy outcomes in diabetic women with the background population in Miyazaki, Japan. METHODS: In 1998, we started the regional, population-based, peer-review conference to investigate the possible causes of perinatal deaths. For this purpose, at least one obstetrician and one neonatologist congregated from each institution (one tertiary and five secondary perinatal centers). A retrospective, population-based study was conducted in a total of 53 862 deliveries during 1999-2003. Among them, there were 248 perinatal deaths including six deaths in association with diabetes mellitus (DM). The number of diabetic pregnancies was estimated to be 381 during the study period. Perinatal mortality was compared between the diabetic women and background population by chi2-test. RESULTS: The perinatal mortality rate in diabetic women was 15.7 per 1000 deliveries, which was compared with 4.6 per 1000 in the background population (P = 0.003; odds ratio: 3.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.5-7.9). Four of the six perinatal deaths in diabetes were sudden intrauterine demises after 37 weeks' gestation, and the others were neonatal deaths of congenital heart anomaly or extreme prematurity. Most deaths were attributable to either undiagnosed or insufficient perinatal management. CONCLUSIONS: In an unselected population in Japan, diabetic women have 3.5 times the reported risk of perinatal mortality of the general population. Further improvements in the diagnosis and management of DM during pregnancy are required.     

正常妊娠和妊高征孕妇血浆D—二聚体含量的变化

目的：观察比较正常妊娠和妊高征妇女血浆D－二聚体含量变化。方法：采用ELISA双抗体夹心法,检测正常妊娠和妊高征孕妇各30例及非妊娠妇女20例的血浆DD含量变化。结果：正常妊娠和妊高征两组血浆DD含量均高于非孕妇女（均P＜0．01）,妊高征组高于正常妊娠组（P＜0．01）;在妊高征组中轻、中、重度患者血浆DD含量随病情加重逐渐升高并有显著性意义（P＜0．01）。结论：正常妊娠孕妇血浆DD水平升高,妊高征患者尤为明显,动态检测孕妇血浆中DD含量变化,对妊高征的早期诊断与防治有重要意义。     

Effect of medical therapy on progressive nephropathy: Influence of pregnancy,diabetes and hypertension

Nephropathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that can affect women in their reproductive years. This article reviews the effects on treatment on the main factors associated with short- and long-term complications in pregnant women with diabetic nephropathy. Tight glycemic control, adequate treatment of elevated blood pressure, and renal function in early pregnancy are the most significant predictors of maternal and perinatal outcomes. Contemporary methods of perinatal care and adequate treatment of blood pressure allow fetal survival rates of 95%. Furthermore, pregnancy per se does not appear to worsen the natural progression to end-stage renal disease for most women with renal insufficiency. However, patients with moderate to severe renal impairment may experience acceleration of renal disease.     

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening in morbidly obese pregnant women

Objective

To study the outcomes of two-stage GDM screening of morbidly obese women in our obstetric unit and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of 20-week oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) values in predicting or excluding late onset GDM.

Study design

A retrospective study in which 190 pregnant women with BMI ≥40 had two-stage screening: a 75 g OGTT is performed at 20 weeks and repeated at 28 weeks if the 20-week OGTT was normal. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for 20-week OGTT values were constructed in order to obtain an optimal cut-off value of fasting and/or 2-h glucose at 20 weeks from which GDM could be predicted or excluded at 28 weeks. Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were determined for each of the fasting and 2-h post-load glucose values at 20 weeks.

Results

Forty six (24%) women were diagnosed with GDM. Thirty-two (70%) were diagnosed at 20 weeks and 14 (30%) at 28 weeks. The 2-h cut-off value of ≥6 mmol/l at the 20-week OGTT had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.12 to predict GDM at 28 weeks. The low negative likelihood ratio reduces the probability of detecting GDM at 28 weeks from 9% (pre-test probability) to 1% (post-test probability).

Conclusion

Nearly 70% of the women were diagnosed with GDM at 20 weeks, which gives an early opportunity to treat maternal hyperglycaemia with consequent health benefits. A 2-h cut-off glucose value of 6 mmol/l at 20 weeks OGTT has a low negative likelihood ratio which virtually excludes GDM at 28 weeks. Hence women with a 2 h value of <6 mmol/l at 20 weeks can avoid a repeat 28 week OGTT test.     

Obstetric and perinatal outcome in women with twin pregnancy and gestational diabetes

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate pregnancy complications and obstetric and perinatal outcomes in women with twin pregnancy and GDM. Study Design: An observational multicentre retrospective study was performed and 534 pregnant woman and 1068 twins infants allocated into two groups, 257 with GDM and 277 controls, were studied. Main Outcome Measures: Pregnant women characteristics, hypertensive complications, preterm delivery rate, mode of delivery and birthweight were analysed. Results: Pregnant women with GDM were older (p?<?0.001) and had higher body mass index (p?<?0.001) than controls. GDM was associated with higher risk of prematurity in twin pregnancy (odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval [1.14–2.32], p?=?0.005). This association was based on the association with other pregnancy complications. Birthweight Z-scores were significantly higher in the GDM group (p?=?0.02). The rate of macrosomia was higher in the GDM group (p?=?0.002) and small for gestational age (SGA) babies were significantly less frequent (p?=?0.03). GDM was an independent predictor of macrosomia (p?=?0.006). Conclusion: The presence of GDM in twin pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of hypertensive complications, prematurity and macrosomia, but significantly reduces the risk of SGA infants. Prematurity was related to the presence of other associated pregnancy complications.     

Nutritional status of women with gestational hypertension compared with normal pregnant women

Background: Some evidence indicated the role of nutrition in the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Methods: This case–control study was conducted on 113 women with gestational hypertension and 150 healthy pregnant women referred to Shahid Akbarabadi Hospital in Tehran. A demographic questionnaire was filled out for all participants. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the dietary intakes of the study subjects. All nutrients were adjusted for total energy intake. Logistic regression was used to find the association of energy and nutrient intakes with gestational hypertension. Results: We found that higher intakes of energy (OR, 1.33; 95% CI: 1.17–1.52), monounsaturated fatty acids (OR, 1.34; 95% CI: 1.03–1.74) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (OR, 1.26; 95% CI: 1.00–1.54) were positively associated with the risk of gestational hypertension after adjustment for confounders. We also observed decreased odds of gestational hypertension with increased intakes of vitamin C (OR, 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81–0.94), potassium (OR, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.28–0.71) and magnesium (OR, 0.68; 95% CI: 0.51–0.89). Conclusion: This study demonstrates higher intakes of energy, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as lower intakes of vitamin C, potassium and magnesium are positively correlated with the risk of developing gestational hypertension.     

Evaluation of chronic hypertension in pregnant young women

Women with chronic hypertension are at higher risk of adverse obstetric outcomes. It is essential that the condition is identified and evaluated appropriately in early pregnancy. Therefore, an audit has been carried out to assess how well young pregnant women with chronic hypertension were investigated for secondary cause in South Auckland, compared with the recommendations of the Australasian Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy.
The evaluation of chronic hypertension by history taking, physical examination, laboratory assessment and radiology tests was highly variable. Only 76% of women had appropriate follow-up for their hypertension. Screening for secondary causes was not consistent, and the majority had incomplete investigation.     

Maternal overweight and pregnancy outcome in women with Type-1 diabetes mellitus and different degrees of nephropathy

Objective.?We aimed to assess the parameters associated with complicated pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) and nephropathy.

Study design.?A cohort study of 46 consecutive women diagnosed with Type 1 DM with nephropathy prior to pregnancy was included during the years 2000–2007. Complicated pregnancy was defined as one or more of the following: first trimester abortion, superimposed pre-eclampsia, pre-term delivery?<34 weeks, small and large for gestational age neonate, macrosomia, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit and foetal loss (after 22 weeks' gestation).

Results.?Overall, 31/46 (67%) had at least one pregnancy complication. Body mass index (BMI) was the only parameter with a significant difference between the groups, being higher in the women with complicated pregnancy vs. uncomplicated pregnancy (27?±?9 vs. 24?±?3, p?=?0.027). On Multiple logistic regression model in which composite outcome (pregnancy complication) as the dependent variable, pre-pregnancy BMI was the only statistically significant parameter with a difference between the groups (p?=?0.044). No statistical difference was found between the groups in the rate of pre-pregnancy counselling (60% vs. 67%), glycaemic control prior to pregnancy (Hba1c 7.5 vs. 7.1%), the prevalence of patients achieving desired level of glycaemic control (44% vs. 42%), weight gain during pregnancy (12.4 vs. 10.6?kg), duration of DM (18.0 vs. 19.7 years) and proportion of patients treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors prior to pregnancy (26 vs. 33%).

Conclusion.?Overweight is associated with poor pregnancy outcome in patients with Type-1 DM and different degrees of nephropathy.     

Incidence of superimposed preeclampsia among pregnant Asian women with chronic hypertension

Objective: To determine the incidence and associated factors of superimposed preeclampsia among pregnant women with chronic hypertension.

Methods: A total of 300 pregnant women diagnosed with chronic hypertension were reviewed. Data were retrieved from medical records, including obstetric data, characteristics of hypertension, and pregnancy outcomes. Incidence of superimposed preeclampsia was estimated. Various characteristics were compared to determine associated risk factors.

Results: Mean age of the cohort was 34.3 years, 47% were nulliparous, 50% had hypertension before pregnancy, and the others presented with hypertension before 20 weeks. Incidence of superimposed preeclampsia was 43.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 37.8–48.9). Women with superimposed preeclampsia were significantly more likely to have mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥105 mmHg at 18–20 and 24–28 weeks. Adverse neonatal outcomes were significantly more common among women with superimposed preeclampsia, including small for gestational age, low birth weight, asphyxia, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that only MAP ≥105 mmHg at 24–28 weeks was independently associated with the increased risk of superimposed preeclampsia by 1.8-fold (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.1, p = 0.031).

Conclusion: Incidence of superimposed preeclampsia was 43.3% among pregnant women with chronic hypertension, with increased adverse neonatal outcomes. High MAP ≥105 mmHg during late second trimester might be an important predictor of the condition.     

Metformin therapy throughout pregnancy reduces the development of gestational diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether metformin safely reduced development of gestational diabetes in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Prospective and retrospective study. SETTING: Outpatient clinical research center. PATIENT(S): The prospective study included 33 nondiabetic women with PCOS who conceived while taking metformin and had live births; of these, 28 were taking metformin through delivery. The retrospective study included 39 nondiabetic women with PCOS who had live birth pregnancies without metformin therapy. INTERVENTION(S): Metformin, 2.55 g/d, throughout pregnancy in women with PCOS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Development of gestational diabetes in women with PCOS. RESULT(S): Before metformin therapy, after covariance adjustment for age, the two cohorts did not differ in height, weight, basal metabolic index, insulin, insulin resistance, or insulin secretion. Both cohorts had high fasting insulin, were insulin resistant, and had high insulin secretion. Among the 33 women who received metformin, gestational diabetes developed in 1 of 33 (3%) pregnancies versus 8 of 12 (67%) of their previous pregnancies without metformin. Among the 39 women who did not take metformin, gestational diabetes developed in 14 of 60 (23%) pregnancies. When all live births were combined, gestational diabetes occurred in 22 of 72 pregnancies (31%) in women who did not take metformin versus 1 of 33 pregnancies (3%) in those who took metformin. With gestational diabetes as the response variable and age at delivery and treatment group (metformin or no metformin) as explanatory variables, the odds ratio for gestational diabetes in women with metformin versus without metformin was 0.093 (95% CI: 0.011 to 0.795). With gestational diabetes in 93 pregnancies as the response variable and age at delivery and treatment group (metformin no metformin) as explanatory variables, the odds ratio of gestational diabetes in pregnancies in women taking metformin versus without metformin was 0.115 (95% CI: 0.014 to 0.938). CONCLUSION(S): In PCOS, use of metformin is associated with a 10-fold reduction in gestational diabetes (31% to 3%). It also reduces insulin resistance and insulin secretion, thus decreasing the secretory demands imposed on pancreatic beta-cells by insulin resistance and pregnancy.     

妊娠合并肺动脉高压的管理

妊娠合并肺动脉高压为严重的妊娠合并症,文章从肺动脉高压的诊断、临床分类、妊娠风险评估、妊娠常见类型的孕期管理等方面对该疾病进行了综合介绍。在相应级别的医疗机构进行规范评估及治疗,有助于改善妊娠合并肺动脉高压患者的母儿预后。     

Selecting antihypertensive therapy in the pregnant woman with diabetes mellitus

The choice of an antihypertensive agent for the pregnant woman with diabetes involves many factors. We seek to avoid adverse fetal effects while optimizing maternal outcome, both short- and long-term. This article examines the existing literature to define therapeutic goals of antihypertensive therapy during pregnancy as compared to the therapeutic goals of antihypertensive therapy in the setting of diabetes mellitus and to integrate this information for the treatment of pregnant women in whom diabetes mellitus and hypertension coexist.