腹腔镜肾切除术中钛夹处理肾蒂的体会

目的:介绍腹腔镜肾切除术中单纯采用钛夹处理肾蒂的术式与经验。方法:腹腔镜肾切除术7例,其中肾积水无功能肾6例,肾结核1例。经腹腔镜操作,分离出输尿管显露肾蒂,肾动脉、肾静脉钛夹夹闭后切断,单纯采用钛夹处理肾蒂切除肾脏。结果:手术均获成功,术中和术后无肾血管出血发生。手术时间130~220m in,平均150m in;术中出血80~150m l,平均120m l;术后住院时间5~7d。结论:腹腔镜肾切除术中单纯采用钛夹处理肾蒂,效果确切,经济可行。     

Hem-o-lok结扎夹在腹腔镜肾切除肾蒂处理中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜肾切除术中用Hem-o-lok结扎夹处理肾蒂的方法、优势及其应用价值.方法:2004年1月～2006年9月行腹腔镜肾切除术56例,其中38例术中应用Hem-o-lok夹处理肾蒂血管,包括腹腔镜单纯肾切除9例,腹腔镜.肾癌根治术18例,腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术11例.观察手术时间、术中出血量、是否中转开放、术后胃肠功能恢复时间、术后住院时间以及术后并发症等情况.结果:应用Hem-o-lok夹处理肾蒂的38例腹腔镜肾切除手术均获成功,无一例转为开放手术,术中术后无肾血管出血及其他严重并发症.手术时间35～270 min,平均165 min;术中出血量50～600 ml,平均187 ml;术后胃肠道功能恢复时间18～72 h,平均32h;术后住院时间7～16天,平均11天.结论:在腹腔镜.肾切除术中,Hem-o-lok结扎夹可以安全快速可靠的处理肾蒂血管,是一种新型有效的血管控制系统,具有广阔的应用前景.     

后腹腔镜肾切除术肾蒂血管处理方法探讨 (附39例报告)

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾切除术中用腔内直线切割器(Endo-cut)和威克外科结扎锁(Hem-o-lok)处理肾蒂血管的安全有效性、经济性及优越性。方法:回顾性分析行后腹腔镜肾切除术39例,包括单纯性肾切除23例,根治性肾切除11例,肾输尿管全切除5例;其中用Endo-cut同时处理肾动、静脉18例,用Hem-o-lok分别处理肾动、静脉21例。结果:手术均获得成功,均未中转开放手术。1例Endo-cut离断肾动、静脉后残端严重渗血,近心端加用2个钛夹夹闭后未再渗血,其他处理肾蒂血管均顺利,术中、术后均未出现血管并发症。手术时间136～220min,平均160min;术中估计出血量60～320ml,平均125ml;腹膜后引流管于术后2～3天拔除,术后住院时间5～9天。结论:后腹腔镜肾切除术中用Endo-cut和Hem-o-lok处理肾蒂血管均安全有效,但Hem-o-lok更经济、便捷;对于肾蒂粘连严重,肾动、静脉无法游离者,用Endo-cut有优越性。     

腹腔镜下肾切除术26例临床报告

目的评价腹腔镜下肾切除术的临床应用价值. 方法应用腹腔镜行肾切除术26例,其中经腹腔途径19例,经腹膜后途径7例.包括肾癌根治术8例,肾输尿管全切术7例(其中肾盂癌2例,输尿管癌5例),无功能和萎缩肾6例,活体供肾取肾术5例. 结果手术均获成功,手术时间120～250 min,平均190 min,出血量50～200 ml,平均130 ml,均未输血,无手术并发症.肾肿瘤8例平均随访16个月,肾输尿管全切7例平均随访20个月,其中1例输尿管肿瘤局部复发,余均无肿瘤局部复发和远处转移. 结论腹腔镜下行肾切除术可行,创伤小,术中出血少,术后恢复快.     

腹腔镜半肾输尿管切除术治疗成人重复肾(附15例报告)

目的 探讨经腹腔入路腹腔镜半肾输尿管切除术治疗成人重复肾的手术方法 和效果.方法 采用经腹腔入路腹腔镜半肾输尿管切除术治疗成人上半重复肾患者15例.男5例,女10例,平均年龄28岁.左侧11例,右侧4例.观察手术时间,术中出血量和术中术后并发症及手术效果.结果 15例手术均成功.手术时间41～115 min,平均84 min.术中出血量5～150 ml,平均55 ml.术后住院时间4～8d,平均5.9d.术中和术后未出现明显并发症.随访3～24个月,平均15个月,下半肾功能良好.结论 经腹腔入路腹腔镜半肾输尿管切除术治疗成人重复肾具有视野清晰,创伤小,出血少,恢复快,对下肾影响小等特点.     

后腹腔镜下肾切除术的关键——肾蒂处理的体会

目的总结后腹腔镜下肾切除术中肾蒂处理的经验。方法根治性肾切除术66例,单纯性肾切除术52例,活体供肾切取术2例,术中注意肾蒂的快速寻找、及早控制和适当的处理方法三要点。结果116例后腹腔镜手术成功,4例中转开放手术。手术时间65～180min,平均103min。术中出血量50～150ml,平均70ml,病人均未输血。术后2～3d拔除引流管,3～5d下床活动,恢复顺利,无并发症。105例随访2年未发现异常。结论肾蒂快速寻找、及早控制和适当的处理方法是后腹腔镜下肾脏切除手术成功的关键。     

手助腹腔镜泌尿外科手术26例分析

目的：评价泌尿外科手助腹腔镜手术(HALS)的使用情况。方法：2001年11月～2004年6月，我院施行泌尿外科不同病种的HALS共26例，其中肾癌12例，肾盂癌3例，巨大肾积水4例，亲属供肾5例，巨大肾上腺肿瘤2例。肿瘤直径3～8cm。手术类型为根治性肾切除、肾输尿管切除、肾切除和肾上腺肿瘤切除等。结果：①根治性肾切除平均手术时间120min，术中出血50～100ml。②肾输尿管切除平均手术时间150min，术中出血50～100ml。③亲属供肾切除平均手术时间114min，术中出血50～120ml，热缺血时间3～10min，平均4．4min，1周内血肌酐均恢复正常水平。所有移植肾功能正常，5名受者均不需要血液透析。④巨大肾积水肾切除平均手术时间90min，术中出血30～50ml。⑤巨大肾上腺肿瘤切除平均手术时间130min，术中出血60～120m1。本组术后随访3～28个月，未见肿瘤复发、转移，无一例中转开放手术。术后住院一般在7天之内。手助切口1例感染并延迟愈合。结论：手助腹腔镜手术可以缩短手术时间，降低手术的危险性，使已有腹腔镜技术基础的泌尿外科医生迅速开展各类手术，亦使某些单纯腹腔镜技术难以完成的复杂手术得以完成。     

后腹腔镜肾切除术(附23例报告)

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾切除术的临床应用价值.方法采用后腹腔镜技术实施肾切除23例,其中单纯肾切除12例,根治性肾切除6例,肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除5例.结果手术全部成功,无中转开放手术.手术时间35～240 min,平均135 min.术中出血量30～800 ml,平均90 ml.术后2～4 d下床活动.术后住院7～15 d,平均8.6 d.结论后腹腔镜肾切除术具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点,临床疗效可靠,具有良好的应用前景.     

改良手助后腹腔镜下单纯性肾脏切除术5例报告

目的:探讨手助后腹腔镜下单纯性肾脏切除术技术改进后的临床效果.方法:对5例患者行后腹腔镜下单纯性肾脏切除术,在肾脏游离完成后,将手通过扩大的Trocar通道进入到后腹腔来配合镜下结扎肾蒂,快速将肾脏标本完整取出.结果:5例手术均成功,术中、术后无一例出现并发症,术中均未输血.手术时间110～180 min,平均150 min;术中出血30～150 ml,平均100 ml;术后住院时间7～10 天,平均9 天;术后肠功能恢复时间1～3 天.结论:该技术改进既保留了标准手助腹腔镜手术特点,又简便易行,易于被初学者掌握和患者接受.     

单纯性腹腔镜肾切除术治疗良性无功能肾22例报告

目的:总结单纯性腹腔镜肾切除术治疗良性无功能肾的临床应用经验。方法:回顾分析2003年9月至2009年11月施行单纯性腹腔镜肾切除术治疗22例良性无功能肾患者的临床资料。先天性肾盂输尿管连接处狭窄12例,输尿管结石6例,慢性肾盂肾炎2例,肾结核2例。结果:22例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术。手术时间65~180min,平均90min,术中出血25~150ml,平均55ml。住院4~12d,平均5d。无严重并发症发生及输血病例。1例经腹膜后途径患者术后拔除引流管后局部形成腹膜后血肿,再次在B超引导下置管引流。结论:单纯性腹腔镜肾切除术治疗良性无功能肾安全、微创,耐心细致的手术操作和对不同疾病采取个性化的治疗方案是手术成功的关键。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.