匙羹藤叶总皂苷的分光光度法测定

目的:建立匙羹藤叶总皂苷快速、简便的分光光度分析方法。方法:以结构类似物甘草酸单铵盐为对照品,香草醛-冰醋酸和高氯酸混合液为显色剂,采用分光光度法于545 nm 处测定匙羹藤叶总皂苷溶液中总皂苷的含量。结果:甘草酸单铵盐在40～160μg范围内线性良好,回归方程为 A=0.0006m 0.3305(r=0.9960),平均回收率为101.7%,RSD=2.6%(n=5)。结论:该方法快速、简便,精密度和稳定性较好,可用于缺乏匙羹藤酸对照品时匙羹藤叶总皂苷的含量测定。     

匙羹藤中三萜皂苷类成分及其药理活性

目前已从匙羹藤中分离鉴定出60余个化合物。大部分为三萜皂苷类。齐墩果烷型皂苷是其降血糖、抑制甜味反应、抗龋等作用的活性物质。对匙羹藤中所含有的三萜皂苷类成分的化学和药理研究情况做一综述，为进一步开发利用该植物资源提供参考。     

匙羹藤的研究概况

目前已从匙羹藤中分离到齐墩果烷型和达码烷型皂甙化合物35个。还有牛弥菜醇 A,多肽,果胶类化合物等。齐墩果烷型皂甙是主要药理活性物质,具有降血糖、抗龋、抑制甜味反应等作用。国外20多顶专利中,主要有降血糖、抗龋等保健食品、药品及其制备工艺等。本文将为开发我国资源提供参考。     

药食两用植物匙羹藤

匙羹藤(Gymnema sylvestre)，又名金刚藤、蛇天角。木质藤本，长达4m,原产于印度，在越南、广西、广东、福建、台湾等地区也有少量分布。匙羹藤全株药用，治风湿痹痛等症。     

其他植物产品专利题录及专利号

灵芝中衍生的羊毛甾烷型三萜类化合物具有 T 细胞活化作用,用于药品、补充剂、食品或饮料 JP 2007261968 A用含蝴蝶亚仙人掌、匙羹藤叶提取物的饮食补充剂快速降低体质量,对抗疲劳 US 20070237786 A1用含有从草药中提取的表藤黄酸、异藤黄酸、异表藤黄酸等的药物治疗癌症 US 20070149610 A1     

国外药讯

药食两用植物匙羹藤匙羹藤(Gymnemasylvestre),又名金刚藤、蛇天角。木质藤本,长达 4m,原产于印度,在越南、广西、广东、福建、台湾等地区也有少量分布。匙羹藤全株药用,治风湿痹痛等症。匙羹藤中的重要有效成分是一种称为匙羹藤酸的有机酸。近代药物学研究表明匙羹藤酸间接刺激胰腺分泌胰岛素,使服用者产生低血糖症状,加速糖元和脂肪分解,但对人体正常新陈代谢作用没有任何影响。目前作为降糖减肥中药,匙羹藤胶囊剂、茶剂等在日本、欧洲地区热销。值得注意的是,匙羹藤酸分子结构与葡萄糖类似,可以吸附在口腔味蕾和肠粘膜表层,从而掩盖味蕾…     

森林匙羹藤中抗龋齿物质

从森林匙羹藤Gymnema sylvestre中提取纯化的森林匙羹藤酸有抗龋齿作用,它可预防由食物中所含的糖、淀粉等引起的牙蛀,有效地防止牙斑形成,抑制变异链球菌Strep-     

蝉翼藤茎化学成分研究

目的对蝉翼藤(Securidaca inappendiculata Hassk.)的化学成分进行研究。方法利用硅胶柱色谱和中压液相色谱法对蝉翼藤茎的95%乙醇提取物进行分离;用UV,IR,MS,1D和2D NMR等技术对所得化合物进行结构研究。结果从蝉翼藤茎的95%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了8个化合物,分别为:蝉翼藤萜酸苷(securiterpenoside),齐墩果酸,古柯邻二酸(P-hydroxytruxinic acid),香豆酸,对甲氧基肉桂酸乙酯,尿嘧啶核苷,β-谷甾醇和胡萝卜苷。结论 蝉翼藤萜酸苷(securiterpenoside)为新化合物,其他化合物均为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

含没药和木香浸膏的减肥药

一种减肥药含:(1)没药提取物的主要成分,(2)木香,匙羹藤Gymnema sylll-lvestre和/或Pual茶的提取混合物。没药是生长在印度的印度没药树;匙羹藤是一种食物。一种醇加到没药粉末中加热得到浸膏。木香、匙羹藤和/或Pual茶分别提取制成浸膏。没药浸膏和其它浸膏低温干燥,与赋形剂混合制成片剂或颗粒剂。     

我国发现两种天然植物治疗糖尿病的新用途

本刊讯我国科研人员经过１０多年研究,发现并证实了匙羹藤、番石榴两种天然植物治疗糖尿病的用途。这是我国对这两种天然药用植物用途的新发现。匙羹藤、番石榴的产地分布于广西、广东、福建等地,尤以广西桂林一带产量最多、质量最佳。８０年代,我国在进行植物药普查中发现,民间草医用匙羹藤叶、番石榴叶来防治糖尿病和肥胖症效果不错,两广一带山区的群众喜欢用它来当茶饮,并且饮者多健康长寿,被当地群众誉为“功夫茶”。日本学者重松富生用现代科技手段,以匙羹藤、番石榴为原料,研究生产出了有降糖、减肥等作用的系列保健茶,…     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.