老年与非老年组多发性骨髓瘤的临床细胞遗传学和预后的比较

目的 研究老年多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)的细胞遗传学、临床因素与预后的相互关系.方法 采用添加细胞因子的改良72 h培养法制备染色体标本,用R显带技术,对64例MM进行核型分析.结果 29例65岁以下MM患者中,发现有异常核型7例,发生率24.14%(7/29);伴多发性骨破坏13例,发生率44.83%(1 3/29).35例65岁以上的老年MM患者中,发现有异常核型16例,发生率45.71%(16/35);伴多发性骨破坏22例,发生率62.85%(22/35).结论 老年组与非老年组MM患者在细胞遗传学、骨破坏程度、骨髓浆细胞百分比的差异均有统计学意义.     

骨髓增生异常综合征的临床与细胞遗传学研究

目的研究骨髓增生异常综合征（myelodysplastic syndrome，MDS）的细胞遗传学、血液学与预后的相互关系。方法采用骨髓直接法和24小时短期培养法制备染色体标本，用R显带技术，对50例MDS进行核型分析。结果50例MDS中，发现有异常核型22例，发生率44．0％（22／50）。异常类型6种：2例add（8）；4例-7；4例5q-；9例7q-；2例20q-；1例6q-。结论5q-，-7，7q-是MDS中最为常见的染色体核型异常，伴有5q-染色体核型异常的预后较好，而伴有-7，7q-核型异常的预后不良。细胞遗传学在MDS的诊断、病情发展和预后判断中有着至关重要的作用。     

非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床与骨髓细胞遗传学分析

目的研究非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin lymphoma，NHL）的细胞遗传学、血液病理学、血液形态学、临床肿瘤指标与预后的相互关系。方法应用骨髓直接法和24h短期培养法制备染色体标本，用R显带技术，对20例NHL患者进行核型分析。所有患者均进行血清P53蛋白检测。结果20例NHL中出现骨髓浸润8例。20例NHL中，发现有异常核型9例，发生率45％（9／20）。异常类型包括：染色体数目异常3例，t（14，18）（q32；q21）1例，14q＋1例，t（8；14）（q24；q32）2例，t（8；14）（q24；q32）伴其他异常2例。伴异常核型的患者其血清P53蛋白含量显著高于正常核型者。结论t（8；14）（q24；q32）是NHL中涉及较多的染色体核型异常，伴此种核型异常的NHL患者预后不良，同时发现正常核型缺乏对预后也有不良影响。突变型P53值的增高和染色体核型异常有一定的相关性，也是预后不良的因素。     

伴有11号染色体三体急性髓系白血病的生物学和临床特征分析

目的 分析伴有11号染色体三体（+11）的急性髓系白血病（AML）患者细胞遗传学、免疫表型和临床特征。方法 采用骨髓直接法和24小时短期培养法制备染色体标本,用G显带技术,对580例AML患者进行核型分析。用免疫荧光标记法及流式细胞术进行免疫表型检测，同时对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果 在580例成人AML中，伴有+11的患者10例，占1.7%，平均年龄65.5岁（45-78岁），其中8例患者超过60岁。核型分析提示4例合并伴有+8染色体，3例合并伴有del（5q），6例具有复杂核型。病例中原始细胞免疫表型分析显示原始细胞标记的CD34和（或）CD117始终表达。这些患者的完全缓解率为33.3%，中位存活时间仅80.5天。结论 伴+11的急性髓系白血病是一类异质性疾病，其患者核型复杂，白血病细胞具有原始细胞形态特点及早期原始细胞免疫标记特征，临床上表现为完全缓解率低和预后差。     

盐城地区1179例羊水细胞染色体核型分析及其应用价值

目的分析产前诊断的孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,探讨染色体异常核型与产前诊断指征的关系及羊膜腔穿刺术的安全性,为产前遗传咨询提供客观的实验依据。方法对1179例有产前诊断指征的孕妇于孕中晚期在B超引导下行羊膜腔穿刺术,取羊水细胞培养和制片,对染色体核型进行分析。分析相关数据,术后随访。结果穿刺成功的1179例羊水,细胞培养成功并进行核型分析的为1159例,培养成功率为98．30％。染色体分析异常核型22例（22／1159=1．90％）,多态核型37例（37／1159=3．19％）,总检出率5．09％（59／1159=5．09％）。在产前诊断指征中,血清筛查阳性组孕妇异常核型11例,检出率1．66％（11／664）,多态核型14例,总检出率3．77％（25／664）,其中21-三体综合征3例,18-三体综合征1例,性染色体异常5例;高龄组孕妇异常核型7例,检出率1．58％（7／444）,多态核型20例,总检出率6．08％．其中21-三体综合征3例,18-三体综合征1例,性染色体异常1例;曾育染色体异常儿组孕妇18例,检出异常核型2例,其中1例是易位型21-三体,多态核型1例,总检出率占16．67％;夫妇单方染色体异常5例,检出异常核型3例,检出率60．00％;有不良妊娠分娩史的孕妇37例,检出异常核型2例,多态核型1例,总检出率8．11％。发生胎死宫内1例,占0．08％（1／1179）。结论血清筛查阳性、高龄、曾育染色体异常儿、夫妻单方染色体异常、有不良妊娠分娩史者均有必要进行产前诊断。羊膜腔穿刺术相对安全,羊水细胞染色体检查是目前安全有效的诊断胎儿染色体的方法。     

直接法检测稽留流产患者绒毛染色体的应用与评价

目的探讨直接法检测稽留流产患者绒毛染色体的应用价值与方法评价。方法通过直接法绒毛染色体核型分析检测229例稽留流产患者绒毛染色体,其中胚胎期稽留流产组132例,胎儿期稽留流产组97例;非高龄组185例,高龄组44例。结果直接法绒毛染色体检测成功率为61．6％（141／229）,核型异常率为56．0％。染色体异常的类型以常染色体三体发生率最高,占异常核型的35．4％（28／79）。胚胎期稽留流产组中绒毛标本检测成功率与胎儿期稽留流产组有显著差异（P〈0．05）;非高龄组染色体核型异常率与高龄组没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论直接法检测绒毛染色体核型检出率较低,更适合于胚胎期稽留流产患者。     

561例血液病患者染色体核型分析

目的探讨血液病患者有关核型改变及其意义。方法抽取骨髓标本2～5ml,采用骨髓细胞直接法、24h短期培养法制备染色体标本,用G显带技术进行核型分析。结果 561例血液病患者中,常规细胞遗传学发现异常核型282例（50.3%）,其中结构异常116例（20.7%）,数目异常84例（15.0%）,同时有结构异常和数目异常82例（14.6%）。不同类型血液病患者染色体检测结果不同,在急性髓系白血病（AML）、急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）、慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）、骨髓增生异常综合症（MDS）、再生障碍性贫血（AA）、骨髓增殖性疾病（MPD）、淋巴瘤、血小板减少症中异常核型分别为56.5%（109/193）、44.9%（57/127）、74.7%（62/83）、56.7%（34/60）、3.7%（1/27）、0%（0/15）、72.7%（8/11）、0%（0/5）,在急性混合细胞白血病、特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）、多发性骨髓瘤（MM）、慢性粒单细胞白血病（CMML）、淋巴瘤白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病（CLL）、纯红再障、恶性组织细胞病等较少患者中,异常核型分别为25.0%（2/8）、0%（0/8）、20%（1/5）、0%（0/5）、100%（4/4）、40%（2/5）、0%（0/3）、100%（2/2）。M2伴t（8;21）,M3伴t（15;17）,M4伴inv（16）、t（16;16）,ALL伴t（9;22）CR率分别为88.2%、94.7%、80%、45.5%。结论染色体核型分析在恶性血液病诊断、分型、预后判断和指导治疗中具有重要意义。     

羊水细胞学检查在产前诊断中的应用

目的：分析产前诊断的高危孕妇羊水细胞染色体核型,了解孕中期异常核型出现的频率,类型及与各种产前诊断指征之间的关系。方法：130例有产前论断孕妇（2例为双胎妊娠）在妊娠17－27周时行羊膜腔穿刺术,抽羊水行羊水细胞培养查染色体核型。结果：羊水细胞培养成功并进行核型分析的为126例,成功率为95．4％;妊17－20周与妊20－27周的羊水培养成功率未见显著差异,分别95．9％（71／74）,94．8％（55／58）,P＞0．05;发现异常核型10例,异常检出率为7．8％（10／126）;三体为主要的染色体异常,占异常核型的40％（4／10）,其中21三体占30％（3／10）,性染色体数目异常及平衡易位各1例,4例INV9;畸胎为指征的异常核型检出率高达33．3％（2／6）;发现1例单卵双胎妊娠两胎均为21三体儿;高龄为指征占成功产前诊断的46．3％（60／126）,检出异常核型3例,检出率5％（3／60）。结论：在有产前诊断指征的孕妇中,胎儿染色体异常核型的发生率为7．8％,三本仍是妊娠中期主要的异常核型,结合B超筛查及定位的羊膜腔穿刺术在产前诊断仍占有不可代替的重要作用。     

一例伴有低亚二倍体异常的多发性骨髓瘤的临床和实验研究

目的 报告1例伴有低亚二倍体复杂异常的多发性骨髓瘤病例并探讨其临床和实验室特点.方法 采用骨髓细胞短期培养法制备染色体,用R显带技术进行核型分析.用13q14、p53、Rbl、lq21一系列单色探针和IgH/CCND1双色双融合探针对其进行荧光原位杂交检测.用流式细胞仪检测DNA含量.结果 R显带核型分析提示该患者5个细胞为包含35条染色体的低亚二倍体核型,3个细胞为低亚二倍体克隆的复制,另外4个细胞为正常核型.间期荧光原位杂交证实核型中存在1号、13号、14号、17号染色体单体,且显示marl来源于11号染色体并造成CCND1基因的扩增.流式细胞仪检测DNA含量显示其有低亚二倍体克隆峰,DNA指数为0.8426.结论 低亚二倍体核型在多发性骨髓瘤中发生率极低,荧光原位杂交技术是检测多发性骨髓瘤分子异常的可靠手段.     

智力低下或伴畸形患者的细胞遗传学研究

目的 用细胞遗传学方法研究先天性智力低下或伴发畸形患者的病因，为优生干预提供科学依据。方法 采用外周血淋巴细胞培养技术、染色体G显带、显微镜下进行染色体核型分析或脆性X染色体检测。结果 1093例先天性智力低下或伴发育畸形患儿中染色体核型异常355例，检出率为32．5％（355／1093），其中21号染色体异常者326例，占染色体异常的91．8％（326／355），其他常染色体结构或数目异常24例，占6．8％（24／355），性染色体异常者5例，占1．4％（5／355）。对临床疑似脆性X综合征的48名患者用细胞遗传学方法检出6名脆性X综合征患者，占受检者的12．5％（6／48）。结论 先天性智力低下或伴发畸形、生长发育迟缓是染色体异常的主要临床表现形式，细胞遗传学方法是诊断染色体病、检出携带者以及进行产前诊断的重要方法。     

Interleukin-3 plus interleukin-6 may improve chromosomal analysis of multiple myeloma: Cytologic and cytogenetic evidence in thirty-four patients

To better define the role of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and IL-6 in the cytogenetic analysis of multiple myeloma (MM), we performed concomitant chromosome and cytologic studies in 34 patients. In each case, 10–30 × 10⁶ bone marrow cells were incubated in two independent cultures consisting of conventional cytogenetic medium with and without IL-3 plus IL-6 added for 72 hours. 1-ml aliquots of each culture were aspirated at 24, 48, and 72 hours and exposed to colcemid for 6 hours. Cytospin preparations were then made and mitotic cells were counted and identified as plasma cells or as nonmalinant cells based on their reactivity with an appropriate anti κ/λ serum. Slides for conventional cytogenetic analysis were prepared at 72 hours. A greater than two-fold increase of mitotic plasma cells was observed in cytospin preparations from stimulated cultures versus unstimulated cultures in 15 of 34 cases, whereas a less than 2-fold increase, no variation or no mitosis was recorded in 19 cases. Comparison of the number of mitotic plasma cells in stimulated cultures at 24, 48, and 72 hours showed a decreased mitotic activity at 72 hours. Clonal abnormalities were detected by conventional cytogenetic analysis in 19 of 34 cases (55.8%). Recurrent clonal aberrations involved chromosome 13 (4 cases), chromosomes 1p, and 14q (3 cases); chromosomes 3p, 6q, 7q, and 9q (2 cases). We conclude that IL-3 + IL-6 may increase the number of dividing plasma cells in cytogenetic cultures and that a 2-day culture with these cytokines may facilitate the detection of chromosome abnormalities in MM.     

BCR-ABL探针在慢性粒细胞白血病中的应用

目的用常规细胞遗传学（conventional cytogenetics,CC）和荧光原位杂交（fluorescence chromosomal in situ hybridization,FISH）技术检测Ph染色体。方法常规细胞遗传学分析（CC）,荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术。结果7例患者4例Ph染色体阴性,其中2例分别伴有t（18;22）和t（17;22）异常,其余2例为异基因造血干细胞移植后正常核型。一例培养后无中期分裂相。2例Ph染色体阳性,FISH结果bcr/abl（＋）细胞检出率分别为63.87%,84.51%,7.56%,4.0%,74.45%,67%,47%。结论常规细胞遗传学与荧光原位杂交技术相结合对CML患者诊断治疗过程中肿瘤负荷动态检测有显著意义。     

600例慢性粒细胞白血病的细胞遗传学分析

目的为了探讨我国慢性粒细胞白血病（慢粒）中Ｐｈ染色体的有关特点及其意义。方法染色体制备采用骨髓细胞直接法和／或短期培养法，应用Ｒ显带技术对６００例慢粒患者的细胞遗传学资料进行了回顾性分析。结果３０例（５％）为Ｐｈ（－），５７０例（９５％）为Ｐｈ（＋）；５３５例（９３．８％）有典型Ｐｈ易位，３４例（５．９％）有变异易位，包括简单变异易位和复杂变异易位各１３例（２．２％），隐匿Ｐｈ易位８例（１．４％）；５２６例（９２．２％）的Ｐｈ（＋）细胞为１００％，４４例（７．７％）经异基因骨髓移植、干扰素和脉冲羟基脲等治疗后有部分或全部细胞转为正常核型；５０．６％的慢粒急变患者有额外的染色体异常，其中以＋８、２Ｐｈ和ｉ（１７ｑ）最多见。结论染色体检查不但有助于慢粒的诊断和鉴别诊断，而且有助于预测急变、判断疗效和进行细胞遗传学分型     

11q23异常恶性血液病的临床和细胞遗传学研究

目的 评估１１ｑ２３异常与恶性血液病的临床,血液学和预后的相互联系。方法 采用骨髓直接法和（或）培养法制备色体标本,用Ｒ显带技术,对６０００例恶性血液病进行核型分析。结果 ６０００例恶性血液病中发现２８例有１１ｑ２３异常,发生率为０．４７％。异常类型有７种：ｔ（４;１１）（ｑ２１;ｑ２３）１０例;ｔ（１１;１９）（ｑ２３;ｐ１３）５例;ｔ（９;１１）（ｐ１２;ｑ２３）２例;ｔ（１０;１１）（ｐ１５     

Chromosome anomalies in Venezuelan patients with multiple myeloma

The cytogenetic study is an important prognostic factor in Multiple Myeloma (MM). The chromosomal analysis has demonstrated to be essential for the genetic advise in relation to the diagnosis, prognosis and might suggest precociously, the most appropriate treatment for the majority of hematological malignancies. The objective of this investigation was to identify the chromosomal abnormalities in samples of bone marrow (BM) from patients with diagnosis of MM. The chromosomal studies were carried out in BM cultures, following the technique described by Yunis. Without exception the analysis was carried out previous to any treatment with cytostatics. Twenty two samples of BM were received for chromosomal studies in the Unit of Medical Genetics of the University of the Zulia (UGM-LUZ). In 19 out of 22 samples (86%) appropriate material was obtained by cytogenetic analysis; 6 (32%) showed normal karyotype and 13 (68%) presented numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities. Eight (62%) of the chromosomal anomalies detected were numerics, three cases (38%) with hyperdiploidy involving chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 15, 17, 18, 19 and four cases (50%) with hypodiploidy involving the chromosomes 8, 16, 17, 18, X and Y. Triploidy was found in one case (12%). Structural abnormalities were present in 4 cases (31%) such as deletions 5p11, 11p14, 14q32, 17p11 and 1 case (7%) presented structural and numeric anomalies. This study shows that the majority of patients with multiple myeloma have several chromosomal abnormalities with some differences from other reports.     

Cytogenetic follow-up after bone marrow transplantation for Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia

Forty-eight consecutive patients affected by chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome positive during the chronic phase of the disease underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Thirty-five patients had a follow-up over 12 months and were included in a cytogenetic study in order to evaluate the Ph clone eradication. In 25 cases, the Ph chromosome disappeared in all cytogenetic studies, and their hematologic picture is at present apparently normal. Ten patients showed cytogenetic relapse. In one case, the cytogenetic relapse was transitory without any clinical sign of the disease; in three cases, after a transitory cytogenetic relapse, a persistent relapse with clinical picture of progression of the disease occurred; in six cases cytogenetic and a clinical relapse were coincident. Structural chromosomal abnormalities other than Ph were temporarily seen in three cases. The so-called "nonrandom" chromosomal changes typical of the blastic phase were never detected. The reappearing Ph-positive clone spontaneously disappeared in three patients, and their hematologic picture reverted to complete chimerism. The present study confirms that the eradication of the Ph clone is often defective with BMT, and cytogenetic analysis can detect the competition between donor and residual host marrow. Furthermore, the karyotype evolution is different from that found in CML patients treated with conventional chemotherapy.     

Abnormal cytokine production by bone marrow stromal cells of multiple myeloma patients in response to RPMI8226 myeloma cells

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies indicate that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) derived from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) differ from those of healthy donors in their expression of extracellular matrix compounds and in cytokine production. It is not known whether these abnormalities are primary or are acquired by BMSCs on contact with MM cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production by CD166+ mesenchymal BMSCs and the CD38+/CD138+ RPMI8226 myeloma cell line cultivated in vitro in monocultures or co-cultivated under cell-to-cell contact or non-contact conditions in the presence of a tissue culture insert were measured. Intracellular cytokines were measured by flow cytometry analysis as the percentage of cytokine-producing cells or by mean fluorescence intensity as the level of cytokine expression in cells. Additionally, ELISA was used to measure IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), IL-11, IL-10, TNF-alpha, B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and osteopontin (OPN) production in the supernatants of the cultures and co-cultures. RESULTS: A higher ability of the BMSCs of MM patients than in controls was detected to produce IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, OPN, and especially HGF and BAFF in response to the RPMI8226 cells. Moreover, the BMSCs of the MM patients significantly enhanced the production of sIL-6R by the RPMI8226 cells. DISCUSSION: Cytokines over-expressed by BMSCs of MM patients can function as growth factors for myeloma cells (IL-6, IL-10, HGF), migration stimulatory factors for tumor plasma cells (TNF-alpha, HGF), adhesion stimulatory factors (HGF, BAFF and OPN), stimulators of osteoclastogenesis (IL-6, TNF-alpha), and angiogenic factors (TNF-alpha). The results of this experiment strongly suggest that the BMSCs from MM patients differed in spontaneous and myeloma cell-induced production of cytokines, especially of HGF and BAFF, and these abnormalities were both primary and acquired by the BMSCs on contact with the MM cells. This in turn suggests the presence of an undefined, autocrine stimulation pathway resulting in a prolonged production of cytokines even in long-term cultures in vitro and in vivo. These abnormalities might provide optimal conditions for the proliferation and differentiation of residual tumor cells or their precursors in the affected bone marrow.     

多探针荧光原位杂交检测急性髓系白血病常见细胞遗传学异常

目的:评价多探针荧光原位杂交(FISH)在检测急性髓系白血病(AML)常见细胞遗传学异常中的价值,探讨细胞遗传学异常与临床诊断、治疗、预后的关系。方法:采用针对AML/MDS的FISH多探针诊断系统,即以针对AML1/ETO融合基因、PML-RARα融合基因、CBFβ/MYH11融合基因、MLL基因、P53基因、Del(5q)、Del(7q)、Del(20q)8种DNA探针对40例患者进行多探针FISH检测,同时联合染色体核型、临床资料进行研究。结果:40例AML中,共22例多探针FISH检出了细胞遗传学改变,包括:AML1/ETO、PML-RARα、MLL基因断裂重排、Del(5q)、Del(7q)、P53基因缺失、8号染色体三体7种细胞遗传学异常。而常规染色体核型分析仅检出11例遗传学异常。多探针FISH与染色体核型分析的总阳性率分别为57.50%及27.50%。AML1/ETO、PML/RARα阳性者首次诱导化疗效果较理想;而Del(7q)、MLL基因断裂重排阳性、伴复杂细胞遗传学改变者可能预示不良预后。结论:FISH多探针诊断系统检测AML患者常见遗传学异常更省时、准确、高效,有利于完善白血病的分层诊断及指导临床个体化治疗。     

荧光原位杂交技术与细胞遗传学分析在慢性淋巴细胞白血病检测中的评价应用

目的比较常规细胞遗传学分析（CCA）及荧光原位杂交（FISH）两种技术在慢性淋巴细胞白血病（CLL）染色体异常检测中的灵敏度和特异性。方法CCA法采用骨髓短期培养法,核型分析采用R带技术。FISH法采用间期FISH。结果采用CCA法,CLL患者的染色体异常检出率为35．71％,而采用FISH技术染色体异常检出率为64．2％。结论采用组合探针的FISH更为敏感和特异。     

Cytogenetic abnormalities in non-small cell lung carcinoma: Similarity of findings in conventional and feeder cell layer cultures

Primary tumors from 39 patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) were examined for cytogenetic abnormalities by conventional short-term harvest (1–39 days) of primary cultures of minced solid-tumor tissues and by harvest of monolayer cultures of tumor tissue (6 days to 5 months) on murine fibroblast feeder layers. A successful karyotype was obtained with both methods in nine of 39 cases. Among the remaining 30 cases, a successful karyotype was obtained in eight cases by the conventional method only and in three cases by the feeder cell method only. The success rates were 44% for the conventional method, and 31% for the feeder cell method, and the combined success rate was 51% for one or the other method. The feeder culture method, in which harvests were usually performed at later times than with the conventional method, generally produced metaphases with superior banding, which allowed clearer definition of cytogenetic abnormalities. In addition, cell lines were established in eight of these cases by the feeder cell method. Karyotypes from the longer-term harvests typically were very similar to those from short-term conventional cultures. Minor numerical differences and/or a few additional structural abnormalities were noted in seven of the nine cases analyzed by both methods. Overall, however, even in karyotypes from 5-month cultures, the prominent recurrent changes and modal chromosome numbers observed in short-term cultures were still present. The results indicate that long-term culture with fibroblast feeder cells is a valid means of obtaining cells from solid lung tumors for cytogenetic and molecular analysis. Cell lines established by this method will be useful in future molecular studies, for example, for mapping of chromosome breakpoints and sites of chromosome loss, for in situ hybridization, and for studies of the expression of critical candidate genes implicated by cytogenetic findings. In addition, by combination of conventional and feeder cell harvests, both the number of primary tumors successfully examined karyotypically and the quality of the analyses are improved.© 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.