右心感染性心内膜炎的临床特点（附23例分析）

目的探讨右心系统感染性心内膜炎的临床特征。方法２３例右心感染性心内膜炎患,从病因、临床表现、辅助检查和预后等进行分析。结果右心感染性心内膜炎主要发生于先天性心脏病,其次为静脉药瘾;其突出临床特点为肺栓塞;超声心动图对诊断右心感染性心内膜炎有重要价值。结论右心感染性心内膜炎具有一定临床特征,其预后良好。     

右心感染性心内膜炎诊治分析

目的探讨静脉药瘾者感染性心内膜炎的临床特点。方法回顾性分析18例右心感染性心内膜炎的临床资料。结果所有患者均有静脉吸毒史3～6年,起病前均无基础心脏病。静脉药瘾者并发感染性心内膜炎多见于右心,超声心动图检查示赘生物主要在右房室瓣、肺动脉瓣上;肺部急性炎症浸润或多发性肺脓肿是该病的主要临床特征。该组血培养阳性者13例。结论 静脉药瘾者继发感染性心内膜炎右心感染多见,超声心动图和血培养对诊断具有重要价值。     

感染性心内膜炎103例临床分析

目的：通过分析103例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料,总结其临床特点。方法回顾性分析103例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料。结果103例患者中,仅10例无基础心脏病,93例伴有各种不同的心脏病,主要为风湿性心脏病和先天性心脏病。临床表现为发热34例,贫血31例,栓塞56例。血培养检查阳性61例,阴性42例;致病菌检出率最高为草绿色链球菌。超声心动图检查发现部分患者有赘生物,赘生物多见于心内膜炎患者,发生于左心者84例（81．5％）,且单瓣病变多,二尖瓣单瓣病变者38例,主动脉瓣单瓣病变者26例;发生于右心者12例（11．6％）,以三尖瓣单瓣为主。97例患者经过治疗后痊愈,随访6个月,死亡6例,死亡原因为心力衰竭3例,肺栓塞1例,脑出血1例,严重感染1例。结论感染性心内膜炎的临床特点发生了变化,及时了解其变化,早期治疗可以提高其治愈率。     

无基础心脏病感染性心内膜炎30例分析

目的探讨无基础心脏病感染性心内膜炎患者的临床特点。方法回顾性分析30例无基础心脏病感染性心内膜炎患者的症状、体征、超声心动图检查、细菌培养等临床特点。结果发热是最常见的症状（占100.0%）,其次为贫血23例（76.7%）,栓塞15例（50%）,脾大14例（46.7%）,有心脏杂音者占90%,心功能不全9例（30%）。超声心动图发现赘生物28例,赘生物好发部位依次为左房室瓣（11例）,主动脉瓣（6例）,左房室瓣和主动脉瓣均受累（5例）;左房室瓣膜脱垂6例,脓肿1例（主动脉瓣）,脓肿同时有穿孔1例（发生在主动脉瓣）;细菌培养阳性21例（70%）,最常见的仍是革兰阳性细菌17例（占89.5%）、链球菌11例（占63.2%）。结论感染性心内膜炎可见于无基础心脏病的人群,其临床特点与有基础心脏病无明显差别。     

右心感染性心内膜炎的临床特点及超声诊断价值

右心感染性心内膜炎的临床特点及超声诊断价值胡先敏综述（四川省长寿县人民医院长寿６３１２２０）关键词心内膜炎；超声心动图；诊断右心感染性心内膜炎（ＲＨＩＥ）主要是静脉注射毒品造成的一种疾病。感染性心内膜炎（ＩＥ）累及右心者较为少见，１８８５年Ｏｌｓｅｒ...     

超声心动图诊断感染性心内膜炎的临床价值分析

目的探讨感染性心内膜炎的临床特征和超声心动图对其的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析61例感染性心内膜炎患者的临床资料和超声心动图表现,并与手术、病理结果进行比较。结果感染性心内膜炎基础病因主要为先天性心脏病和风湿性心脏病,但比例有所下降;临床表现不典型病例增多,血培养的阳性率仅为22.9%。超声心动图对赘生物的检出率为85.2%,有助于早期诊断。赘生物分布位置、回声等具有其超声特点,超声心动图可检出瓣膜穿孔、腱索断裂、瓣周脓肿等并发症。结论超声心动图能够准确检出感染性心内膜炎赘生物和其并发症,对指导临床治疗和判断预后具有重要的临床应用价值。     

右心感染性心内膜炎的临床特点

目的：对右心感染性心内膜炎（RIE）的发病机制、病原学、临床特点、诊断、治疗和预后等方面进行讨论。方法：回顾分析本院1985年1月至2000年12月诊断为RIE患的临床资料。结果：RIE17例，男12例，女5例，平均年龄22岁。7例有先天性心脏病史，1例为右室起搏术后，9例无基础心脏病而有静脉吸毒史。主要表现为发热、肺部急性炎症浸润或多发性肺脓肿。血培养阳性8例，以金黄色葡萄球菌为主要病原微生物。超声心动图检查均发现右心瓣膜或右心壁上赘生物，其中三尖瓣受累最常见。大多数病人经抗微生物药物治疗成功。结果良好，病死率为11.8％。结论：RIE临床特征和预后等均有别于LIE。超声心动图检查对诊断本病具有重要价值。     

感染性心内膜炎75例临床分析

目的：分析感染性心内膜炎（IE）患者临床特点,以便早期诊断与治疗。方法：回顾性：分析1995年1月～2012年5月我院确诊的75例IE患者的临床资料,分析其心脏基础疾病情况、病原菌、临床表现和超声心动图检查结果。结果：75例IE中65例患有各种心脏病,其中风湿性心脏病占首位（41．5％）,其次为先天性心脏病（24．6％）,老年退行性瓣膜病（13．8％）;血培养阳性率为46．7％,病原菌以链球菌（48．6％）和葡萄球菌（28．6％）多见;超声心动图检查阳性率高（96％）;35．4％患者在抗感染治疗后接受心外科手术治疗,痊愈62例（82．7％,62／75）,死亡13例（17．3％）。结论：正确应用超声心动图和血培养检查,有助于早期诊断和治疗。     

中国标准和Duke标准诊断感染性心内膜炎比较研究

目的比较中国试行标准和修订的Duke标准对感染性心内膜炎的诊断价值,讨论感染性心内膜炎的临床特征。方法经病理确诊的感染性心内膜炎患者65例,平均年龄33岁,以修订的Duke标准和中国试行标准对其进行诊断评价,比较两种诊断标准对感染性心内膜炎诊断的敏感性。结果做2次以上血培养的40例(61.5%),其中血培养阳性并为相同病原菌的16例(24.6%),超声心动图发现心内膜受累征象49例(75.4%),有基础心脏病者61例(93.8%),胃肠外药物滥用者2例(3.1%),病变累及左心58例(89.2%),累及右心5例(7.7%),累及全心2例(3.1%)。按修订的Duke标准,符合临床确诊的15例(23.1%),按中国试行标准,符合临床确诊的41例(63.1%),两种结果的差异有统计学意义(χ2=21.21,P<0.01)。结论中国试行标准明显优于修订的Duke标准,采用经胸超声心动图结果作为心内膜受累证据和2项临床次要指标作为临床确诊依据,提高了感染性心内膜炎诊断的敏感性,在诊断感染性心内膜炎中更有价值。     

超声心动图在小儿感染性心内膜炎临床诊断中的应用价值

目的分析小儿感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点,探讨超声心动图在IE诊断中的临床价值。方法选取我院2012年4月~2015年3月收治的IE患儿40例作为研究对象,分析IE的心脏基础疾病及临床表现,总结超声心动图特点。结果 IE患儿40例中,先天性心脏病22例,扩张性心肌病3例,心内膜弹力纤维增生症4例,风湿性心脏病6例,无基础性心脏病5例。超声心动图检查,伴有赘生物36例,阳性率为90%。患儿多以发热为首发症状,同时伴有心功能不全8例,脾肿大12例,镜下血尿10例。结论先天性心脏病是小儿感染性心内膜炎最常见的基础心脏病,超声心动图检查有助于IE的临床诊断,具有重要的临床价值。     

人工瓣膜心内膜炎25例临床分析

目的 总结人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE)的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院1992年1月至2008年12月收治的25例PVE患者的临床表现、基础心脏病、致病菌、超声心动图发现、治疗及转归特点.结果 全部病例为符合Duke标准的确诊病例.(1)多数患者的心脏基础病为风湿性心脏病及先天性心脏病,但10例(40%)PVE患者因合并感染性心内膜炎而接受前次换瓣手术,其中4例患者因PVE而接受2次换瓣手术.(2)11例(44%)PVE患者发生在前次心脏换瓣手术2个月内.发热(100%)、大血管栓塞(48%)、贫血(36%)是最常见的临床表现.14例(56%)培养出15株致病菌,为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌5株(其中3株对甲氧西林耐药)、真菌4株、肠球菌2株、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌2株、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌及链球菌各1株.(3)超声心动图检查的主要异常发现为人工瓣膜赘生物、瓣周漏、反流.13例经胸壁超声心动图检查(TFE)未发现PVE的病例经食道超声心动图检查(TEE)确诊.(4)18例(72%)PVE合并瓣周并发症(瓣周漏12例、瓣膜分离3例、瓣周脓肿2例、心内瘘1例),此外,大血管栓寒和充血性心力衰竭(16%)亦常见.尽管经过积极治疗,9例PVE在住院期间死亡.结论 PVE是心脏换瓣手术后的严重并发症,临床表现和自然瓣膜心内膜炎类似,但致病菌以匍萄球菌及真菌常见,容易并发严重并发症,病死率高.     

Profile of right-sided endocarditis: an Indian experience

The clinical profile of right-sided infective endocarditis in India was studied from a review of records of patients with infective endocarditis admitted to this hospital. From November 1982 to November 1989, 109 patients with infective endocarditis showed vegetations on cross-sectional echocardiography confirming the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. In 19 (17.4%) patients, only the right side of the heart was involved: specifically the tricuspid valve alone in 10; tricuspid and pulmonary valves in 4; tricuspid valve and right ventricular outflow tract in 1; tricuspid valve and right ventricular free wall in 1; pulmonary valve alone in 2; and bifurcation of pulmonary trunk in 1. Eleven patients (57.9%) had underlying congenital heart disease whereas the remaining 8 patients (42.1%) did not have any underlying heart disease. The latter group, therefore, had isolated right-sided infective endocarditis. Previous illnesses leading to isolated right-sided infective endocarditis were: puerperal sepsis in 4; septic abortion in 1; staphylococcal pneumonia in 2; and epididymoorchitis in one. Eight out of 11 patients with congenital heart disease did not report any previous illness. In the remaining 3, right-sided endocarditis followed cardiac surgery in one; dental extraction without prophylaxis in one; and pulmonary balloon valvoplasty in one. All patients with isolated right-sided infective endocarditis had features of septicaemia, but a murmur of tricuspid regurgitation was audible in only 4 (50%) of them. We conclude that, unlike western reports, the pattern of right-sided infective endocarditis in India is different. No drug addict with right-sided infective endocarditis was seen; puerperal sepsis and septic abortion were the commonest causes of isolated right-sided infective endocarditis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Current profile of left-sided native valve endocarditis caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus

Coagulase-negative staphylococci are the most frequently isolated microorganisms in early prosthetic valve endocarditis. However, they rarely cause endocarditis in native valves. The profile of patients with left-sided native valve endocarditis by coagulase-negative staphylococci is unknown, because available data are scarce and outdated. We analyzed the epidemiological, clinical, radiographic, microbiological, and echocardiographic features and clinical course in 17 patients with this entity out of a total of 441 consecutive patients diagnosed as having endocarditis. The results show that left-sided native valve endocarditis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci is more common than previously reported, can cause heart failure due to valvular involvement, often needs surgery, and is associated with high mortality.     

Severity of aortic ring abscess complicated by cardiac conduction abnormalities

OBJECTIVE: To determine clinical features, management and prognosis of cardiac conduction abnormalities (CCA) complicating abscessed endocarditis. METHODS: We have analysed clinical, microbiologic and echocardiographic datas, therapies and outcome of cardiac abscesses complicated by CCA in patient hospitalized between 1995 and 2001 in our centre. RESULTS: Above 35 cardiac abscesses, six men (mean age 62 years) had CCA complicating six aortic ring abscesses (4 on native valve and 2 on prosthetic valve) with four cases of interventricular septal involvement and fistulization. Severe heart failure is present four times, a septic cerebral embolization twice. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus prevail. Complete atrioventricular block (AVB) reveals endocarditis twice and complicates the evolution three times. Trifascicular block (first degree AVB, left anterior fascicular block and complete right bundle branch block) revealed recurrence of endocarditis. Two patients were treated medically: one died quickly (complete AVB pre-mortem), and the other one had favourable issue (paroxystic complete AVB). Four patients had surgery with temporary pacemaker in three cases (one died) then definitive pacemaker in two cases. At 26.5 month (7-50), the four survivors had no recurrence of endocarditis. CONCLUSION: Severe CCA are classical in aortic ring abscessed endocarditis and associated with increased mortality. Immediate transfert in a dentre with cardiac surgery is necessary. Definitive cardiac pacing can be performed early without leads infection.     

The clinical spectrum of tricuspid regurgitation detected by pulsed Doppler echocardiography

The clinical diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is often difficult. Two-dimensional pulsed Doppler echocardiography offers a sensitive and specific method for detecting and semi-quantitating tricuspid regurgitation. The clinical, radiographic, radionuclide, echocardiographic, and when available, the right cardiac catheterization findings were evaluated in 36 patients with a diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation by pulsed Doppler. Ten healthy subjects served as controls. The underlying cardiac cause was rheumatic heart disease in 7 (20%), ischemic heart disease in 12 (33%), dilated cardiomyopathy in 5 (14%), hypertensive heart disease in 2 (5%), aortic valve stenosis and/or regurgitation in 3 (8%), mitral valve prolapse with mitral regurgitation in 1 (3%), and congenital heart disease in 6 (17%). Seven patients (19%) had a temporary or permanent transvenous right ventricular pacing wire. A systolic murmur was heard in 29 patients (81%) with 16 (46%) having an elevated jugular venous pressure. Tricuspid regurgitation was clinically suspected in only 2 patients (6%). Isolated tricuspid regurgitation was uncommon, seen in 6 patients (17%), and usually secondary to congenital heart disease, ischemic heart disease, with the use of a transvenous pacing wire and following mitral valve replacement. Right cardiac catheterization was performed in 10 patients, of which 7 demonstrated elevated right atrial and pulmonary artery pressure. Pulsed Doppler echocardiography offers a practical and accurate method of detecting and evaluating the severity of tricuspid regurgitation. Tricuspid regurgitation is generally a functional disorder, and frequently occurs in association with left sided valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease.     

感染性心内膜炎70例临床分析

目的 探讨感染性心内膜炎(IE)的临床特点、治疗方法及转归。方法 回顾分析北京协和医院自1988年1月～2000年5月间确诊的70例IE临床特点。结果 (1)8例(11．4％)为人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE),62例(88．6％)为自然瓣膜心内膜炎(NVE);57例(91．9％)NVE病人存在各种基础心脏病,其中先天性心血管畸形(22例,38．6％)最常见,其次为特发性二尖瓣脱垂(18例,31．6％)和风湿性心脏病(12例,21．1％)。(2)临床主要表现为发热(100％)、贫血(40例,57．1％)和栓塞(33例,47．1％)。(3)60％(42例)病例细菌培养阳性,23例致病菌为链球菌。(4)39／51例IE经过单纯抗感染治疗痊愈,17／19例经过抗感染治疗联合外科手术治愈。死亡14例,其中包括5例PVE和2例起搏器植入术后IE;顽固性充血性心力衰竭是最常见的死亡原因(9／14)。结论 IE最常见的基础心脏病前3位是先天性心血管畸形、二尖瓣脱垂和风湿性心脏病。不明原因长期发热患者应想到心内膜炎的可能,血培养和超声心动图检查有助于IE的诊断。PVE、起搏器植入术后合并IE以及并发顽固性充血性心力衰竭则预后不良。     

The changing clinical aspects of infective endocarditis: descriptive review of 90 episodes in a French teaching hospital and risk factors for death

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to describe the epidemiological aspects of infective endocarditis (IE) in a French hospital and identify the prognostic factors. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical, echocardiographic and microbiological features, and the outcome of 89 patients (90 episodes, median age 60 years) with IE over 18 months. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify prognostic factors for death. RESULTS: A native valve was involved in 68 cases (75.5%); in 7 of these the patient was an intravenous drug user. A prosthetic valve was involved in 22 cases (24.5%); 5 of these were of early onset. Diagnosis was definite in 87% of cases. Median time to diagnosis was 3 days. Twenty-five patients (28%) were immunocompromised. A portal of entry, usually cutaneous, was identified in 65% of cases. Sixty-two percent of patients had an underlying heart disorder, usually degenerative. The infection involved the left heart in more than 75% of cases. One or more vegetations were detected in 75% of cases. The median size of vegetation was 15 mm. Isolated agents were mainly staphylococci (n=40 (44%), including 12 coagulase-negative isolates), and streptococci (n=23 (25%), including 7 enterococci). In 11 cases (12%), cultures remained negative. Nineteen episodes were nosocomial and Staphylococcus aureus was implicated in 11 of them. Fifty percent of patients had at least one complication: heart failure (n=42), kidney failure (n=44), embolism (n=35), septic shock (n=19). Surgery was performed in 49 cases (54%) due to heart failure (n=19), cerebral embolism (n=12), and/or severe valve lesions (n=27). Eighteen patients died, 10 of whom were infected with S. aureus. Nosocomial IE (P=0.0008), heart failure (P=0.004) and prosthetic valve (P=0.01), but not S. aureus were independently associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: S. aureus was the main microorganism isolated in our patients. However, it was not independently predictive of fatal outcome.     

感染性心内膜炎120例临床分析

目的 探讨感染性心内膜炎(IE)的基础病因、致病微牛物和临床特征,提高IE的诊治水平.方法 回顾件分析北京协和医院1997年10月-2007年9月确诊的120例IE患者的临床资料.结果 120例IE患者中,108例(90.0%)为自然瓣膜心内膜炎(NVE),12例(10.0%)为人工瓣膜心内膜炎(PVE);29例(24.2%)无基础心脏病变,79例(73.1%)NVE患者存在各种基础心脏病,其中先天性心血管畸形30例(38.0%),其次为特发性二尖瓣脱垂(23例,29.1%)和风湿性心脏病(11例,13.9%).临床主要表现为发热(100.0%)、贫血(65例,54.2%)和栓塞(58例,48.3%).有83例(69.2%)细菌培养阳性,其中43例(51.8%)致病菌为链球菌.结论 IE最常见的基础心脏病前3位是先天性心血管畸形、二尖瓣脱垂和风湿性心脏病.不明原因长期发热患者应想到心内膜炎?鬃 的町能,血培养和超声心动图检查有助于IE的诊断.     

Echocardiographic and clinical correlations in infectious endocarditis of the left heart

The echocardiographic features were correlated with the clinical findings and outcome in 35 patients with aortic and/or mitral valve endocarditis. There were 26 males and 9 females with a mean age of 38 years. The infection involved native valves in 27 patients and prosthetic valves in 8 patients. Echocardiographically, fourteen patients had involvement of native aortic valve. All patients in this group required surgical intervention, nine patients during antimicrobial therapy. Congestive heart failure was the clinical indication for valvular replacement. A patient died immediately after surgery from low cardiac output syndrome. Six patients had echocardiographic evidence of aortic and mitral valves involvement. A patient in this group expired before surgery, five underwent surgery because of progressive heart failure (aortic or aortic and mitral valves replacement). Seven patients showed lesions on native mitral valve (6 in this group had prolapse syndrome). A patient died from cerebrovascular embolus, two underwent surgery because of persistent infection and embolic events, four were successfully treated with medical therapy. Among patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis, four showed signs of valvular dehiscence and required surgical intervention, during antimicrobial therapy, from congestive heart failure; one patient expired from recurrent infection. The pathological findings correlated well with echocardiographic findings. Conclusions: in IE the localization of lesions by echo has prognostic significance: most patients with aortic valve or aortic and mitral valves endocarditis require early surgical intervention because of congestive heart failure. On the contrary, mitral valve involvement carries a better prognosis, requiring less frequently valvular replacement; the patients with echocardiographic signs of prosthetic valve dehiscence require urgent intervention.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Calcific left atrium:A rare consequence of endocarditis

Usually, cardiac calcifications are observed in aortic and mitral valves, atrio-ventricular plane, mitral annulus, coronary arteries, pericaridium(usually causing constrictive pericarditis) and cardiac masses. Calcifications of atrial walls are unusual findings that can be identified only using imaging with high spatial resolution, such as cardiac magnetic resonance and computed tomography. We report a case of a 43-year-old patient with no history of heart disease that underwent cardiac evaluation for mild dyspnoea. The echocardiogram showed a calcific aortic valve and a hyper-echogenic lesion located in atrio-ventricular plane. The patient was submitted to cardiac magnetic resonance and to computed tomography imaging to better characterize the localization of mass. The clinical features and location of calcified lesion suggest an infective aetiology causing an endocarditis involving the aortic valve, atrioventricular plane and left atrium. Although we haven't data to support a definite and clear diagnosis, the clinical features and location of the calcified lesion suggest an infective aetiology causing an endocarditis involving the aortic valve, atrio-ventricular plane and left atrium. The patient was followed for 12 mo both clinically and by electrocardiogram and echocardiography without worsening of clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic data. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are ideal methods for identifying and following over time patients with calcific degeneration in the heart.