“化学性胆囊切除术”的实验研究

为研究胆囊化学切除硬化剂及可行性,将32只兔分4组(n=8)。剖腹直视下金属夹/丝线阻断胆囊管,底部造口注入硬化剂。1组:95%乙醇 5M三氟醋酸(TFA);2组:95%乙醇 2MTFA;3组:95%乙醇 1M TFA;4组:生理盐水(对照)。2、4、8周分批处死动物,胆囊作大体、光镜、透射电镜观察。结果:2周胆囊粘膜脱落坏死,4~8周纤维疤痕化。1、2组纤维化成功率高于3组,有显著性差异(1、2组∞3组:P<0.05),1、2组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。1组见肝细胞损害,3组有粘膜上皮再生。血管夹与丝线对致纤维化率无差异(P>0.05)。结论:胆囊硬化治疗后4~8周形成纤维疤痕,95%乙醇 2M TFA效果最佳,金属夹能阻断胆囊管。     

经肛直肠黏膜缝扎加注射疗法治疗完全性直肠脱垂

为探讨治疗完全性直肠脱垂的简便实用术式,采用经肛直肠黏膜、黏膜下多点缝扎加注射疗法治疗成人完全性直肠脱垂患者20例。结果显示,本组全部治愈,无并发症。19例随访6个月至10年,无复发。结果表明,采用经肛直肠黏膜、黏膜下多点缝扎加注射疗法治疗完全性直肠脱垂,方法简便、有效,手术创伤小,恢复快,并发症少。     

手术、内镜下治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的近期和远期疗效观察

目的 比较内镜下食管静脉套扎术（EVL）联合硬化剂注射（EVS）和食管胃底静脉断流术对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的近期和远期疗效,探讨EVL结合EVS和两种方法单独应用的适应证。方法12例肝硬化门脉高压症患者行食管胃底静脉断流术,术后胃镜观察曲张静脉消失程度及合并出血的情况,其中6例术后做了EVL或EVS;32例行EVL结合EVS;9例单纯行EVS;5例单纯行EVL。所有病例术后随访3年,观察曲张静脉消失和复发程度以及出血情况。结果 食管胃底静脉断流术为急诊止血的可靠方法,但术后仍存在程度不同的曲张静脉,术后3年内再出血发生率高达66.7％（8/12）,术后择期行EVL或EVS,曲张静脉可完全消退。EVL结合EVS曲张静脉完全消退达93.75％（30/32）,总疗程2-3周。内镜下治疗后3年内观察曲张静脉复发率仅为10.53％（4/38）,再出血发生率为6.52％（3/46）。结论EVL结合EVS对食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的近期和远期疗效明显优于手术组。食管胃底静脉断流术后施行EVL和/或EVS可以同时达到降低门脉高压和消除曲张静脉目的。EVL结合EVS明显优于两者单独应用的疗效,同时避免了单纯用EVS容易引起出血的可能性,并且缩短了单纯用EVL的疗程,克服了后期套扎的难度。     

兔耳增生性瘢痕血管生成及腺病毒转染基因重组血管生成抑制因子1

目的 研究不同时期兔耳增生性瘢痕组织血管生成,探索新的增生性瘢痕防治方法. 方法 19 只日本大耳白兔,体重2.0～2.5 kg,制备兔耳增生性瘢痕模型.其中8只于创面上皮化后10、30、60及90 d行微血管计数、微循环监测及HE染色观察.另11只选择每只兔的左、右侧耳为实验组及对照组,于上皮化后10 d,实验组兔耳瘢痕局部多点注射基因重组血管生成抑制因子1 (adenovirus extracellular protein with metalloprotease and thrombospondin 1domains,Ad-METH1) 重组腺病毒40 μL,对照组注射等量空载腺病毒.取 1 只兔于注射后3 d,采用 RT-PCR 和 Westernblot 方法检测基因转染后瘢痕组织中 METH1 mRNA 和蛋白的表达.余 10 只兔注射后30 d,行两组大体观察、微血管计数及 HE 染色. 结果 上皮化后10、30、60 及 90 d 瘢痕组织微血管计数分别为(42.37±3.89)、(49.46±4.13)、(33.12±4.34) 及 (13.24±2.31) 支;瘢痕组织微循环灌注分别为(37.75±2.11)、(59.87±6.46)、(44.53±6.14) 及 (29.21±1.84) PU;上皮化后10～60 d微血管计数及血流灌注值明显高于上皮化后90 d,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).兔耳创面上皮化后10～30 d组织学为瘢痕增生早期和增生期表现;60 d时仍为增生期表现,但已出现成熟迹象;90 d时大部分瘢痕软化,为成熟期表现.Ad-METH1 注射后 3 d,实验组 METH1 mRNA 及蛋白有较高水平的表达,对照组未检测到靶基因表达;注射 Ad-METH1 后 30 d,大体观察:实验组瘢痕颜色接近正常兔耳肤色,质地接近正常;对照组瘢痕明显高出兔耳腹侧皮面,质地坚硬;瘢痕组织微血管计数实验组为(12.38±2.56)支,对照组为(48.12±6.46)支,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).组织学染色显示实验组瘢痕微血管分布较少,成纤维细胞散在,胶原排列有序;对照组见大量成纤维细胞,血管分布丰富,胶原纤维粗大、排列紊乱. 结论 血管生成与增生性瘢痕的形成有密切关系,血管抑制基因治疗有望成为一种有效的增生性瘢痕防治方法.     

Intestinal atresia in fetal dogs produced by localized ligation of mesenteric vessels.

Experimental ileal atresia and stenosis were produced by a localized ligation of the mesenteric vessels in fetuses from 13 pregnant mongrel dogs having gestational ages of 45-55 days. The intestinal infarct in the fetus was characterized by an aseptic coagulation necrosis selectively limited to the mucosa and submucosa, and also by intense hyperemia and minimal cellular reaction in the adjacent tissue. Eleven days after the devascularization, type 2 intestinal atresia, in which there is a long cord between the blunt ends microscopically similar to that seen in humans.     

Microwave coagulation therapy in canine peripheral lung tissue

BACKGROUND: New modalities for local treatments that destroy tumor effectively but which are less invasive and less damaging to normal lung tissue must be developed for patients who are unable to undergo even video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) due to poor cardiopulmonary function, severe adhesion, or advanced age, etc. We evaluated the use of microwave coagulation therapy (MCT), which has been used successfully for coagulation of hepatic tumors, in normal canine lung tissue to evaluate its efficacy and safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Measurements of thermal response and coagulation area and histological examinations after microwave coagulation were performed in normal canine lung tissue. RESULTS: The temperature in normal canine lung tissue increased to 90-100 degrees C at 5 mm from the electrode after 60 s and 70-80 degrees C at 10 mm after 90 s at 40 or 60 W. The coagulation area was approximately 20 mm in diameter at 40 W and 60 W. Histological analysis demonstrated thickening of collagen fiber shortly after coagulation, stromal edema and granulation tissue after 3 months, and, finally, scar tissue was seen after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) is a useful modality for minimally invasive therapy in peripheral lung tumors.     

Oral mucosa response to laser patterned microcoagulation (LPM) treatment. An animal study

In this study a minimally invasive microsurgical approach was used for laser patterned microcoagulation (LPM) to initiate gingival and oral mucosal tissue regeneration. We performed a feasibility assessment and histological examination of laser damage and regeneration in the gingiva and oral mucosa using an animal model. The study animals comprised 18 healthy rabbits which were treated in vivo with single pulses from a diode laser at a wavelength of 980 nm and a power of up to 20 W applied to the gingival and oral mucosa at multiple time points. Biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, nitroblue tetrazolium chloride and picrosirius red, and evaluated by two pathologists blinded to the parameters and date of laser exposure. Histological analysis revealed that the continuity of the epithelial basal cell layer had been reestablished by 1–2 days after LPM, and complete epithelial regeneration had occurred by 7–12 days. A pronounced reactive inflammation developed in the column area 1 day after treatment. High activity of fibroblasts producing new collagen participated in the formation of a network of new thin-wall blood vessel. By the 28th day the tissue structure was almost completely restored with a similar increase of vascularity, and there were no signs of scarring. By the 90th day, tissue structure was completely restored, indicating complete healing. A single LPM treatment induces a wound healing response in the oral mucosa, showing the potential of LPM for the initiation of oral mucosa and gingival regeneration. Complete healing observed in 3 months after treatment with no keratinization change or scar tissue formation.     

Bladder cell culture on small intestinal submucosa as bioscaffold: experimental study on engineered urothelial grafts

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the feasibility to perform primary urothelial cell culture using porcine small intestinal submucosa as a delivery scaffold both in vitro and after in vivo implantation in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bladder mucosa samples were aseptically obtained from a group of eight male rabbits. The mucosa was cut into fragments and placed on small intestinal submucosa matrices for selective urothelial cell culture. After complete in vitro epithelization the matrices were shaped into tubes and placed in the subcutaneous tissue and subdartos of donor rabbits. The pattern of cell growth and delivery was evaluated on retrieved grafts using histology and immunostaining at the end of the in vitro phase; then 5, 10 and 20 days after implantation. RESULTS: Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the in vitro primary culture showed the acellular matrices covered with a thin uninterrupted monolayer of urothelial cells. The implants examined on the day 5 maintained the epithelial configuration of the cultured grafts in all samples retrieved. On the day 10 the urothelium showed increased thickness taking on a bilayer configuration. On day 20, all grafts presented the transitional cells arranged in a double layer closely resembling the natural urothelium. The immunostaining pattern displayed the maintaining of urothelial cell phenotype. No differences in epithelium growth and delivery were noted between the two sites of implantation. Five days after implantation, the histological analysis of small intestinal submucosa showed a medium degree tissue reaction with the presence of acute inflammatory cells. Angiogenesis was demonstrated by the development of several new vessels inside the matrix. After twenty days, small intestinal submucosa was gradually replaced with host tissue. CONCLUSION: The small intestinal submucosa proved to function as a means of delivering of autologous urothelial cells cultured in vitro. After ectopic in vivo implantation the bioscaffold maintained viability and growth of the surrounding cells until its degradation.     

Increased duodenal mucosa infiltration by mast cells in rats with portal hypertension

BACKGROUND: Enteropathy characterized by vascular and inflammatory alterations in the submucosa and mucosa has been described in patients with portal hypertension. Aims: To verify the theory of inflammatory etiopathogenesis in experimental portal hypertensive duodenopathy, a prehepatic portal hypertension model based on the development of a single and triple partial ligation of the portal vein was used in the rat. METHODS: Five rats in each group (male Wistar, 230-255 g) were subjected to single (group II) or triple (group III) partial ligation of the portal vein and then compared to 5 control animals (group I, no operation). The animals were sacrificed 6 weeks later to analyze the histological parameters of the duodenal mucosa and submucosa, i.e., number, diameter and area of submucosal vessels, density of mast cells and mitotic cells. Body, liver and spleen weights and collateral circulation type were also assayed. RESULTS: As was demonstrated by the collateral circulation in all of the animals, the partial portal ligation was successful. Compared to the controls, the number of vessels per microscopic field (25 +/- 3.16 vs. 18.60 +/- 1.52), their diameter (20.09 +/- 2.90 vs. 12.61 +/- 3.97 microm, p < 0.05) and consequently their total area (12,749.30 +/- 2,298.26 vs. 3,455.82 +/- 1,702.33 microm2) were increased in the animals with a single partial ligation (group II) as well as in animals receiving triple partial ligation (group III) (33 +/- 12.88, p < 0.05; 22.92 +/- 6.72 microm, p < 0.05 and 51,376.95 +/- 43,732.24 miccrom2, p < 0.05, respectively). In addition, the density of mast cells increased from 3.26 +/- 1.18 in controls to 10.74 +/- 1.47, p < 0.01 and 22.50 +/- 6.42, p < 0.01 in single and triple partial portal ligated animals, respectively. Mitosis was significantly induced in crypts of the duodenal mucosa of the single portal ligated animals (25.20 +/- 1.78 vs. 17.40 +/- 1.14, p < 0.01) but was inhibited in triple partial ligated animals (12.40 +/- 5.12, p < 0.05). Compared to controls, both groups of rats developed liver atrophy with a greater decrease in the liver/body weight ratio in the single (2.71 +/- 0.50%, p < 0.01) compared to the triple partial ligated animals (3.33 +/- 0.09%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The correlation of the degree of portal hypertension with the vascular changes and mast cell density suggests that both the hypertensive state and inflammation may play a role in the development of portal hypertensive intestinal vasculopathy. The inverse relation of portal hypertension with liver atrophy and mitosis rate in the crypts of the duodenal mucosa has not been clarified and should be investigated in future studies.     

Experimental studies of injection agents for peptic ulcer bleeding endoscopic control

AIM: To evaluate haemostatic effectiveness and tissue effects of injected therapy agents used for peptic ulcer bleeding endoscopic control. METHODS: Bleeding gastric mucosa lesions were produced during operation in 11 heparinised dogs. Bleeding lesions were treated with injections of 1 ml of epinephrine (1:10000), ornipressin (0.2 IU/m]), 98% ethanol, 1% polidocanol, thrombin (1000 U/ml), or fibrin sealant. In another 18 dogs, gastric submucosal injections of tested agents were performed during operations. Dogs were killed 48 h after injections and tissue effects were studied. RESULTS: The agents tested had similar effectiveness in achieving initial control of experimental bleeding (chi2 = 1.43). Vasoconstrictors caused no tissue injury or thrombosis in vessels after 48 h. Ethanol produced mucosa and submucosa necrosis and thrombosis in vessels. Polidocanol caused mucosa necrosis, submucosa oedema and thrombosis in vessels. Thrombin tissue effects were mucosa oedema, submucosa thrombosis in vessels. Fibrin sealant caused agent insertion between mucosa and submucosa, but no tissue injury or thrombosis in vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Experiments did not show significant differences between investigated agents in achieving initial bleeding control. The investigated agents, according to the stomach tissue injury they caused in our experiment, would produce series: epinephrine = ornipressin < fibrin sealant < thrombin < polidocanol < ethanol, and according to their effect on vascular thrombosis: epinephrine = ornipressin = fibrin sealant < polidocanol < ethanol < thrombin.     

Degradation and remodeling of small intestinal submucosa in canine Achilles tendon repair

BACKGROUND: Extracellular matrix derived from porcine small intestinal submucosa is used for the repair of musculotendinous tissues. Preclinical evaluation and clinical use have suggested that small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix degrades rapidly after implantation and can be replaced by host tissue that is functionally and histologically similar to the normal tissue. METHODS: The present study analyzed the temporal degradation of a ten-layer multilaminate device of small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix used for the repair of canine Achilles tendon and examined the corresponding histological appearance of the remodeled tissue during the course of scaffold degradation. Devices were fabricated from small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix labeled with 14C. The amount of 14C remaining in the remodeled graft was measured by liquid scintillation counting at three, seven, fourteen, twenty-eight, sixty, and ninety days after surgery. Blood, urine, feces, and other parenchymal tissues were also harvested to determine the fate of scaffold degradation products. Tissue specimens were prepared for routine histological analysis to examine the morphology of the remodeled graft at each time-point. RESULTS: The small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix graft degraded rapidly, with approximately 60% of the mass lost by one month after surgery, and the graft was completely resorbed by three months after surgery. The graft supported rapid cellular infiltration and host tissue ingrowth. By ninety days after surgery, the remodeled small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix consisted of a dense collagenous tissue with organization, cellularity, and vascularity similar to that of normal tendon. CONCLUSIONS: Small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix is rapidly degraded after implantation for the repair of a musculotendinous tissue in this canine Achilles tendon repair model and is replaced by the deposition and organization of host tissue that is histologically similar to that of normal tissue.     

A prospective randomized controlled trial of sclerotherapy vs ligation in the prophylactic treatment of high-risk esophageal varices

Background: Endoscopic ligation (EVL) and endoscopic sclerotherapy (EIS) are both effective in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices, but the efficacy of the two techniques in the prophylaxis of first variceal bleeding has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of first variceal bleeding, the recurrence of varices, and survival after treatment with the two techniques, as compared to a nontreated control group. Methods: A total of 157 patients with liver cirrhosis and advanced esophageal varices with no previous history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding were randomly assigned to either an EIS group (n= 55), an EVL group (n= 52), or a nontreated control group (n= 50). After the eradication of esophageal varices in the EIS and in EVL groups and in all control patients, the endoscopic examination was performed at 3-month intervals. Results: There were no significant differences between EIS and EVL in the eradication rate of esophageal varices (85% in the EIS group versus 81% in the EVL group). The mean number of sessions required to obtain eradication was lower in the EVL group than in the EIS group (4.8 ± 1.8 versus 6.2 ± 2.0; p= 0.0003), but the recurrence of esophageal varices was higher in the EVL group (31% versus 11%; p= 0.01). Total mortality was significantly lower in the EIS patients than in the controls (20% versus 38%; p= 0.04). It was also lower, but not significantly, in the EVL patients than in the controls (23% versus 38%; p= 0.10). A significant decrease in variceal bleeding was observed both in sclerotherapy cases (20%) and controls (54%; p= 0.0005) and in ligation cases and controls (29%; p= 0.01). No significant difference in bleeding episodes was observed between the sclerotherapy and ligation cases (p= 0.29). No serious complications were observed either in the EIS or EVL groups. Conclusions: EIS and EVL are similarly effective in the prevention of first variceal bleeding. The choice between EIS and EVL depends on the skill of the endoscopic unit. For highly experienced surgeons facing no complications, sclerotherapy seems to be preferable; for all others, it is technically easier to perform ligation. Received: 29 June 1998/Accepted: 18 September 1998     

颏下动脉岛状瓣在颜面部软组织缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨颏下动脉岛状瓣在修复颜面部软组织缺损中的应用。方法2007年7月至2014年3月,收治颜面部软组织缺损患者10例,其中外伤2例,面部鳞癌4例,面部基底细胞癌1例,烫伤或烧伤后瘢痕增生3例。根据缺损位置及大小设计颏下动脉岛状瓣进行修复,最小为3cm×6cm,最大为4cm×10cm。结果术后皮瓣存在不同程度的肿胀苍白及淤血,5d后逐渐改善。1例皮瓣远端出现坏死,经换药处理愈合。术后随访3~12个月,3例供皮区采用全厚皮覆盖创面,随访期间发现皮片不同程度收缩。其余受区外观及功能均较满意,供区瘢痕隐蔽。结论颏下动脉岛状瓣与面部软组织在质地、颜色上非常相似,皮瓣血供可靠,成活率高,是修复颜面部软组织缺损的较好选择。     

Utilization of the delay phenomenon improves blood flow and reduces collagen deposition in esophagogastric anastomoses

OBJECTIVE: Complications of anastomotic healing are a common source of morbidity and mortality after esophagogastrostomy. The delay phenomenon is seen when a skin flap is partially devascularized in a staged procedure prior to its definitive placement, resulting in increased blood flow at the time of grafting. This effect may be applied to esophagogastrectomy, potentially reducing anastomotic complications. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The purpose of this investigation was to apply the delay principle to the gastrointestinal tract, investigate mechanisms by which it occurs and examine the effects of delay on anastomotic healing. METHODS: Thirty-seven opossums were assigned to Sham (n = 5), Immediate (n = 14), and Delay (n = 18) groups. Each underwent laparotomy and measurement of baseline gastric fundus blood flow. The Delay and Immediate animals underwent ligation of the left, right, and short gastric vessels and subsequent measurement of gastric fundus blood flow. The Delay group underwent repeat measurement of blood flow, esophagogastrectomy, gastric tubularization, and esophagogastrostomy 28 days after vessel ligation. The Immediate group completed the procedure immediately after vessel ligation. The anastomoses in both groups were harvested 32 days after esophagogastrostomy. The Sham group underwent blood flow measurement on initial laparotomy, followed by harvesting of esophagogastric junction 60 days later. Sections taken through the anastomoses were examined with trichrome-staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for actin. Collagen content of the gastric submucosa 5 mm below the anastomosis was quantified, and preservation of the muscularis propria and muscularis mucosa was determined histologically. Capillary content of the esophagogastric junction was quantified using IHC for vascular endothelium in the Delay and Sham groups. RESULTS: Blood flow decreased by 73% following vessel ligation in Delay and Immediate groups. The Delay group had over 3 times the gastric blood flow of the Immediate group at the time of anastomosis at 16 (interquartile range [IQR] 11-17) versus 5, (IQR 5-6) mL/min/100 g (P = 0.000003). Two Immediate animals developed anastomotic leak and died; the Delay group had no complications. Submucosal collagen content in Sham, Delay, and Immediate groups were 57% (IQR 52-62), 65% (IQR 57-72), and 71% (IQR 60-82), respectively (P = 0.0004). The median distance of full-thickness atrophy of the muscularis propria was 0.10 mm (IQR 0-0.60 mm) in the Delay group and 0.53 mm (IQR 0.03-0.80 mm) in the Immediate group (P = 0.346). Five percent of the Delay group had atrophy of the muscularis mucosa, whereas 19% of Immediate animals had atrophy of this layer (P = 0.023). Compared with the Sham group, all Delay animals developed dilation of the right gastroepiploic artery and vein. A median of 27 (IQR 23-33) capillaries per 20x field was observed in the Sham fundus and 38 (IQR 31-46) in the Delay fundus (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: The delay effect is associated with both vasodilation and angiogenesis and results in increased blood flow to the gastric fundus prior to esophagogastric anastomosis. Animals undergoing delayed operations have less anastomotic collagen deposition and ischemic injury than those undergoing immediate resection. Clinical application of the delay effect in patients undergoing esophagogastrectomy may lead to a decreased incidence of leak and stricture formation.     

Effect of Piascledine-bacterial nanocellulose combination on experimental cutaneous wound healing in rat: Histopathological,biochemical and molecular studies

The study investigated the wound healing potential of Piascledine (an avocado/soybean mixture) alone and in combination with bacterial nanocellulose on rat cutaneous wounds. Full-thickness excisional wounds (2 cm in diameter) were induced on the backs of 60 Sprague–Dawley rats, divided into four groups, treated with daily topical application of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), Piascledine 10% (PSD 10%) and Piascledine+bacterial nanocellulose (PSD + BNC) (10 mg/disk) and normal saline (control) for 20 days. Wounds were monitored daily, and at 10, 20 and 30 days post-injury (DPI), tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histopathological and molecular analyses. Treated rats with PSD and PSD + BNC showed a significant decrease in the wound area compared with other groups. PSD and particularly PSD + BNC modulated inflammation, improved fibroplasia and angiogenesis and scar tissue formation at short term. At the long term, they reduced the scar tissue size and improved collagen fibres alignment, tissue organization and remodelling as well as re-epithelialization. PSD enhanced matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) gene expression, collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) synthesis and decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) gene expression at various stages of wound healing. The study concluded that topical application of Piascledine, particularly in combination with bacterial nanocellulose, promotes wound healing activity by modulating inflammation, regulating MMP-3 expression and enhancing collagen and GAGs synthesis.     

不同治疗方式对门静脉高压症患者食管下段腔内外静脉的影响

目的 研究内镜结扎、脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术（断流术）、内镜结扎联合部分脾栓塞、内镜结扎加脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术（联合断流术）对食管下段腔内外静脉的影响。方法 将142例患者根据治疗方法的不同分为4组：内镜结扎组（54例）、断流手术组（23例）、结扎联合部分脾栓塞组（34例）、腔内外联合断流组（31例）。运用微探头超声检查食管下段静脉结构的情况,进行治疗前后对比研究。结果 治疗后内镜结扎组黏膜下曲张静脉消失,食管周围静脉丛仍然存在;结扎联合部分脾栓塞组黏膜下曲张静脉消失,食管周围静脉丛曲张较术前减轻;断流组黏膜下曲张静脉存在,程度较前减轻,食管周围静脉丛消失;腔内外联合断流组食管黏膜下和周围静脉丛均消失。后两组治疗后穿静脉的显示率也显著降低。结论 腔内外联合断流能更有效地闭塞食管下段壁内外静脉,阻断门静脉奇静脉分流,防治食管静脉曲张出血与复发。     

Can Cyclosporine Blood Level Be Reduced to Half After Heart Transplantation?

Background

Cyclosporine (CsA) is widely used after heart transplantation. The purpose of this prospective randomized study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of reduction of CsA blood level to one-half of the traditional blood concentration under a regimen of everolimus (EVL), CsA, and steroid.

Materials and Methods

This prospective, 6 month, randomized, open-label study included adult (aged 18 to 65 years) recipients of a primary heart transplant with serum creatinine ≤2.8 mg/dL. Among 52 patients who underwent heart transplantation from December 2004 to March 2006 we excluded those who were hepatitis B or C carriers, who were recipients of organs from donors >60 years old, had cold ischemia time >6 hours, or had plasma renin activity ≥25%. All patients received CsA (C₂ blood level 1000-1400 ng/mL), EVL (C₀ target 3-8 ng/mL), and corticosteroids to day 60, before random entry into one of 2 groups: SE (C₂ blood level from days 60-149 = 800-1200 ng/mL, and days 150-180 C₂ = 600-1000 ng/mL), or RE group with CsA reduced by one-half after 3 months (days 90-149 C₂ = 400-600 ng/mL, and from days 150-180 C₂ = 300-500 ng/mL).

Results

The 25 recipients eligible for this study included 13 patients in the SE and 12 in the RE group. There was no operative mortality in either group. No death or graft loss was noted within 6-months in either group. Mean serum creatinine at month 6 tended to be lower in the RE cohort (1.23 ± 0.44 mg/dL versus 1.55 ± 0.85 mg/dL; P = .093). Biopsy-proven acute rejection ≥ grade 3A was observed in only 1 patient (7.7%), who was in the SE group. There were no acute rejection episodes associated with hemodynamic compromise. The incidences of adverse events in each group were similar.

Conclusions

Concentration-controlled EVL (C₀ target 3-8 ng/mL) in combination with reduced CsA exposure of one-half the usual concentration achieved good efficacy and safety over 6 months. The renal function at 6 months among the RE group showed a trend toward improvement, suggesting a benefit of halving the target CsA blood level after heart transplantation.     

Endoscopic elastic band ligation for active variceal hemorrhage

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of EVL for treatment of active variceal hemorrhage. Twenty-three consecutive patients with actively bleeding esophageal varices had EVL with a flexible gastroscope. Treatment was measured by initial control of bleeding, incidence of early and late rebleeding, survival, complications, and size of varices at subsequent endoscopy. Repeat EVL was performed as needed for bleeding and at two week intervals until varices were grade I or eradicated. Follow up of survivors ranged from 90 to 400 days (mean 280). Bleeding varices were initially controlled in 22 (95.6%) patients. Nine (39.1%) died, five from hepatic failure with no recurrent bleeding, four from continued (1) or early recurrent (3) hemorrhage. All deaths occurred within 3 to 24 days (mean = 9.4) of initial treatment for active bleeding. Twelve of 14 surviving patients have achieved variceal eradication or reduction in size to grade I or less with a mean of 5.5 repeat EVL sessions (range, 0-10). One refused further treatment; one is lost to follow up. Excluding rebleeding, there were no treatment-related complications in 80 EVL sessions. Active variceal bleeding requiring endoscopic control is associated with substantial mortality, especially in higher risk patients. EVL is effective for initial and long term control of bleeding. EVL appears to be associated with a low incidence of non-bleeding complications.     

Effect of anesthetized antral mucosa on anti-peristaltic discharge

The origin of anti-peristaltic discharge occurred in the distal stomach of canine after transection followed by end-to-end anastomosis is uncertain. The purpose of this paper is to investigate electromyographically whether the mucosa of the distal stomach effects on the occurrence of anti-peristaltic discharge. By applying lidocaine to the lumen of the distal stomach after transection followed by end-to-end anastomosis, the retardation of propagation velocity of normo-peristaltic discharge and the decrease of frequency of anti-peristaltic discharge were noted on the antrum. On respect of frequency of anti-peristaltic discharge, the findings above were remarkable in the high appearant group (5 dogs; greater than or equal to 80%) compared with low appearant group (2 dogs; less than or equal to 60%). Conclusively, it was suggested that the occurrence of anti-peristaltic discharge was related to the enteric nervous system in the mucosa and/or submucosa.     

Small intestinal submucosa as a urethral coverage layer.

PURPOSE: Urethrocutaneous fistula is the most common complication of hypospadias surgery. Numerous techniques have been used to decrease the incidence of this complication and the use of biocompatible materials in surgery has expanded the options in difficult situations. We hypothesized that porcine small intestinal submucosa may be used as a coverage layer after urethral surgery. We evaluated the histological changes associated with small intestinal submucosa when used as a coverage layer over the urethra in a rabbit model. METHODS AND METHODS: We performed urethral surgery in 16 New Zealand White rabbits divided into 4 animals each in groups 1-sham operation with penile degloving only, 2-penile degloving and small intestinal submucosa patch placement, 3-urethrotomy without a patch and 4-urethrotomy with a small intestinal submucosa patch. The graft edges were marked with permanent suture at surgery for later identification. All rabbits were maintained for 6 weeks before sacrifice. The urethra of each animal was then serially sectioned and examined histologically. RESULTS: Histological examination of animals with an small intestinal submucosa patch revealed a foreign body tissue reaction with an infiltrate of histiocytes, giant cells and lymphocytes in the area of graft placement. There was no histological evidence of remaining small intestinal submucosa patch in any sections. The urethral mucosa healed normally in all cases in which it was disrupted. There was no evidence of acute or chronic inflammation in any group 1 or 2 nonsmall intestinal submucosa animals and none in the animals with a small intestinal submucosa graft in areas other than the former graft site. There were also no urethrocutaneous fistulas in any of the 8 rabbits that underwent urethrotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Small intestine submucosa provides an adequate coverage layer in the rabbit penis after urethrotomy. Histologically the foreign material did not alter normal healing of the urethral mucosa, although it did appear to cause an infiltration of histiocytes, giant cells and lymphocytes. Small intestinal submucosa has previously been studied as a scaffold on which tissue may be remodeled or may regenerate. Our study shows that small intestinal submucosa did not interfere with normal tissue healing in this animal model. When used as a urethral coverage layer, it appears to provide extra tissue between the urethra and skin. Small intestinal submucosa may potentially decrease the incidence of urethrocutaneous fistula after urethral surgery.