2004年全国计划免疫审评不同免疫覆盖率县的儿童脊髓灰质炎中和抗体水平调查

目的了解2004年全国计划免疫审评不同免疫覆盖率县的儿童脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)中和抗体水平。方法根据2004年全国计划免疫审评县四种疫苗[卡介苗、口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(OPV)、百白破联合疫苗、麻疹减毒活疫苗]免疫覆盖率不同分为3层,每层随机抽取2个县,每个县随机调查10个村,每个村随机调查1992~2003年出生儿童42名;检测方法用微量组织培养法。结果①被调查儿童建卡率和建证率分别为66.5%和75.3%。②脊灰Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型中和抗体阳性率分别为96.9%、98.6%、93.7%;几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为1∶113.2、1∶83.7、1∶40.5。③各型抗体GMT均随年龄增长呈明显下降的趋势。④不同免疫覆盖率儿童与脊灰中和抗体阳性率无相关性。结论本次调查地区儿童脊灰中和抗体阳性率、GMT总体保持在较高水平,但是个别地区的个别年龄组儿童较低。儿童OPV的接种率不能客观反映儿童脊灰的抗体水平。     

国家计划免疫综合审评县2004年农村儿童白喉免疫水平与白百破疫苗接种率调查

目的 掌握2004年国家免疫规划综合审评“四苗覆盖率”县儿童的白喉免疫水平。方法 根据全国2004年综合审评县“四苗覆盖率”不同分为3层,每层随机抽取2个县,每县随机调查10个村,每村随机调查1992-2003年出生儿童42名;检测方法用ELISA定量法检测白喉抗毒素IgG抗体。结果 （1）被调查县儿童白喉抗毒素抗体总阳性率仅为49．6%,最高的县阳性率为78．1%,最低的县阳性率仅为33．0%;阳性率随着年龄的增长,呈明显的下降趋势,阳性率最高的年龄是2003年出生的儿童为61．2%,阳性率最低的年龄是1992-1995年出生的儿童为37．6%。（2）几何平均浓度（GMCs）仅为0．48 IU/ml,随着年龄的增长,GMCs呈明显的下降趋势,在应加强免疫的年龄没有出现白喉抗毒素抗体GMCs预计的高峰。（3）2001-2003年出生儿童的白百破疫苗调查基础免疫接种率均高于90%,而相应年龄抗体的阳性率却均低于62%。（4）白百破疫苗基础免疫接种率合格与不合格儿童的抗体阳性率分别为58．1%和59．6%,没有明显差别。结论 调查县（除个别县外）儿童白喉的保护水平较低,儿童白百破疫苗的接种率不能客观反映儿童白喉的免疫状况，如何提高儿童白喉的免疫水平，是免疫规划近期亟待解决的问题。     

吉林省1999年儿童计划免疫及乙型肝炎疫苗接种率调查结果分析

根据全国 1999年计划免疫工作安排 ,吉林省开展了儿童计划免疫及乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗免疫接种率调查 ,由此掌握了吉林省不同经济发展水平地区儿童计划免疫四种疫苗和乙肝疫苗接种情况。此次随机调查符合条件的适龄儿童 843名 ,按免疫程序卡介苗 (BCG)合格接种率为 99 2 9% ,口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗 (OPV)全程合格服苗率为 95 .73 % ,百白破混合制剂 (DPT)全程合格接种率为 96 6 8% ,麻疹疫苗 (MV)合格接种率为 96 32 % ,乙肝疫苗全程合格接种率为 88 73%。调查结果表明 ,不同经济发展水平地区 ,BCG、OPV、DPT、MV四种疫苗接种率无明显的差别 ,但乙肝疫苗的接种率存在着一定的差别     

儿童计划免疫疾病抗体水平与报告接种率比较

目的了解儿童麻疹、白喉、脊髓灰质炎等计划免疫疾病的抗体水平、抗体阳性率与报告接种率吻合程度。方法抽取湖南省1个县10个乡镇中2001~2003年出生儿童253名,比较各年出生儿童血清中麻疹、白喉、脊灰抗体阳性率、抗体滴度,比较抗体阳性率与报告接种率的关系。结果麻疹、白喉、脊髓灰质炎抗体阳性率分别为87.0%,42.9%,87.0%,均低于报告免疫接种率（P〈0.01）。结论要警惕百白破三联疫苗接种率低的现象,可考虑开展接种率抽样调查的同时辅以血清学调查的综合审评方法评价免疫规划疫苗的接种率情况。     

玉溪市儿童麻疹疫苗免疫后血清抗体监测分析

目的了解玉溪市15岁以下儿童麻疹疫苗免疫后抗体维持情况,为消除麻疹提供科学依据。方法采用分层和整群抽样法,在玉溪市一区八县内随机抽取3个县(红塔区、江川县、元江县),抽中的每个县按PPS概念抽样法调查350名儿童麻疹疫苗免疫接种情况,并采集合格血清进行麻疹IgG抗体检测。结果在调查的1043名儿童中,麻疹抗体阳性率为94.92%,几何平均滴度(GMT)为1:1080.93。三县区的阳性率均在94.68%以上,几何平均滴度(GMT1:)在936.10～1321.56之间,县区之间抗体阳性率无差异;不同年龄段之间抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.20,P0.01),其中以1岁基础免疫组抗体相对较低,仅达91.91%;性别之间抗体阳性率无差异;不同户籍儿童抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.52,P0.05)。结论玉溪市儿童麻疹疫苗免疫后产生了有效的IgG保护性抗体,1～15岁儿童形成了较牢固的免疫屏障,对控制麻疹取得较好的作用。     

2004年全国计划免疫审评不同免疫覆盖率县的儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种及乙型肝炎病毒血清学标志物的调查

目的了解2004年全国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区)计划免疫审评不同免疫覆盖率县的儿童乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(HepB)接种及乙肝病毒(HBV)血清学标志物状况,为制定农村控制乙肝策略提供依据。方法对6个省(自治区)的6个县2 639名2～13岁常住儿童进行HepB接种状况调查,并采集静脉血,用固相放射免疫法检则HBV血清学标志物[乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体]。结果新生儿出生后24h内HepB首针及时接种率为34.0%,全程接种率为51.8%,HBsAg阳性率为2.5%。有HepB接种史的儿童其HBsAg阳性率低于未免疫的儿童。随着年龄的推近,HBsAg阳性率逐渐降低,抗-HBs逐渐增高。结论农村地区HepB接种应着重提高新生儿HepB首针及时接种率和全程接种率,降低HBV感染。     

惠州市人群麻疹免疫监测

目的　了解惠州市人群麻疹免疫状况 ,探讨预防控制对策。方法　选择本地人口 398人进行人群麻疹抗体水平调查 ,监测对象分为 6个年龄组 ,男女比例接近 1∶1;选择 8～ 12月龄婴儿开展麻疹疫苗(MV)免疫成功率及母传麻疹抗体水平监测 ,同时调查 4岁儿童麻疹疫苗再免成功率。结果　 2～ 4 1岁人群抗体阳性率 92 7% ,几何平均滴度 (GMT)为 1∶996 8,不同年龄组人群GMT水平、抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义 ;婴儿母传抗体阳性率和GMT分别为 2 0 0 %和 1∶5 12 ;麻疹疫苗初免成功率和再免成功率分别为 88 0 %和 78 5 %。结论　为加快惠州市的麻疹控制步伐 ,建议提高MV常规免疫接种覆盖率 ,减少免疫空白人群 ,开展 1～ 14岁人群的MV强化免疫活动及育龄期妇女MV免疫接种     

肇庆市2005～2006年儿童麻疹抗体免疫效果评价

目的了解肇庆市学龄儿童的麻疹抗体水平和MV免疫成功率.方法在3个县采集8月龄～15岁儿童共442份血液标本和8～12月龄儿童70人在MV免疫前后共140份血液标本,应用ELISA方法进行麻疹IgG抗体测定.结果麻疹平均抗体阳性率为94.7%,保护率为78.0%,GMT为1∶1186;3个县、不同性别抗体阳性率、保护率比较差异均无统计学意义;三个年龄组中0～4岁儿童抗体阳性率(100%)和保护率(95.4%)最高,各年龄组抗体水平差异有统计学意义;免疫前抗体阳性率(7.1%)、保护率(1.4%)与免疫后抗体阳性率(95.7%)、保护率(64.3%)比较差异有统计学意义.结论肇庆市3个县的学龄儿童已形成较好的麻疹免疫屏障;MV疫苗有效,接种程序可靠;对易感人群要适时进行强化免疫,提高人群的免疫覆盖率.     

新疆维吾尔自治区2004年麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果评价

目的分析新疆维吾尔自治区2004年麻疹疫苗(MV)强化免疫效果,探讨加速控制麻疹策略。方法利用2004、2005年疫情网络直报资料,人群麻疹抗体监测资料,MV强化免疫接种率、免疫成功率监测资料,探讨MV强化免疫的效果。结果2004年MV强化免疫接种率、快速评估接种率均>95%,免疫后人群麻疹IgG抗体阳性率、保护率显著升高,与2004年同期相比,麻疹病例锐减。结论新疆维吾尔自治区2004年MV强化免疫成效显著,已建立了麻疹免疫屏障,但强化免疫质量有待提高;尽快提高常规免疫覆盖率及服务质量是长期控制麻疹爆发、流行的根本途径。     

龙岩市2009年麻疹减毒活疫苗强化免疫活动效果评价

目的评价龙岩市2009年麻疹减毒活疫苗（MV）强化免疫活动效果。方法对MV强化免疫摸底质量、接种率、人群抗体水平和麻疹监测系统资料进行分析。结果 MV强化免疫共接种8月龄～14岁目标儿童387 998人,报告接种率和调查接种率均〉95%,免疫后人群麻疹抗体阳性率和抗体滴度均显著升高,麻疹发病率较强化免疫前下降了93.98%。结论龙岩市2009年麻疹疫苗强化免疫效果显著,发病率已降至1/100万以下。为保持强化免疫取得的成果,应做好常规免疫和麻疹监测工作,适时开展后续免疫。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.